Date post: | 19-Jul-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | alexabeecee |
View: | 827 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Climate Change 101
The basics for understanding climate change,
its impacts, and how to address them
Outline1. What is climate?
Weather VS Climate
Factors affecting climate
2. How is the climate changing?
Causes of climate change
Global warming and the greenhouse effect
Contributing factors
3. How will the future climate look like?
Global projections
Local projections
4. What will be its impacts?
How sectors will be affected
Vulnerability of the Philippines
5. How are we going to respond?
Mitigation and adaptation
Global and Local efforts
Individual contributions
Outline
What is climate?
It considers the average
weather conditions and
its variability to give a
long-term view of the
weather being
experienced by a certain
area. (ISDR, 2008)
If it is generally hot for a
certain period every
year, then that area has a
hot climate.
Philippine Climate Types based
on Corona Classification
What is weather?
the set of conditions in the
atmosphere observed at a
certain time and place. (ISDR,
2008)
focuses on a short period of time
(NASA, 2013)
Example: Today is a sunny day
with expected 0-20mm rainfall in
the morning. Tomorrow, could be
a rainy day. Different days have
different weather conditions.
Earth and its radiative equilibrium
intensity of the sun's
radiation;
the planet's distance
from the sun; and
its albedo or
reflectivity for solar
radiation.
The Climate System
The following
processes play an
important role in the
climate system:
Global energy
balance;
Global water cycle;
Global carbon cycle“The detailed patterns of climate on earth are produced
by a complex web of interacting physical, chemical and
biological processes within the global climate system.”
(Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)
Different ocean currents
can indicate changes in
temperature (ISDR, 2008)
Oceans “Ocean covers 71% of the
earth’s surface to an average
depth of 3800 m and plays a
key role in redistributing heat
around the globe.” (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia, 2003)
Volcanic
EruptionsVolcanic eruptions introduce gases and particles that can impact the climate of an area (Robock, 2002)
It can reduce the solar radiation, cooling up the surface of the Earth for several years. (Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)
Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 was the largest eruption of the 20th century. The relatively cooler surface that followed for more than two years was attributed to this eruption. (Bureau of Meteorology Australia, 2003)
Countries found closer to
the equator have warmer
climates.
The further away a
country is from the
equator, the cooler its
climate will be. (Bureau of
Meteorology Australia,
2003)
The Philippines is found
right above the equator,
which would explain a
great deal of its hot
climate.
Distance
from the
Equator
Continentality
(Distance
from the sea)
When you go to the beach,
the sun seems stronger
since there is not as much
shade compared to the city.
The difference is that it
generally feels much
cooler.
Areas beside or closer to
bodies of water have a
cooler and wetter climate
Inland areas experience a
wide range of
temperatures.
(UK Environmental Change
Network, 2013)
Human activities are the
major contributors to
climate change.“…in particular fossil fuel use and changing land-uses, are the
dominant factor in this growth and are responsible for most of
the warming observed over the past 50 years.” (ISDR)
Burning of
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are formed
from decayed plants and
animals, which are
converted into crude oil,
coal and natural gas
(Science Daily, 2013)
The increase in fossil fuel
burning for transportation,
manufacturing, home use,
etc. is one of the main
contributors to the
heightened global
warming.
Deforestation
(Changing
patterns of land
use)
Trees absorb carbon dioxide, which helps make a climate cooler.
If forests are cut down, no trees will absorb the carbon dioxide. This adds to the greenhouse effect. (Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change)
Deforestation itself releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (IPCC, 2007)
The Philippines only has 6.6% of its original forest cover left. (Forest Carbon Asia, 2012)
This is another form of
fossil fuel burning. GHG
emissions have
significantly increased
since the Industrial
Revolution. (Government
of Canada, 2012)
The increase in the use of
fossil fuels brought about
the increase in GHG
emissions, making the
Earth warmer.
Industrial
Production
Mountains
of Trash
Smokey Mountain is the
famous trash mountain in
Manila, Philippines that
releases a lot of methane.
How do we deal with this
problem?
Reduce. Reuse. Recycle.
Our trash in landfills breaks
down and releases a gas
called Methane, a GHG that
contributes to 20% of global
warming. (Greenhouse
Effect and Climate
Change), (GRIDA, 2013)
Summary: Section 1
Climate gives a long-term view of the weather
being experienced by a certain area.
