Marshall W. [email protected]
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside
UC Kearney Agricultural CenterParlier, California
Olive Fruit Fly andOlive Psyllid Update
Olive Fly
Olive Psyllid
GWSS
Focus onthese species
• Olive psyllid: a potential threat
• Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly
• Olive leaf scorch: new worries?
Presentation Topics
Olive pysllidEuphyllura olivina Costa
AdultAdult with caste skins
from small nymphs
Olive Psyllid: Potential Threat to California Olives• Olive psyllid: Euphyllura olivina Costa• Discovered in San Diego and Orange Counties in July 2007.• Nymphs and adults feed by rupturing cells and ingesting sap, reducing nutrients
essential for tree development and fruit production• Plant parts attacked include buds, tender shoots, floral axes, inflorescences, and
young fruits• Nymphs secrete sticky wax that accumulates on the foliage and stimulates
premature flower drop**• The wax can actually protect individuals from some insecticides so it is best to
control the first generation when buds and flowers are not present• Nymphs and adults produce honeydew (similar to aphids)• When colonies are on inflorescences, the level of sap loss is directly
proportional to psyllid numbers• Yield reductions in some areas outside the USA have been as much as 40 to
60%. Populations > 20 nymphs per inflorescences can cause such losses.
The presence of psyllid produced wax is a good indicator of the presence of nymphs. Adults do not produce wax.
Wax accumulation on buds and flowers reduce fruit yield
Biology of the Olive Psyllid• Stages include an egg, 5 nymphal instars, and adults (both sexes)• They have incomplete metamorphosis (i.e., immatures look like
adults, but wings are non-functional)• It has 3 host plants: Olive, Russian olive (oleaster), Elaeagnus
angustifolia, and mock privet, Phillyrea latifolia• The life cycle is about 3 months long depending on temperature• Females may lay more than 1,000 eggs• Initiation of egg laying is correlated with the beginning of new
shoots on the olive tree• Optimal growth conditions are between 68 to 77 F• There are typically 3 generations. The first in early spring. The
second generation becomes inactive when temperatures exceed 81 F, and active again when temperatures drop. The 3rd generation should overwinter.
Eggs
Nymphs
Adults
Adult
1st instar
Nymph with wax
RU
SS
IAN
OLI
VE
• Surveys to detect populations of olive psyllid in Southern California were conducted: July & October 2008; March, April, June, August, October & December 2009; and March & April 2010.
• Olive trees in residential (around apartment complexes, homes), business areas (malls, shopping centers, parking lots, etc.), and parks in Orange, San Diego, Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties were randomly selected and inspected for psyllid colonies and the wax they produce.
• To date, more than 50 sites (i.e., locations with 3 or more olive trees) have been checked in Southern California and more than 40 sites have been checked on a periodic basis to establish seasonal trends of the psyllid.
• Currently, the distribution appears to include areas from Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, and Irvine (Orange County) in the north to the city of San Diego in the south. To the east, the psyllid has been found in and near Escondido, Fallbrook, and Temecula.
• No psyllids have been found in the areas of Palos Verdes, Anaheim, Santa Clarita, Burbank, Sylmar, Riverside, Sun City, Perris, and Hemet.
Progress to Date
Southern California
AbsentPresent
Based on survey in mid-April 2010
Olive PsyllidDistribution
Sylmar
Fallbrook
HemetHuntington Beach
Rincon SpringsValley Center
El Cajon
Progress to Date• Initially, sites were categorized relative to psyllid presence or absence, but are now
rated on a 0 to 4 scale.
• 0 = no psyllids; 1 = 1 to 3 clusters; 2 = 3 to 10 clusters; 3 = up to 10% of the branches infested; and 4 = > 10% infested branches
• The numbers of clusters at sites peaked in June 2009. Those sites in Newport Beach and Irvine and to the south had an infestation rate of 61% (246 infested out of 403 trees checked). In Carlsbad and San Diego the infestations were considered damaging.
• In October 2009, 42 sites were checked. Again, no infested trees were found north of Huntington Beach, Newport Beach and Irvine.
• In Huntington Beach, Newport Beach and Irvine and to the south, 29 of 232 trees at 24 sites were infested (12.5%). In this survey, most trees had very few psyllids and the population densities were not considered damaging. However, this was at the end of the hot summer when psyllid populations typically decline to low numbers. Populations had increased at some sites in April 2010.
