On Building Information Modeling: an explorative …788214/...Use of BIM for existing Buildings 1 On...

Use of BIM for existing Buildings

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On Building Information Modeling:

an explorative study

Erika JOHANSSON

Darek M. HAFTOR

Bengt MAGNUSSON

Jan ROSVALL


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On Building Information Modeling:

an explorative study

©

Erika JOHANSSON

Darek M. HAFTOR

Bengt MAGNUSSON

Jan ROSVALL

Department of Informatics

and Department of Construction Technology,

Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden

Linnaeus University Press

Växjö, Sweden

June, 2014

ISBN 978-91-87925-02-3


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Abstract

Building Information Model (BIM) is now a well-established notion in the context of built

environment management, which includes the construction industry and the facility

management industry. At first sight, BIM represents the various tools that support formulation

and usage of models of built environments. Vendors that develop and provide BIM technologies

typically offer bold promises regarding the positive effects of the usage of BIM. These positive

effects include increased efficiency, quality and safety, in the context of the whole lifecycle of a

built environment. However, the main emphasis of that rhetoric is placed on the benefits gained

from using BIM in the construction and maintenance of new built environments. As the

overwhelming majority of built environments are made up of already existing constructions,

rather than projected buildings, a key question is: what are the practices for the use of BIM for

existing buildings? An explorative research study has been conducted to respond to that

question. The main research methods employed included a comprehensive literature review

and interviews with BIM experts. The key findings suggested here are: (a) that very little

research addresses the actual practices of BIM usage for existing built environments, (b) BIM as

such represents a rather complex, multi-dimensional phenomenon, that also introduces new

complexities into the lifecycle of built environments, (c) BIM has many stakeholders of which

some have conflicting relations with each other; (d) there is a need to conduct comprehensive

and independent research into the domain of the use of BIM for existing built environments.


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Foreword

In May 2013, a chance meeting took place between two of the authors of this text. One

(Magnusson) had just completed his professorial installation lecture while the other (Haftor) was

about to start his professorial installation lecture in the same lecture room. The first lecture was

about Building Information Models and Modeling (BIM) while the second was about Information

Logistics. When passing each other in the doorway, we exchanged brief greetings and

remarked that we may have some common interest. Several weeks later, the two of us met and

discussed BIM, which made us realize that our respective fields have a number of areas in

common and that it would be interesting to explore them. We subsequently brought in two

additional colleagues and thus established a multi-disciplinary team, with regard to buildings,

their maintenance and conservation, and the information and information systems that support

these activities. When the four of us met and discussed, we ended up wondering about the

current practices and research with regard to the use of BIM for existing built environments.

Consequently, we decided to run a part-time explorative research project, with the aim of

answering that question. Given that we had limited resources available our method was limited

to the review of literature and some interviews with experts in the field, in Sweden. In practice,

one of us (Johansson) conducted the majority of the actual research, while the other three of us

acted as supporters. We held several progress meetings to discuss our findings. When the

study had been completed, we were somewhat surprised by the answers obtained, namely that

there is no informed answer available as to the current practices and research with regard to the

use of BIM for existing built environments. The reason for this is that very little empirical study

has assumed that focus. The remarkable thing with this answer is that the BIM concept and its

associated technologies are not especially new, and that its promoters and various technology

vendors have put forward bold statements about the positive benefits from BIM. However, as far

as our study could find, no research has been conducted that can tell us whether these

statements are realized and sensible or not. However, this study has succeeded in identifying a

number of details and inherent complexities about BIM and its use. One conclusion is that BIM

could be regarded as a kind of neural system for any activities related to build environments,

and in such a way transforms our understandings and practices within such an environment to

the better. With this perspective, we are happy to invite the reader to peruse the following text.

August, 2014

the Authors


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6

2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 7

3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 9

4. CURRENT BIM PRACTICES ............................................................................................................ 12

4.1 This is Building Information Model-ing (BIM) .................................................................................................12

4.2. Some benefits aspired from BIM usage and practices ...................................................................................18

4.3. BIM in the industry ........................................................................................................................................21

4.4. BIM functions and promises for practitioners ................................................................................................23

4.5. Practical BIM problems: Needs and Opportunities ........................................................................................27

4.6. Potentials and hindrances for widespread adoption .....................................................................................30

5. RESEARCH FRONTIERS ................................................................................................................. 32

5.1. Earlier and current BIM research ...................................................................................................................32

5.2. Summary of research needs and their implications .......................................................................................36

5.3. Proposed directions for BIM Research ...........................................................................................................43

5.4. Research Methodology and Design ...............................................................................................................44

6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 46

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 48

LINKS AND WEBSITES ...................................................................................................................... 62

THE RESEARCH TEAM AND SPONSOR ............................................................................................... 71


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1. INTRODUCTION

Information and communication technologies virtually dominate every part of our lives: private,

professional, and civic. This seems to be true for the various manufacturing industries, such as

the automotive or construction industries. Just as an engineer may produce a digital model of a

car, where such a model may at a later stage guide the manufacturing, usage, and also

recycling of that car; professionals construct models of built environments, to guide the

planning, construction, usage and maintenance, and eventually recycling, of a building. The

formulation and handling of these models is often associated with the label of “Building

Information Models”, or simply “BIM”. Briefly, BIM may be regarded as professional tools for the

creation and usage of models of built environments. The introduction of BIM technologies by

various vendors is often associated with bold promises about the positive effects on the quality

and efficiency of the various activities that constitute the lifecycle of a built environment. Most of

that rhetoric, however, seems to address the use of BIM for the building of new constructions,

rather than for existing built environments. A relevant question that emerges is: what are the

practices of the usage of BIM for existing built environments? An attempt to answer that

question triggered the explorative research project described here.