It is affected by natural and human causes.
Human activity has become the main driver of
climate change.
Weather is different from climate, in that it is the
set of conditions in the atmosphere observed at a
certain time and place.
Climate Change
“any change in climate over time, whether due to
natural variability or as a result of human activity”
(IPCC)
the natural occurrence of changes in the state of the
climate (UNFCCC)
From clearing forests to burning fossil fuels, these
activities all contribute to the increase in concentration
of greenhouse gases that get released into the
atmosphere. (ISDR, 2008)
It is no surprise that the climate
has been changing world wide.
In fact, this is a natural phenomenon that has been
taking place for centuries.
But scientists have noticed that the change in climate
has become more extreme in the past decades,
especially in temperature increase.
Why is this so?
What are greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
compounds that trap
heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere (EIA, 2004),
(IPCC)
When it gets trapped in
the Earth, it makes the
temperature warmer.
Examples include carbon
dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide (CCC)
Greenhouse gases and their lifespan
Greenhouse
gasesMain sources
Life in the
atmosphere
Proportional
contribution
to global
warming
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Fossil fuel burning, deforestation,
biomass, burning, gas flaring, cement
production
5 to 200 years 60%
Methane (CH4)
Natural wetlands, rice paddies, ruminant
animals, natural gas drilling, venting and
transmission, biomass burning, coal mining
12 years 20%
Halocarbons Industrial production and consumer goods2 to 50,000
years14%
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
Biological sources in oceans and soils,
combustions, biomass burning, fertilizer114 year 6%
(Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change)
How do the GHGs of the past
affect us today?
Since GHGs have different lifespans that last for at least
two years, the GHGs produced in the past are part of
the cause of climate change today.
The current situation of climate change in the
Philippines is partially caused by human activities that
took place in the 1980s, for example.
CO2 released in the past still affects climate change
today because the GHGs are still present in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Greenhouse Effect
GHGs acting as a blanket that warm
up the Earth (CCC)
This natural warming process helps
maintain a stable temperature for the
Earth (NEAQ, 2013), (PEW Center)
Stable
temperature:
allows living things
to survive and
thrive in
Global Warming
Most commonly associated with climate change
It is an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human interference and activity.
This further increases global temperatures, hence warming the earth. (PEW Center)
Global Warming
Global average
temperature rose by -
16.67°C or 1.5°F in the
last century. (PEW)
To date, the Earth has
the highest
concentration of
greenhouse gases
compared to the past
500,000 years. (ISDR)
Globally…
The eleven years of 1995 to 2006 rank among
the twelve warmest years in the record of
global surface temperature (since 1850).
The linear warming trend from 1956 to 2005
(0.13 [0.10 to 0.16]°C per decade) is nearly
twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005.
(IPCC)
Global
Temperature
Changes
There has been a
noticeable increase
in global
temperature over
the past 50 years.
Due to the increased
ice melting in the
polar regions, global
sea levels have been
rising along with it.
(IPCC, 2007)
Summary: Section 2
Climate Change is “any change in climate over time, whether due
to natural variability or as a result of human activity” (IPCC)
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and make the
Earth warmer.
The greenhouse effect is a natural warming process where GHGs
purpose comes into play.
Global warming is an increased greenhouse effect that is
influenced by human activity.
Temperature has been increasing globally and locally.
Global Projections
IPCC projections provide a wide range of potential
surface warming based on six different emission
scenarios.
Projected Philippine Climate
The Philippines will have warmer
days.
Summer time will experience less
rainfall.
The mean temperature is
expected to rise by:
0.9°C to 1.1 °C in 2020; and
1.8°C to 2.2 °C in 2050.
Rainfall is expected to increase
during the southwest monsoon
season.
(PAGASA, 2011)
Summary: Section 3
Global climate is expected to increase in
temperature by 0.4°C in the next two
decades.
In the Philippines, there will be a projected
increase in temperature.
There will be warmer days during the
summer, but more rainfall during the rainy
season.