Southern California
AbsentPresent
Based on survey in June 2009
Olive PsyllidDistribution
Sylmar
Fallbrook
HemetHuntington Beach
No psyllidRating 0.1 to 1.9Rating 2 to 2.9Rating 3 to 3.9Rating = 4
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Aug-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-10
Feb-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
Survey Dates 2009 - 2010
Rat
ing
Valu
e fo
r Psy
llid
Clu
ster
sSeries1Series2Series3Series4Series5
Site 15, San Diego 1 Site 17, IrvineSite 29, Newport Beach 2
Site 5, Newport Beach 1
Site 30, San Diego 2
Less than 10 clusters per tree
San Diego images in June 2009
Olive psyllid infestations
AbsentPresent
Olive PsyllidDistribution
Temperatures over 90 F
Percent Time Over 90 F
Month of August
Southern CaliforniaBased on survey in mid-October 2009
AbsentPresent
Olive PsyllidDistribution
Temperatures over 90 F
Percent Time Over 90 F
Month of August
Southern CaliforniaBased on survey in mid-April 2010
Olive Psyllid halts egg laying
Olive Psyllid dies
• Olive psyllid: a potential threat
• Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly
• Olive leaf scorch: new worries?
Presentation Topics
http://www.uckac.edu/ppq/PDF/jul2006-v16_03_.pdf
Olive Fruit Fly Management Guidelines for 2006
Application of Bait Spray
GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly BaitApproved for organic use
Pteromalus nr. myopitae(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Oviposting adult Egg on fly larva
Larva on host Larva on host
Discovered in California
Potential for control using exotic biocontrol agents
DaaneUCB
JohnsonUCR
NadelUCB
HoelmerUSDA ARS
PickettCDFA
MessingU Hawaii
Working inQuarantine
Non-target effects?
Beneficial on Star Thistle
Biocontrol Agents Under Consideration for Release
Bracon celerUtetes africanus
Psyttalia humulis Fopius arisanus
Psyttalia lounsburyi
Africa Africa
Southern Africa SE Asia
KM Daane
MW Johnson
KM Daane
KM Daane
KM Daane
Africa
Exotic Biocontrol AgentsUndergoing Colonization
Psyttalia lounsburyi KM Daane Psytallia humulis
Tree Cage
Parasitoid (or strain)
Location Set-up date
Ratio of host to parasitoid
Parasitism (%)
Temp. range (°C)
P. lounsburyi KAC 02/09/07 4.2 ± 0.7a 26.3 ± 3.5a 5.5-19.2 Lindcove 03/19/07 13.2 ± 1.7b 8.7 ± 1.1b 8.7-21.7 Lindcove 05/04/07 5.0 ± 0.9a 19.2 ± 1.8a 10.2-28.9 Lindcove 06/15/07 6.7 ± 0.4a 24.0 ± 2.0a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.5 ± 0.9a 27.4 ± 4.5a 8.5-22.5 KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.7a 7.9 ± 2.9b 8.7-25.2 SLO 10/22/08 4.2 ± 0.9a 6.2 ± 1.8b 10.0-25.1 P. cf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8 P. nr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0
Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the two larval parasitoids
P. humulis
P. humulis
Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the two larval parasitoids
Parasitoid (or strain)
Location Set-up date
Ratio of host to parasitoid
Parasitism (%)
Temp. range (°C)
P. lounsburyi KAC 02/09/07 4.2 ± 0.7a 26.3 ± 3.5a 5.5-19.2 Lindcove 03/19/07 13.2 ± 1.7b 8.7 ± 1.1b 8.7-21.7 Lindcove 05/04/07 5.0 ± 0.9a 19.2 ± 1.8a 10.2-28.9 Lindcove 06/15/07 6.7 ± 0.4a 24.0 ± 2.0a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.5 ± 0.9a 27.4 ± 4.5a 8.5-22.5 KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.7a 7.9 ± 2.9b 8.7-25.2 SLO 10/22/08 4.2 ± 0.9a 6.2 ± 1.8b 10.0-25.1 P. cf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8 P. nr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0