Rather surprisingly, the study’s findings suggest that little, if any, research has been conducted

with focus on the usage of BIM for existing buildings in Sweden. The results suggest that BIM

technologies offer many bold promises about the positive outcomes from its usage, yet little is

known of whether these effects are realized or not. Further, BIM seems to be a rather complex

phenomenon that also introduces additional complexities into the lifecycle of built environments,

which also acts as a hinder for the adoption of BIM technologies, for built environment. This in

turn seems to require multi-disciplinary approaches from both BIM professionals and its

academics.

This text is organized as follows. The next section explicates the assumed Research objective

and its purpose while the section after that summarizes the research approach employed. The

findings produced by the study are presented in two principal sections, first Current BIM


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Practices and then Proposed Research Frontiers. A section with Conclusions ends this text

together with references and details of the research team.

2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE

Figure 1. Illustrates the assumed focus of the study reported in this text;

the use of Building Information Models (BIM) for existing Buildings.

This report presents the outcome of a finalized explorative research study into the use of

Building Information Models and Modeling (BIM), for existing rather than projected buildings,

with particular focus on Sweden (see Figure 1). While the project had several desired

outcomes, one central objective guided the formulation this report:

To have identified frontiers, in both research and practices,

with regard to the use of BIM technologies for existing buildings,

with special focus on Sweden.

BIM

Building Analysis

& Design Construction Use &

Maintenance Termination

Analysis

& Design

Construction

Use &

Maintenance

Termination

Focus


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More specifically, this implied a search for key features of current BIM practices, their

successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities. Likewise, it implied a search for finalized

research initiatives focused on BIM practices, and provided us with insights about their key

characteristics, strengths and limitations. The main emphasis of this study, though, was to

establish what we do know about BIM practices, and what their challenges are.

Several key factors motivate such an assumed focus of this exploration. Firstly, and in more

general terms, promoters of BIM and its practices as a new technology have often presented

BIM as a glorifying technology that will provide many benefits. The question is whether any of

these benefits from using BIM have been realized or not, and what the associated challenges

and opportunities are. Secondly, BIM ambassadors seem to have assumed a main focus on

BIM use for the design and construction of new buildings. Both these assumptions are evident

in available literature, and in numerous sources online (see bibliography). While such a focus

has its merits, we need only to recall that the majority of the building stock (70 – 80 %) in

western societies was built before the 1970s and is thus considered as existing buildings

(OECD/IEA, 2009).

Therefore, ignoring the question of how to use BIM for existing buildings implies a radical

reduction of the aspired potential effect of using BIM. Thirdly, there is an ongoing discourse

regarding the actual process of the development of BIM technologies and associated practices

(see the chapter on research), which is important. However, there also is a need for solid

knowledge regarding the use of BIM itself, as such knowledge may potentially inform future

BIM development practices with regard to the kind of BIM desired, or not.

Given the research objective as specified above, the research purpose assumed here is that

the outcome of the study is:


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To serve as an intellectual guide for the formulation of a future research direction (e.g.

program, initiative, projects), that addresses the use of BIM technologies for existing

buildings, in Sweden.

Beside the key objective as declared above and the purpose of this study, several other

objectives were aspired to, of which at least one deserves a mention, namely: to have

established a well-coordinated cross-disciplinary research team, for subsequent research work.

However, these “other objectives” lie outside the scope of this text.

3. METHODOLOGY

The research approach assumed here for achieving the objective specified above may be

summarized in the following terms:

a. Literature Review: a careful search and review of existing literature, both academic and

professional; this comprised a search, identification and retrieval of literature followed

by reading, analysis and pattern recognition.

b. Expert Interrogation: identification of key experts within the assumed domain, interview

and discussion related to the focus assumed here.

c. Multi-disciplinary Team: a crucial component was to put together a research team with

members representing various disciplines related to the focus assumed here.

d. Driving Research Questions: given the objective detailed above, a set of driving

questions were formulated, as a means to translate the assumed objective into


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operational questions as instruments for data collection. Example of such central

questions include:

o The What:

What is “BIM”? What does it stand for and for whom?

What are the constituting components and functions of BIM?

o The Why?

What are the key motivations for the development and deployment of

BIM?

What are the key needs with which BIM is assumed to deal?

What are the key opportunities that BIM is assumed to explore?

Who are the key stakeholders (actors) involved in BIM?

What are the key stakes or interests for each BIM stakeholder?

o Actual?

How is BIM actually used?

What key problems, limitations and challenges arise from BIM usage?

And what are the reasons for these?

What is the difference, if any, between the actual use of BIM versus the

aspired ambitions, and driving motivations, for BIM use?

To what extent is BIM used for existing buildings?

What are the key hinders for successful BIM usage?

What are the key factors for successful BIM usage?

o Future?

What future development of BIM technologies and associated practices

is likely to materialize and how may that influence the use of BIM for

existing buildings?

What new knowledge is needed about BIM usage for existing buildings?

e. Reference Framework: the explorative study reported here was also guided by a

conceptual body, with a set of assumptions and standpoints which may serve as a point

of perspective or as a point of departure for the research work conducted. Indeed, any


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research study, particularly one of explorative character like this one, has a Reference

Framework, as understood here, however this is usually implicit, not articulated and

reflected upon. The Reference Framework assumed here may be summarized as

follows:

o This investigation is based on the so-called ‘holistic paradigm’, in the present

context manifested in terms of (1) Sustainable Building, and (2) Sustainable

Integrated Conservation (SIC) that combines humanistic and sustainability

values and systems thinking, all applicable to BIM as a means for dealing with

cultural heritage, and the natural and built environment at large. This is intended

to improve the quality of life by protecting human health and encouraging

sustainable management of natural, human and man-made resources. The

focus is on continuous adaptability of the built environment, and on enhancing

its quality and diversity at all levels (Fielden,1982).

o Key activities of Sustainable Integrated Conservation include monitoring,

assessment, preservation, rehabilitation, adaptation, maintenance, and

management of built heritage and related assets, often in conjunction

with urban planning and design;

with environmental, social and material aspects;

with new construction technology and design;

with legislative issues;

with entrepreneurship, business, innovation; economy;

with humanities, arts and crafts, and

with education, training and research.