How will it affect
the different sectors
in the Philippines?Understanding climate change under
Philippine context
Coastal and Marine
Increased sea surface
temperature and sea level
rise
Impacts
50% decrease in marine capture by 2050
Coral bleaching
Corals die, and water species lose their homes
Sea level rise causes destruction
People will lose their homes
Businesses will be affected leading to less income
Migration or extinction of organisms
(PAGASA, 2011)
Projections
Health
Projections
Increases in temperature
and rainfall
Impacts
Increase in outbreaks of water-based and vector-borne diseases
Increase in number of people affected by diseases, especially the poor who live in inadequate conditions
Malnutrition is likely because of the stress in food production caused by extreme events (PAGASA 2011)
Agriculture and Food Security
Projections
Increased intensity and
frequency of extreme
events (heavy rainfall,
flood, drought)
Impacts
Malnutrition is likely because of the stress in food production (PAGASA 2011)
Increase in temperature will decrease agricultural production (NCSP)
There will be a decrease in food security
Farmers will be affected by crop loss
Less crop, less income
Water
Projections
Areas with longer drier
periods and areas with
increased rainfall.
Impacts
Areas with longer drier periods will have less water essential for daily needs and irrigation for farmers.
Less water will affect energy production from dams.
Increased rainfall can lead to floods, landslides and mudslides. This disrupt daily routines and destroy public infrastructures.
Forestry
Projections
Forests are predicted to be
influenced by temperature
increase.
Impacts
Temperature increase leads to less favorable forest conditions to support plants and animals.
Forest fires destroy homes of species and change the livelihood of communities living within the area.
Forest degradation will increase the country’s vulnerability to climate change.
Urban Infrastructure
Projections
Increased frequency of
extreme events and sea
level rise
Impacts
Urban conditions increase the risk of climate hazards, particularly for the poor residents of cities.
Infrastructures and homes will be destroyed.
Residences in affected areas will be displaced by extreme events.
Lives will be lost and more people will be injured.
Gender
Projections
Changes in temperature
and rainfall pattern and
frequency of extreme
events
Impacts
Women already have limited access to resources and restricted rights.
The female gender may have great ideas to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation but will not have the opportunity to speak out.
(UNDP, 2013)
Energy
Projections
Changes in temperature
and rainfall patterns
Impacts
Changes will affect the
production, delivery and
consumption of energy.
Energy breakdowns
(blackouts) will increase.
It may become more and
more difficult to fix the
problems of energy
production the more
extreme events occur.
Projected Impacts on Ecosystems
(Source: IPCC 2007 AR4 WG II. Technical Summary. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability)
Is the Philippines
vulnerable?Looking at Philippine geography and how
this adds to the risk with climate change
In a study conducted by Yusuf and Francisco in 2009, the Philippines is considered
one of the most vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia.
Philippines’ Vulnerability
Philippine Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of
7,107
Along the typhoon belt
70% of cities and towns are in coastal areas (CDKN
Global, 2012)
Located close to the equator, making the climate
generally warmer
The geography of the
Philippines makes it even
more vulnerable to the
impacts of disasters.
Combining a natural hazard with an ill-prepared
community leads to greater disaster. (ISDR)
Summary: Section 4
Coastal and Marine: Temperature increase has caused coral
bleaching and decreased marine capture
Health: More water and vector-borne diseases
Agriculture and food security: Decrease in food production as
temperature increase
Water: Less water leading to droughts, increased rainfall
leading to floods and infrastructure destruction
Forestry: Animals and plants will lose their homes
Summary: Section 4
Urban and Infrastructure: Magnified risk of floods,
especially for the poverty-stricken areas
Gender: Less freedom between genders to
contribute ideas to addressing climate change
Energy: Disruptions in production and delivery of
energy
Philippines has increased vulnerability due to its
geography.
Energy-related CO2
emissions are projected to
increase by 36% by 2030.Most of these emissions come from only a handful of
countries, majority of which are developed
countries. (PEW)
Many people have been
pushing for the
mitigation of climate
change for many years.Climate change, specifically global warming, was already an
issue that was raised in the early 1900’s. There was not enough
support to convince people to mitigate its effects since the
impacts were not felt during these times yet.
What is mitigation?
It is the effort of people to reduce the emissions
they contribute to climate change. (CCC)
This is achieved by decreasing the greenhouse
gases through:
developing low-energy technologies
Reducing energy consumption
Switching to renewable energy
Preserving natural biomes that capture carbon dioxide
(ISDR)
The effects of climate
change have been rapidly
increasing to the point that
mitigation is not enough.