P. humulis
P. humulis
Psytallia humulis
1st instar
Parasitoid (or strain)
Location Set-up date
Ratio of host to parasitoid
Parasitism (%)
Temp. range (°C)
P. lounsburyi KAC 02/09/07 4.2 ± 0.7a 26.3 ± 3.5a 5.5-19.2 Lindcove 03/19/07 13.2 ± 1.7b 8.7 ± 1.1b 8.7-21.7 Lindcove 05/04/07 5.0 ± 0.9a 19.2 ± 1.8a 10.2-28.9 Lindcove 06/15/07 6.7 ± 0.4a 24.0 ± 2.0a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.5 ± 0.9a 27.4 ± 4.5a 8.5-22.5 KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.7a 7.9 ± 2.9b 8.7-25.2 SLO 10/22/08 4.2 ± 0.9a 6.2 ± 1.8b 10.0-25.1 P. cf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8 P. nr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0
Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the three larval parasitoids
P. humulis
P. humulis
Patterns of B. oleae parasitism produced by the three larval parasitoids
Parasitoid (or strain)
Location Set-up date
Ratio of host to parasitoid
Parasitism (%)
Temp. range (°C)
P. lounsburyi KAC 02/09/07 4.2 ± 0.7a 26.3 ± 3.5a 5.5-19.2 Lindcove 03/19/07 13.2 ± 1.7b 8.7 ± 1.1b 8.7-21.7 Lindcove 05/04/07 5.0 ± 0.9a 19.2 ± 1.8a 10.2-28.9 Lindcove 06/15/07 6.7 ± 0.4a 24.0 ± 2.0a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.5 ± 0.9a 27.4 ± 4.5a 8.5-22.5 KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.7a 7.9 ± 2.9b 8.7-25.2 SLO 10/22/08 4.2 ± 0.9a 6.2 ± 1.8b 10.0-25.1 P. cf. concolor Lindcove 06/15/07 7.4 ± 0.5a 47.2 ± 7.6a 15.4-35.4 KAC 10/04/07 4.3 ± 0.6b 42.5 ± 3.4a 8.5-22.5 KAC 04/28/08 6.5 ± 1.1ab 49.0 ± 5.9a 9.9-26.8 P. nr. concolor KAC 10/01/08 6.2 ± 1.2a 60.3 ± 6.7a 8.7-25.2 SLO 08/22/08 6.5 ± 0.6a 32.4 ± 5.7bc 12.9-27.0 SLO 08/28/08 4.6 ± 0.9a 64.3 ± 9.7a 11.9-28.4 SLO 10/07/08 10.3 ± 1.9b 42.5 ± 5.3b 10.1-26.2 SLO 10/22/08 3.5 ± 0.7c 37.7 ± 4.6bc 10.0-25.1 KAC 10/20/08 4.1 ± 0.7ac 43.9 ± 5.4b 8.8-26.4 KAC 11/12/08 3.3 ± 0.4c 31.3 ± 3.3c 6.1-17.0
P. humulis
P. humulis
a
ab
b
01020304050
Large olive fruit Small olive fruitPa
rasi
tism
%
Parasitism levels by P. humulis and P. lounsburyi on olive fruit fly larvae in small (Mission) and large (Sevillano) olive fruit. Values (means ± SE) followed by different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
P. humulis P. lounsbury
Comparison of parasitism between P. lounsburyi and P. humulison olive fruit fly larvae. Values (means ± SE) followed by
different letters are significantly different for each pair comparison (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
a
a a
b bb
0
20
40
60Pa
rasi
tism
%
06/15/07, Lindcove 10/01/08, KAC 10/22/08, SLO
• Olive psyllid: a potential threat
• Biological control efforts underway for olive fruit fly
• Olive leaf scorch: new worries?
Presentation Topics
Olive leaf scorch?Xylella fastidiosa?
Olive leaf scorch?Xylella fastidiosa?
Summary• The olive psyllid, a new olive pest, was discovered in San Diego
and Orange Counties in 2007• Surveys indicate that the psyllid has expanded into warmer areas
in Riverside County around Temecula• GF-120 is the only insecticide that is registered to control olive
fruit fly adults, but data collected by Frank Zalom, UC Davis suggests possibilities for pesticide resistance
• Biological control of olive fruit fly is poor at this time, but new exotic natural enemies are being released to improve levels of biological control
• Keep on the alert for “olive leaf scorch” infected olive trees
QUESTIONS ANYONE?