o An explicit recognition and assumption of participatory and preventative

practices, collaboration and synergetic learning is made here, with the potential

of anchoring the community’s intangible inheritance (e.g. Gustafsson & Rosvall,

2008; Horwitz & Aravot, 2008).

o Sustainable building includes all aspects of building performance,

environmental, economic and social impacts. This requires integration of various

kinds of knowledge and expertise in the inter-related fields of building


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technology, conservation, environmental science, design and crafts, informatics,

business, natural and social sciences, economy, business and health etc.,

where different models can help promote the sustainability of

anticipated/planned activities, their impact and effects. The intention is to

eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful, sensitive design, and to

improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. From the perspective of

existing resources, sustainable building means ensuring the continuing

contribution of heritage to present and future generations through the dynamic

management of change responsive to the historic environment (Johansson,

2012; Fielden,1982).

o Architectural conservation and transformation in this context include

preservation, renovation, rehabilitation and reuse of everything from individual

buildings and objects to landscapes and streetscapes and urban revitalization of

mass housing (Engelbrektsson & Rosvall, 2013).

4. CURRENT BIM PRACTICES

It is now time to provide a summary of the current BIM practices, as identified in this study.

Recalling that the assumed focus is on BIM usage for existing buildings in Sweden, a more

definitional elaboration will be provided to address the question of what is meant with the notion

of BIM. This elaboration will then move its attention to why BIM is established; however when

we answer the-what of BIM and the-why of BIM, the question of the-how of BIM will inevitably

appear.

4.1 THIS IS BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL-ING (BIM)

In very basic terms, BIM may be regarded as a computer based database containing various

models of buildings. In this context, the expression ‘models of buildings’ refers to some kind of

representation of some part of a building, where that building-part is represented in terms of


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selected attributes. Such a base of information about buildings is synonymous to a base of

information about a machine, say a car, that is designed and then manufactured, or a customer

database in a firm’s marketing function, where information about the customer is stored for

various purposes.

BIM, being based on the use of Information and Communication Technologies, is able to

conduct the basic information processing functions: to generate, store, transfer and transform

information. The notion of ‘Building Information Model’, or just ‘BIM’, emerged in the 1970's and

originates from semantic data models in the field of machine engineering. These models were

originally designed for connecting logical and physical information about machines, and

subsequently spread from the design and construction of machines into the design and

construction of buildings (e.g. Wikipedia.org).

The first implementation of BIM was as a part of the Virtual Building concept and debut of

ArchiCAD in 1987 (ibid). These concepts and applications were adapted, developed and

modularized during the 1980's, enabling transferability of the technology and systems to the

residential and commercial sectors. One example of early BIM-related models and

development is the ‘Building Design System’, which was generated through a research project

funded by the UK government in the mid-1970’s. Another example is ‘Really Universal

Computer Aided Production System’ (RUCAPS), a computer aided design that was developed

by John Davison and John Watts from the University of Liverpool (ibid).

Generally speaking, key constituting parts of a Building Information Model include (1) an object

(a part of a building, a building, or group of buildings typically represented in 3 dimensions); (2)

parametric interconnected data related to (1); and (3) meta-data (data about data, here

definitions and specifications of (1) and (2), (see Figure 3; Magnusson 2013). In the context of

this report, BIM may be understood as:


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1. A set of technologies, processes and policies enabling multiple stakeholders to

collaboratively design, construct and operate a facility, or group of facilities, and to

sustainably manage them in the context of their environment (Succar, 2013).

2. A rich information model, potentially fed by multiple data sources, elements of which

can be shared across all stakeholders and maintained throughout the life of a building

from inception to recycling (Waterhouse, 2013).

3. A shared digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of any built

object, and its environment, which forms a reliable basis for decisions (ISO/TC 59/SC

13).

In general, three major kinds of information are included in any given BIM: (a) Geometric, (b)

Semantic, and (c) Topological information (Schlueter & Thesseling, 2009). Geometric

information relates directly to the built form in three dimensions, semantic information describes

the properties of components, while topological information captures the dependencies of

components.

BIM is characterized by work-practices that employ digital models of buildings. The initial

guiding idea was to develop a virtual building model to guide the building process; as the

physical building is assembled, changes in the field are documented in the virtual model. An

essential ingredient in BIM is that the object carries metadata. By using three to five

dimensional digitization models, distinct phases of design are merged and the process

becomes fluid, or well integrated, with an aspiration for an elimination of information loss

between the activities constituting the work practice. BIM models consist of objects (i.e.

representations of buildings and building elements such as walls, windows, columns, etc.), but

also various types of information items, such as areas for specific rooms, zones, tenants, etc.

This differs from traditional 3 Dimensional Computer Aided Design (3D CAD) which focuses

only on the 3D graphical representation of a building. Current BIM technologies may provide


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the design and geometry of a building; geographic information, light analysis, spatial

relationships and characteristics of building materials (Magnusson, 2013) – see Figure 3 for an

illustration.

The term ‘Building Information Model’, as such, first appeared in 1992 (van Nederveen &

Tolman 1992). However, the terms ‘Building Information Model’ and ‘Building Information

Modeling’ (BIM) began to be used more extensively from 2003 onwards (Autodesk, 2003).

Nowadays, BIM represents a whole new paradigm, representing a turn away, or advancement,

from the traditional practices of design and construction of buildings. It is not only considered

as a way to make a profound impact on the professions, but is also regarded as an approach to

assist the building industry in the development of new ways of thinking and practices. BIM may

be considered as a ‘socio-technical system’, combining man-made technology and the social

and institutional practices that develop and use that technology. In such a view, BIM is

sometimes regarded as a unified system, or entity, consisting of different interacting aspects

that are material, mental, and social (see Figure 2). The social aspects include different types

of behavior, norms, cultural institutions and relationships. Indeed, these social aspects both

utilize BIM hardware and are shaped by it (WSP Group, 2013: retrieved

http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com, 2013-12-27).