We must learn to adapt.
Response to Address Climate Change
The impacts are inevitable. They will happen, no
matter how great the efforts will be to mitigate
climate change.
Due to the fact that the Philippines has been so
vulnerable to climate change, mitigation efforts
will not be able to keep up with the increasing
effects.
With this in mind, adaptation is key in dealing with
climate change.
What is adaptation?
Adaptation is adjusting our human habits and
lifestyles in response to climate change and its effects.
Communities can adapt by:
preparing risk assessments
protecting ecosystems
improving agricultural methods
managing water resources
building settlements in safe zones
instituting better building designs
(ISDR)
Global Efforts
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) the foundation of global efforts to combat global warming; opened
for signature in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit; has almost universal membership with 195 governments having ratified the Convention
Kyoto Protocol All participating industrialized countries are required to “reduce
emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2008–2012”; ratified by 182 countries (includes all developed countries except the USA)
Even emissions from
developing countries are
rising faster than those
from developed countries.“Their per capita emissions, however, will remain much lower than those of developed countries. Despite being surpassed by China as
the largest annual emitter of GHGs in 2006, the United States accounts for 30 percent of cumulative energy-related CO2
emissions since 1850 while China accounts for 9 percent.” (PEW)
Renewable Energy
Local Efforts: Mitigation
Geothermal Hydropower
Wind
Source: http://www.energy.com.ph/
Source: http://www.energy.com.ph/
Source: http://businessmirror.com.ph/
Solar
Source: http://business.inquirer.net/
Local Efforts: MitigationLand Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
Source: www.energy.com.ph - Source:www.lwua.gov.ph
Reforestation Programs
Agroforestry
Local Efforts: Adaptation
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Act of 2010 (RA 10121) Law that emphasizes the shift from disaster response to
disaster risk reduction
Addressing adaptation through improving poor urban
planning, poor solid waste management, etc.
Climate Change Act of 2009created by the Climate Change Commission
sole policy-making body of the government tasked to
coordinate, monitor and evaluate plans to address
climate change
(SEPO)
Local Efforts: Adaptation
There are several initiatives from
different sectors like:
National Agencies (e.g. DA and DENR
Philippine Climate Change Adaptation
Project)
Local Government (e.g. Albay Province’
CCA and DRR initiatives)
Communities (e.g. community-based
adaptation: agriculture, agroforestry,
rainwater harvesting)
Private Sector (ABS-CBN’s Kapit Bisig para
sa Ilog Pasig)
Check your Carbon Footprint
You’ll never know how much you can save until you know how much you’re using up.
WWF Philippines can help you calculate your carbon footprint.
Getting an idea of how much you contribute will give you ways on how to reduce it.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Manufacturing products and throwing them away as waste is one of the big contributors to our degrading environment.
Reduce your consumption.
Reuse what you have or sell and donate them instead of throwing them away.
Find the recycling centerclosest to you!
Conserve Water
A person consumes an
average of 70 gallons of
water per day. (WWF,
2013)
Turn off the faucet when
it’s not in use.
Keep your showers short.
Kindly decline water in
restaurants if you don’t
plan on drinking it.
Choose Green Travelling
If a place is close
enough, choose
walking over driving. It
reduces carbon
emissions and gives
you good exercise.
Find ways to commute
instead of taking a car.
If you must take a car,
look for people you
can carpool with.
Decrease Energy Use
There are appliances that still
consume energy when plugged in.
Unplug them to make sure you are
not consuming wasted energy.
Choose green appliances. Products
like solar-powered clocks and phone
chargers are available on the
market!
Turn your house on full clean energy
and convert to using solar panels.
Prepare a Survival Pack
Due to the unpredictable
change in climate, it is
important to always be ready.
Have a survival pack prepared
with canned food, extra
clothes, medicine, water, etc.
Keep a list of the emergency
hotlines.
Check Get Ready Pinas for
more details.
Learn and Inform
Keep yourself informed of
the climate situation in the
Philippines.
Learn more about how else
you can help mitigate and
adapt to climate change.
You can do this through
volunteer work as well.