More recently, the term BIM is used both as a verb and as a noun, that is Building-Information-

Model and as Building-Information-Modeling. The latter recognizes that the practice of the

formulation and usage of such models are highly interrelated. So, BIM accounts for the various

human practices (i.e. activities, processes, norms and values) that ‘formulate building

information models’ (Eastman, C., P. Teicholz, et al., 2011, p. Xi). Therefore, BIM requires a

notion as a combination of technology and a set of work processes (WSP Group, 2013, pp. 6-

7).

http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/


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Figure 2. Illustrates one particular notion of BIM as a socio-technical system,

constituted of various hardware and software, as well as mental and social

aspects; Retrieved WSP Group, 2013: retrieved from:

http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com, 2013-12-27.)

While the construction, maintenance and usage of models of buildings is almost as long as

human writings, it is the digitalized building information models that offer such unparalleled

opportunities to produce, store, share, and transform building information models, which again

highlights the importance of the BIM practices. In these practices, an early ambition is that

different actors share data through digital models in a coordinated, consistent workflow, during

the building process as a whole, according to an integrated lifecycle (LC) perspective

(Garagnani, 2013).

Another early ambition of digitalized BIM may be summarized in terms of the three C’s: (1)

Collating Information, (2) Incorporating Consistency, and (3) fostering Collaboration and

Coordination among different actors and professionals. An ambition with these three C:s in

place is that building information and the process of building information can be managed

intelligently rather than in an ad hoc manner, arbitrarily and accidentally.

(http://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/building-information-modelling-bim-a-construction-

http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/

http://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/building-information-modelling-bim-a-construction-revolution/


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revolution/); retrieved 2014-02-21).

As the design, construction, maintenance, use and then termination and recycling of any non-

trivial building includes the generation of a significant volume of necessary information about

the given building, BIM may be regarded as the neural system for building-related practices. In

that sense, “BIM is a disruptive technology, which means it requires the change of practices.

Thus, BIM is socio-cognitive: breaking the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic barriers between

disciplines. This change is multi-dimensional and requires breaking the boundaries between

research disciplines.” (ibid)

’Computer Integrated Construction’ (CIC) can be defined as “the integration of corporate

strategy, management, computer systems, and information technology throughout the project’s

entire lifecycle and across different business functions” (Wikipedia.org). CIC and BIM are the

most often used acronyms that represent the use of information and communication

technologies in construction, however, CIC will be disregarded here as it has not been shown

to have any significance for the research focus assumed here (Wong & Yang, 2010).

Finally, the ‘Industry Foundation Classes’ (IFC) data model is intended to account formally for

building and construction industry data. It is a platform-neutral, open-file format specification

that is not controlled by a single vendor or group of vendors. It is an object-based file format

with a data model developed by buildingSMART (formerly the International Alliance for

Interoperability, (IAI) to facilitate interoperability in the AEC industry, and is a commonly used

collaboration format in Building Information Modeling based projects. The IFC model

specification is now an official international standard (ISO 16739:2013). Because of its focus on

ease of interoperability between software platforms, the Danish government has made the use

of IFC format(s) compulsory for publicly aided building projects. The Finnish state-owned

company Senate Properties demands that IFC compatible software and BIM be used in all their

projects (Wikipedia.org)

http://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/building-information-modelling-bim-a-construction-revolution/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuildingSMART

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark


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Figure 3. The figure illustrates the relation between Computer Aided Design technologies

(CAD) that enable the formulation, storage and use of Building Information Models, that in

turn enable a more intelligent, or sophisticated, work practice where buildings and their

representations are key features. (Source: Wong & Yang, 2010, p.3).

4.2. SOME BENEFITS ASPIRED FROM BIM USAGE AND PRACTICES

As is rather common in most newly emerged technologies, many aspirations and promises are

made and assumed with regard to the potential benefits of the usage of new technologies; this

is also the case with BIM. An account of the various BIM benefits offered to professionals is

summarized below. This should not be regarded as a perfect and finalized list of potential

benefits however; rather it is an account of the commonly presented BIM benefits.


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Information sharing & integrity: For the professionals involved, BIM enables the simultaneous

handling of information by different individuals in different professions. A purpose is to reduce

the information losses that may occur when a new team takes 'ownership' of a project and/or

building. Enabled by contemporary Information and communication technologies, BIM ensures

that one official version of information of a building is held consistently over time. (Magnusson,

2012)

Integrated Project Delivery: BIM enables an entirely new way of designing and building, known

as integrated practice, or ‘Integrated Project Delivery’ (IPD). This includes not only design and

construction professionals and preservationists but also cost estimators and vendors, energy

and code officials, and external reviewers. The practical use of BIM goes beyond the initial

building planning and design phase, as it extends throughout the building’s lifecycle and

supporting processes including cost management, construction management, project

management, facility maintenance and operation (see,

http://www.helsinki.fi/cradle/news_archive/index.htm; retrieved 2014-01-22).

Lean construction: Lean construction is an industrial and managerial practice stemming from

the popular lean manufacturing as originally developed by Japanese car manufacturing

companies. At its core is that the only performance and resource activities utilized should be

those that truly generate value for the output’s consumer, say a car buyer. To that end, a lean

approach recognizes that there is a constant need for improvement, in order to identify a leaner

way of conducting operations: in other words to increase the satisfaction of consumers and

reduce resource utilization, or more concisely, to do the right thing in the right way, only. Lean

extends from the objectives of a lean production system – maximize value and minimize waste

– to specific methods and technologies. As a result, the process is designed to better reveal

and support customer purposes. Work is structured to maximize value and to reduce waste.

Efforts to manage and improve performance are aimed at improving total project performance,

since this is more important than reducing the cost or increasing the speed of any particular

activity. Lean challenges the belief that there must be trade-offs between time, cost, and

quality. As the bringing about continuous improvement, in terms of what is done and how it is

http://www.helsinki.fi/cradle/news_archive/index.htm


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done, requires extensive and accurate information about what is done and how it is done, BIM

becomes something of a neural system of any building lifecycle, and may help make the

building lean practice even more successful. (www.leanconstruction.org)

Safety: BIM places the effective use and exchange of information at its heart. Such information

use may be preventative in that it aids in collision detection at the initial planning stage,

identifying the exact location of discrepancies. This could lead to a more coherent safety and

vulnerability representation and proactive risk assessment of cultural heritage, facility contents,

qualities and potential threats, e.g. supporting the identification of vulnerabilities in building

emergencies (Kapp, 2012).

Computer-aided facilities management (CAFM) refers to the use of information and

communication technologies to effectively manage physical facilities in various ways. This can

include long-range facilities management reporting, as well as more direct systems that actively

manage aspects of facilities, such as lighting or heating and air conditioning equipment.

Common features of computer-aided FM tools include systems that give information on floor

plans and descriptions of physical space, as well as reporting on energy consumption.

Computer-aided facilities management tools can use extensive databases and visual modeling

tools, along with geographic information systems or services, to give project leaders and

managers a bird’s eye view of a particular facility or building. In addition to providing these sorts

of physical tools, computer aided facilities management systems can be part of long-term

planning and auditing resources. For example, planners might use these sorts of tools to

evaluate the depreciation of a facility or for other tax purposes. A wide range of CAFM-solutions

has become extremely valuable to those who are tasked with efficiently managing the physical

locations of a business or other entity. (www.techopedia.com, 05-02-14). Clearly, while

information and communication technologies in general manifest a significant potential for an

improvement of facility management, BIM may be regarded as a central component of such

technology usage (Magnusson, 2012).

Facility management: is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure

functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology into a

http://www.leanconstruction.org/


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coherent whole. The core competencies of Facility Management may include: Operations and

Maintenance, Project Management and Quality, Real Estate and Property Management,

Technology and Communication; Readiness for Emergency and Business Continuity;

Environmental Management and Sustainability, Finance and Business, Human Factors,

Leadership and Strategy (International Facilities Management Association, 2014). Clearly,

successful management of any non-trivial building, such as an airport or a large hospital,

requires a timely supply of a significant amount of accurate information (Haftor & Mirijamdotter,

2011), at the hands of various professionals. In this sense, well-established BIM practices have

the potential to improve Facility Management immensely, in in a multitude of ways (Magnusson,

2012).

Intelligent Buildings: The expression ‘Intelligent buildings/homes’ encompasses a variety of

technologies, spanning commercial, industrial, institutional, and domestic buildings, for

example ‘Building Energy Management Systems’ (BEMS) and building controls. The notion of a

smart building or home was born in the late 1970s, and refers in very general terms to

structure and functions, systems and services, building and relationships for various ends, yet

in general for an increased efficiency, performance and comfort manifested by buildings and

homes. It is based upon the extensive application of various information and communication

technologies that enable networked monitoring, control, and communication within and

between buildings, of various parameters of the building and home. These technologies may

include broadband, television, telephones, fire alarms, energy management, lighting control, air

conditioning and access control, which allows buildings to be controlled intelligently (American

Intelligent Building Institute, 2012; Greentech Advocates, 2013).

4.3. BIM IN THE INDUSTRY

The various BIM functions and promises for practitioners are outlined and their needs are

highlighted in the text below. As mentioned earlier, the function of BIM is mainly focused on the

production of new buildings while very little attention and effort are put into BIM initiatives for

existing buildings.


22

BIM prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash detection' whereby the computer model

provides visual highlights to the team showing where parts of the building (e.g. structural

frames and building services, pipes or ducts etc.) may wrongly intersect. In the near future, this

might include information about which parts are original to the building, and which parts have

been added over time, making it easier to make proper judgments and decisions. For existing

buildings and environments, additional issues may be relevant, such as documentation of

structure and materials, geometric data for specific elements, such as details, floorboard and

trim, etc. Dynamic information about the building, such as existing conditions, sensor

measurements (e.g. moisture detection and energy efficiency) and control signals etc. can be

incorporated within a BIM model to support analysis of building operation and maintenance,

which in turn may serve as a basis for decisions, e.g. about rehabilitation/adaptation and reuse

(Kapp, 2009).

Professionals, manufacturers and sub-contractors from every trade may input crucial

information into a BIM before beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-

assemble some systems off-site, make final adjustments and make a cost-effective

rehabilitation and preservation and maintenance plan. Waste can be minimized on-site and

products delivered on a just-in-time basis rather than being piled up on-site. Quantities and

shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and

defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire

facility alone or a group (ibid).

Current and future BIM can leverage the capabilities of existing BIM software to provide a

historical and navigable timeline that chronicles both tangible and intangible aspects and

changes in the past with projections into the future. As discussed earlier, BIM is developed as a

way of managing the full development lifecycle of a building project. Used to facilitate new

designs, build changes and communication amongst contractors and design teams, BIM has

proved to provide significant cost savings and efficiency gains. It has always been assumed

that trying to model existing buildings and structures in Revit is time consuming and extremely

costly, however this is attitude is changing. To fill this gap 3D laser scanning may be used for

existing building modeling. By using the latest 3D laser scanning data capture techniques,

surveys can be made in 3D and this information can be converted to accurate Revit models.


23

(ibid.)

Many studies and initiatives have been carried out that can be linked to digitization of existing

buildings (see: http://3d.si.edu/conference/index.html, retrieved: 28-12-13). For cultural

heritage, 3D content is more and more often used with the latest 3D viewing platforms for

visualizing and manipulating 3D data. Technologies include 3D printers and resulting prints,

virtual reality goggles, and natural user interface (NUI) devices. (ibid). Current technology, e.g.

laser scanning, photogrammetry, analytical 3D imaging, etc., make it possible to

comprehensively assess a building's geometry, existing conditions and specific needs;

including e.g. air pollution and humidity levels, vibrations, cracking, corrosion processes,

electricity consumption, energy efficiency and much more with different types of sensors.