Inform others and help
them understand how they
can reduce their impacts to
climate change.
Summary: Section 5
Mitigation is the human effort to reduce emissions
that contribute to climate change.
Adaptation has become necessary, especially for a
disaster-prone country like the Philippines.
Adaptation is adjusting human lifestyle in response
to climate change.
Mitigation and adaptation efforts have been taking
place locally and globally.
Referenceshttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/1701668
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Philippine_climate_map.png
http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html
http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/climate_change/climate_change_basics.php#greenhouse
http://climatechange.procon.org/files/1-climate-change-images/the-greenhouse-effect-picture.jpg
http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Global-Warming-Has-Slowed-Down-Will-Soon-Pick-Up-the-Pace-370331-2.jpg?1374581273
http://ksj.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/tracker/Global%20Warming%20Giant%20Thermometer%20shutterstock.jpg
http://i247.photobucket.com/albums/gg148/ozwoman321/ocean-current-1.jpg
http://www.gambassa.com/gambassafiles/images/images/1956/volcanic_eruptions_v1.jpg
http://yinyangastrologer.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/sun1.jpg
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Japan+Current
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325346/Kuroshio
http://blog.theholidaze.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/manila-traffic.png
http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/11/deforestation-report-finds-organized-crime-responsible-for-ninty-percent.jpg
http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/power-plant-2-112408.jpg
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/features/worldwaste/images/philippines/12.jpg
http://cdkn.org/resource/cdkn-inside-story-mainstreaming-climate-resilience-into-government-the-philippines-climate-change-act/
http://fyi09.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/xin_520604061510841033328.jpg
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2077/2073505689_2ae8c16643.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yVfKszCvrFc/UOTawE3XEPI/AAAAAAAAALc/JfApG8aaCZw/s320/Hyperthermia%2Brelated%2Bto%2BDengue%2BHemorrhagic%2BFever%2B%2528DHF%2529.jpg
http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/120808082332-philippines-flooding-4-horizontal-gallery.jpg
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/02/19/world/19phil_span/19phil-articleLarge.jpg
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/image/2009/4/man-made-fires-to-clear-land-f.jpg
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/strategic_themes/climate_change/focus_areas/gender_and_climatechange.html
http://rosalienebacchus.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/planet-earth-from-space.jpg
http://cdn.sheknows.com/articles/australian-flag.jpg
http://insights.wri.org/news/2013/08/3-key-initiatives-australia%E2%80%99s-climate-change-policy
http://www.german-flag.org/rippled-german-flag-720.jpg
http://icma.org/en/cl/blogs/blogpost/1445/Eyes_on_Germany_Municipal_Climate_Change_Efforts_and_NorthSouth_Climate_City_Partnerships
http://www.green-evolution.eu/files/background/flags_kyoto2.jpg
http://www.noypigeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/download-project-noah-mobile-app-android-philippines.jpg
http://wwf.org.ph/wwf3/climate/action
http://www.papemelroti.com/recycling_centers.htm
http://www.envirogadget.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Solar-Powered-Clock.jpg
http://www.mommybeta.com/storage/kit_BP02_lowres.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=1299935828891
http://www.getreadypinas.com/
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/130/379994639_16cf918c15.jpg
http://i.imgur.com/tHc98c9.jpg
ReferencesAlliance Development Works, United Nations University, The Nature Conservancy. (2013). World Risks Report 2012. Retrieved from http://www.worldriskreport.com/Bericht.435.0.html?&L=3
Eckstein, D. and Harmeling S. (2013). Global Climate Risk Index 2013: Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2011 and 1992 to 2011. Retrieved from http://germanwatch.org/fr/download/7170.pdf
Sajise, A. (2010). State of the Art on Socio-Economics of Climate Change in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.searca.org/
PAGASA (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/cab/climate_change/Climate%20change%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20August%2025%202011.pdf
Senate Economic Planning Office SEPO (2013). Natural Disasters at a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/AAG%202013-04%20-%20Natural%20Disasters_final.pdf
World Bank. (2013). Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/06/17862361/turn-down-heat-climate-extremes-regional-impacts-case-resilience-full-report
Peng, S, J Huang, JE Sheehy, RC Laza, RM Visperas, X Zhong, GS Centeno, GS Khush and KG Cassman. (2004). Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (27): 9971-9975.