Analyses that are not included but could be incorporated are context analyses, physical loads,

resistance to wind, fire, compatibility measures and concerns between the new structure and

the old (i.e. in adaptations and renovations), intangible qualities and significance of a particular

resource – and the role of high quality crafts. There are endless opportunities for collecting data

that can be processed into information on the measures required to maintain the different

qualities and values of a property (Johansson, 2008).

4.4. BIM FUNCTIONS AND PROMISES FOR PRACTITIONERS

Based on the research performed for this report, it seems certain that the demand for BIM and

sustainable building technologies will continue to grow. BIM is not only beginning to change the

way buildings function, how they look and the way they are built, but also how they are

preserved, valued and understood – not as singular isolated units but as placed in a broader

context, as part of a conglomerate of buildings and landscapes from different time periods

(Johansson, 2008; Engelbrektsson and Rosvall, 2006). As BIM technology and practices

continue to develop, efficient and intelligent technologies will become even more pervasive

worldwide.

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=tg96h8Xp6EOuOGS_XMK8W6gIE9l1tdAIN9Y_IFWIoNlR7jQSNoinI2lU-4SzzOmTsaIx1-CKOrs.&URL=http%3a%2f%2f3d.si.edu%2fconference%2findex.html


24

Figure 4. Illustrates the outcome of an instance of Laser Scanning for BIM,

in Brussels' Royal Quarter (Source: www.sparpointgroup.com )

This point to increased business benefits of using BIM, such as better quality of work and better

profits, more accurate documentation, less rework, reduced project duration, fewer claims and

the ability to offer new and more sustainable services. Cost savings and operational efficiency,

improved visualization and design quality, and client demand are cited as major drivers for the

adoption of BIM. The majority of the world’s leading firms have already started their transition to

BIM from traditional CAD systems, and the numbers of new technology providers developing

add-ons to the systems have also increased. Companies are developing BIMs with various

levels of detail, and the modeling efforts associated with generating BIMs vary.

The UK, United States, Australia and the Middle East have been identified as the top four

markets that will provide the highest growth opportunities for BIM application-related software

products and services (WSP Group, p. 29). In Europe, the building sector represents

approximately 40% of EU:s total energy consumption. It is estimated that approximately 40% of

all activities in the sector are related to rehabilitation, maintenance and reuse (Swedish Building

and Planning, 2007; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2008), and in 2050, as much

https://www.sparpointgroup.com/News/2007_may15_3D-Laser-Scanning-for-BIM-in-Brussels--Royal-Quarter/


25

as 70% of the existing building stock will remain. This means that the amount of activities in the

area of architectural conservation, rehabilitation and management will increase (COM 2010).

EU’s directive for enhanced near-zero energy buildings includes a strong focus on existing

buildings and larger building stocks. In 2012, the BIM technology market stood at 1.8 billion

USD, and it is expected to reach 6.5 billion USD by 2020. (European Parliament, 2010)

Based on the number of market studies and reports outlined in the bibliography, it is clear that

BIM represents a new paradigm within the AEC/FM industries. A potential obstacle is that

adopting and developing BIM is costly, but it is inevitable. Building owners are becoming an

important driving force to its increased adoption. This development also applies to Sweden that

has an extensive amount of historic buildings, gardens and habitats, industrial heritage and

larger building stocks; including areas of mass housing. The qualities and cultural values that

these environments represent should be protected, preserved and maintained while facing new

requirements. A major problem, however, is that the building sector is too often focused on

maximizing efficiency, space and usability at the expense of existing assets –emphasizing

economic, functional, technical aspects and demands (Mason, 1998; de la Torre 2002).

However, in order to meet the future demands, the role of informatics, architectural

conservation and high quality crafts skills and knowledge requires further attention.

As per the nature of socio-technological systems, the future of BIM is revolutionary. This lies in

its development beyond 3D modeling and software; i.e. as a multi-disciplinary planning, design,

analysis, construction, preservation/rehabilitation and facilities management process

technology, that will lead to dramatic process changes. This means the shaping of social

practices by expanding possibilities of achieving better communication and collaboration

between different stakeholders and disciplines at an early stage, and throughout all stages of

the building process. Once the basic infrastructure is in place, numerous work processes and

technologies can be brought in, which will result in tighter integration. This may lead to more

sustainable work practices creating an entirely new cultural and institutional environment.

In general, BIM may lead to improved quality and planning processes, energy efficiency,

control, design, construction and management. Nowadays, improving energy efficiency is a


26

major driver for renovation and rehabilitation. In a near future, ‘eco-makeovers’ of larger

building stocks will inevitably be carried out, involving laser scanning with measuring equipment

to create a model for its shape to be incorporated into the BIM. BIM’s strength lies in its

possibilities as a complex information management system. As it emerges and becomes more

advanced, it will develop as an intelligent system consisting of a transparent set of

methodologies, tools and work processes that are merged into a consistent and integrated

whole, made accessible for all actors and parties involved - i.e. before, during and after the end

of a project, and as part of the ecological process of continuous recycling (WSP Group, 2013).

In this way, BIM is not only a rich 3D model; it is a complex information structure (6D and

beyond). As more information is added, the data can be “mined” to identify and monitor the

process and project’s performance.

If the information within a BIM is utilized in a more integrated manner, there are large profits to

be made. For example, the client can find competitive advantage by providing customers with

preventative long-term maintenance contracts, or find new bidding or business models for real

estate sales. The buyer can also buy properties with a guarantee based on the concept of

intelligent/ smart and/or ‘environmentally sound housing’, which means that property owners in

the future may change their focus from being event-driven organizations to planning driven

ones. Instead of dealing with daily errors, they would be able to focus on quality and

sustainability requirements. More energy can be devoted to planning and cooperation, to

preventive conservation, renovation/adaptation and maintenance. Then, the user would be able

to both sell and buy quality assured accommodation - while the characteristics, specific

qualities and values of the existing asset/-s remain. This will also create new business

opportunities, jobs and employability for individuals. Moreover, this would ultimately lead to

enhanced wellbeing and a better quality of life by ensuring that these different needs are met

and that the qualities and values are properly preserved and maintained for future generations.


27

Given the above, current BIM functions and benefits can be summarized as opportunities:

For collection of large volumes and variety of building related information;

For laser scanning with measuring equipment, e.g. for energy efficiency;

For storage and access of that information;

For improved visualization and productivity due to easy retrieval of information;

For analysis of that information for patterns or deviations identification;

For increased coordination of construction documents;

For integrative work practices such as planning;

For innovative design;

For architectural conservation and ECO-friendly environmental modeling;

For more sustainable work practices;

For effective resource utilization and coordination of activities in the lifecycle of a given

building;

For enabling innovative changes to the bidding process;

For strategic leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation within an organization as well

as on a broader scale.

4.5. PRACTICAL BIM PROBLEMS: NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

In general, the construction industry is facing major challenges when it comes to developing

and updating the existing standards and guidelines and different work patterns that ensure

interoperability between the different phases of planning, design, production, preservation,

rehabilitation and adaptation, maintenance and operation for SD, conservation and

management. The connection between culture and technology represents one of the most

important challenges. The emergence of sustainability practices is dependent on complex co-

dependent and contextual knowledge, strategic interaction, collaboration, inter- and trans-

disciplinary research. Environmental sciences and technology management are two such broad


28

and emerging fields where fundamental changes have taken place in the way research is

performed. (Magnusson, 2012)

Sustainability has been very difficult to achieve – particularly with regard to quality, energy,

costs, heritage aspects and related values. The situation is further complicated by the lack of

relevant training, education and research/RTD, appropriate knowledge systems, methods,

processes and skills. A major aspect is that the AEC and Facilities Management (FM)

industries are discipline-driven and different actors dominate at different stages of the process.

Many studies have raised concerns about this critical fact, which includes issues such as low

quality, high costs, low profitability and a predominant lack of innovations (Johansson, 2008).

Major parts of the processes are also project-based (Magnusson, 2013). The actors involved

are part of a system that possesses poor information systems when compared to evidence

provided by, for example, known control and efficiency theories (Bystedt, 2012). The challenge

of providing the right information to the right actor, at the right time and place, and in the right

format, is regularly manifested. There is a need to study problems from multiple dimensions

and disciplinary perspectives, from a practical and a scientific viewpoint, in order to provide a

sustainable impact and results, which also applies to the use of BIM.

Despite the considerable adoption of BIM for the design and lifecycle management of new

buildings, very little research has been undertaken to explore the value of BIM for the re-

design, conservation and management of existing buildings and environments (Fai et al.,

2010). To a limited extent the focus has been on cross-disciplinary collaboration and

integration, creating synergies between the new and the old (i.e. existing environment),

between different disciplines, stakeholders and professionals, projects, methods and

technologies, cultural and conceptual views etc. This applies to the construction process, in

particular, but also to different kinds of planning and design processes, conservation,

innovation and management on a broader scale. In general, a holistic approach to the field of

BIM and facilities management (FM) is lacking.

A key problem is in the logistical management of information, and its intangible flows (Haftor et

al. 2011). An important aspect is the ability to communicate and interact at an early stage and


29

in a continuous manner to strengthen and add value to the project and the investments made

for an efficient use of resources. It's about being able to link different types of knowledge,

technologies, methods, networks and initiatives with each other and create a common

understanding of the knowledge and resources that are available at different levels, especially

for small businesses, but also for other actors, such as larger firms. Otherwise there is a risk of

duplication and/or unnecessary competition. The challenge is to merge different BIM systems

in such a way as to maximize profitability and leverage existing qualities and strengths at each

stage of the process.

It is a well-known fact that BIM will challenge relationships and current thinking – their effect on

bidding, contracts and insurance (Magnusson, 2012). Also, it will support the integration of the

architectural design-construction (AEC), preservation and maintenance/operation (FM) teams.

Whilst such changes are expected, research indicates that this is not yet the case. One reason

for this may be that the theoretical and practical basis of information handling and the concept

of ‘value generation’ have not been fully understood. The quality of work is affected in a

negative manner, which in turn has a negative impact on the built environment, and especially

on the specific qualities and values it represents (Waterhouse, 2011). Problems include a lack

of leadership, competence and feedback cycles, flow configuration, variability problems,

collaboration and communication across cultural and organizational boundaries, ownership

aspects, leadership and staying up-to-date, and a lack of evaluation and accumulation of

improvement in processes (ibid). As a result, appropriate BIM systems and devices for

intelligent information sharing; consensus-building and participatory decision-making are

needed to a much greater extent than before.

According to long tradition, the master builder was specialized in the design, construction and

maintenance of buildings. This included all stages of planning, design and management, the

production and handling of hand-made drawings and construction documents. However, this

has changed into high-tech digitized drawings and handling of documents. In addition,

responsibility for the process has been transferred to the building owner and buyer who are

responsible for operation and maintenance. The production phase is normally separated from

the design phase as well as from the long-term conservation and management phase, which

means that knowledge will be lost between the different phases. There is the question of


30

ownership and leadership at the various stages of the process. Lack of coordination and

communication causes all kinds of errors and inefficiencies, structural and material damage.

Generally, a more integrated and preventative approach is needed (Johansson, 2008).

4.6. POTENTIALS AND HINDRANCES FOR WIDESPREAD ADOPTION

Although the adoption of BIM has numerous potential benefits, it raises challenges with regard

to organizational, communication and leadership aspects and the way in which BIM integrates

the business processes of individual practices (Arayici & Coates, 2012). Benefits of BIM will

only come through close collaboration, and different actors will need to work together as one.