Philippine Floods [Digital photograph]. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/deluge-traps-thousands-in-manila/story-e6frea6u-1226446410612
IPCC Data Distribution Center. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.ipcc-data.org/
International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2008). Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from http://www.unisdr.org/files/4146_ClimateChangeDRR.pdf
Weaver, C., Lempert, R., Brown, C., Hall, J., Revell, D., and Sarewitz, D. (2013). Improving the contribution of climate model information to decision making: the value and demands of robust frameworks. WIREs Clim Change, 4, 39–60. doi: 10.1002/wcc.202
Idinoba, M., Imbach, P., and Santoso, H. (2008). Climate Scenarios: What we need to know and how to generate them. Retrieved from http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/view-publication/publication/2766.html
Barrow, E. (2001). Climate Change Scenarios [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.parc.ca/pdf/conference_proceedings/jan_01_barrow1.pdf
Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology Australia (2003). The Greenhouse effect and climate change. Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/info/GreenhouseEffectAndClimateChange.pdf
Care Climate Change (2012). Decision-making for climate resilient livelihoods and risk reduction: a Participatory Scenario Planning approach. Retrieved from http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/ALP_PSP_Brief.pdf
Burton, I., Huq, S., Lim, B., Pilifosova, O., and Schipper, E. (2002). From Impacts, Assessment to Adaptation Priorities: the Shaping of Adaptation Policy. Climate Policy, 2, 145-149.
IPCC. 2007b. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Wilby, R.L., J. Troni, Y. Biot, L. Tedd, B. C. Hewitson, D. M. Smithe and R. T. Sutton. (2009). A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning. International Journal of Climatology, 29, 1193–1215. doi: 10.1002/joc.1839
Lugon, R. (2010). Climate information for decision-making: Lessons learned from effective user provider communication schemes. Retrieved from http://www.pnclink.org/pnc2010/english/PPT/Dec1/4701/ClimateChange/PNC_JHYOO.pdf
Chinvanno, S. (2011). Developing Regional Climate Change Scenario and Dilemma in Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Retrieved from http://www.thailandadaptation.net/doc/CC%20scenario%20and%20dilemma%20in%20CC%20planning.pdf
United Nations Development Programme (2011). Formulating Climate Change Scenarios to Inform Climate-Resilient Development Strategies. Retrieved from http://www.climatefinanceoptions.org/cfo/node/256
Alano, B. (2013). Unique Portraits of Filipino Fishermen by Bryan Alano. [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.photographyblogger.net/unique-portraits-of-filipino-fishermen-by-bryan-alano/
Silhouetted Fisherman. [Digital photograph]. (2012). Retrieved from http://nomadicimagery.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/the-philippines/
Salgado, T. (2008). Farmers ready to planting rice seedlings. [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://filipinolifeinpictures.wordpress.com/page/88/
Rice planting. [Digital photograph]. (2008). Retrieved from http://filipinolifeinpictures.wordpress.com/category/rice/page/6/
World Meteorological Organization (2013). Emission scenarios. Retrieved from http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/emission_scenarios.php
Lasco, R. and Delfino, R. (2010). Future Climate and Uncertainties [Powerpoint slides].
Baas, P., Kappelle, M., and Van Vuuren, M. (1999). Effects of climate change on biodiversity: a review and identification of key research issues. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1383-1397.
Goosse H., P.Y. Barriat, W. Lefebvre, M.F. Loutre, and V. Zunz (2010). Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modelling. Retrieved from http://www.elic.ucl.ac.be/textbook/chapter6_node1.html
van Ypersele, JP. (2010). Update on Scenario Development: from SRES to RCPs. Retrieved from
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/research_and_systematic_observation/application/pdf/ipcc_van_ypersele.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007a). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.
Felipe, A. (2007). Filipinos. [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://alexfelipe.info/
Produced by:
Team:
Alexandra Beatrice Cancio, Rafaela Jane Delfino, Rodel Lasco, Perlyn
Pulhin, Luigi Toda
For more information, contact us at [email protected]
Citation: The Oscar M. Lopez Center Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Management Foundation, Inc., 2013. Climate Change 101. Climate
Knowledge Portal for the Philippines. (Url here)