This will provide greater options for innovation and R&D. BIM will push this development, which

will include a change in habits and routines to make cooperation natural, which in the long-term

will change conceptual views. This would result in higher quality of work. It is expected that new

forms of bidding and contracts will emerge. Digitalization and close collaboration challenge the

prevailing system of intellectual ownership, which may emerge into parallel routes: 1) of

increased specialization of BIM modeling and specialists and 2) of consolidation into giant

firms. There is a prevailing need to develop a consistent holistic approach and to develop

common standards and requirements, for concepts and terminology, information delivery, data

storage formats, bidding and contract forms etc. Unfortunately, there is still a hazy notion about

just what information and data are needed, when and how data will be stored, used, shared

and kept up to date. It is an issue of organizational restructuring, and also of competence, and

thus of education and training/R&D, but unless the gap between technology, end-users and

their processes is over-bridged - BIM usage will continue to be limited (Wakefield, 2005).

Standardization is necessary if SB/AC aspects are to be integrated with BIM processes, which

should include the definitions and semantics of the information used. In order to enable

integration of SB/AC methodologies with BIM, the definitions of information contents should be

further developed. Recently, the International Standard Organization (ISO) has established a

framework for providing specifications for the commissioning of BIM. A number of other

important initiatives have been carried out in the USA, in Europe and likewise in Australia; e.g.

the North American National BIM Standard, NBIMS, the Finnish Common BIM Requirements,


31

COBIM, and the Australian National BIM Guide. It is applicable to any range of BIM and

building-related facilities, from a “portfolio of assets at a single site or multiple sites, to assets at

a single small building and at any constituent system, subsystem, component or element. The

framework is applicable to any asset type, including most structures, infrastructure and public

works, equipment and material” (ISO TS 12911:2012). These standards work mainly with

principle methodologies rather than individualized processes.

Workforce development is also critical to the decision to implement a new technology and

approach; otherwise, desired outcomes cannot be achieved. A prerequisite for success is that

the targets set can be translated into concrete action plans and patents, where innovation and

continuing learning should go first. Many of the problems are caused by lack of relevant

knowledge and skills, particularly at the intersection of different sectors and disciplines

(Johansson, 2008, Johansson, 2005). With regard to the building sector in general, there is an

increased need for continuing education and training at different levels, particularly from the

viewpoint of leadership, sustainability and innovation/ entrepreneurship, and R&D, as well as

on the practical use of BIM and its future development. This means that the competence should

be broadened and that the opportunities to work with BIM in existing environments should

increase (Johansson, 2008; Gustafsson & Rosvall 2010; Dyrssen et al, 2011).

A first step would be to increase levels of awareness through formal education, which all

professionals undertake to achieve their necessary minimum qualifications. Concept promotion

of sustainable building, architectural conservation and BIM within higher education is vital,

together with requests for syllabus integration and inclusion, as well as continued training and

research/R&D, e.g. in the form of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) modules

accessible for all actors and stakeholders, and for educators as well (UNESCO, 2005; Kassem,

2012). BIM will be a way to change all construction/architectural/built environment-oriented

education, creating the need to integrate construction technology and design, urban planning,

architectural conservation, traditional and modern building technology, natural and social

sciences, economy, management, arts and crafts. This includes knowledge about architectural

conservation technology and maintenance, where accurate documentation, assessment and

depiction of existing resources and qualities are essential.


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5. RESEARCH FRONTIERS

This section summarizes the research front in the area of the usage of BIM. To be very clear,

one key finding from the study reported here is that there is very little academic research

targeting the use of BIM for existing buildings. An account of the findings generated by this

study is provided below.

5.1. EARLIER AND CURRENT BIM RESEARCH

‘Computer Integrated Construction’ (CIC) research efforts in the 1990’s focused on

incorporating entire graphic data and non-graphic data throughout an organization or a project.

In 1993, a Japanese CIC project exploited a full scale, on-site automation combining

information and robotics through all the stages of design, procurement and construction

(Miyatake & Kangari, 1993). Another important research project was carried out by Chinowsky

and Reinschmidt in 1995, where “qualitative spatial reasoning” was developed in order to

embed the design knowledge into the graphic objects. Another research project, funded by the

Korean government developed fully integrated CIC-systems using real-world projects. This

encompassed the full spectrum of construction business functions, including planning, sales,

design, estimation, scheduling, material management, contracting, cost control, quality, safety,

human resource (HR) management, financing/ accounting, general administration and R&D.

This project fully utilized state-of-the-art technologies coupled with newly researched

management methodologies. It was successful in terms of technical capability and a holistic

approach, however, practical effectiveness was not proven to be economically feasible (Cho,

2000).

The research carried out by Chinowsky and Reinschmidt (1995) was further developed by

Taylor and Bernstein in 2009, focusing on patterns of visualization, coordination, analysis and

supply chain integration as a BIM trajectory. A holistic BIM framework focusing on the issues of

practicability for real-world projects has been proposed by several researchers and research

groups since then; the first was proposed by Succar (2009), followed by another by Jung and


33

Joo (2011). These two frameworks can be further developed and delineated so that the

practical use of BIM effectively incorporates different BIM technologies in terms of their different

properties, relations, standards and utilization across different construction business functions,

considering various project, organizational and industry perspectives. In 2013, Succar

published a Ph.D. dissertation on the same topic. See Table 1 for an overview.

Table 1. Summary of early research efforts on BIM.

Source Description

Miyatake, Y. & Kangari, R. (1993) A full scale, on-site automation combining information and

robotics all through the stages of design, procurement and

construction

Chinowsky, P.S. & Reinschmidt,

P.S. (1995)

“Qualitative spatial reasoning” was developed in order to

embed the design knowledge into the graphic objects.

M. Cho (2000) Presents fully integrated CIC-systems using two real-world

projects. This effort encompassed the full spectrum of

construction business functions, including planning, sales,

design, estimating, scheduling, material management,

contracting, cost control, quality, safety, human resource

(HR) management, financing/ accounting, general

administration and R&D. This project fully utilized state-of-

the-art technologies coupled with newly researched

management methodologies.

Taylor, J.E. & Bernstein P.G.

(2009)

Patterns of visualization, coordination, analysis and supply

chain integration as a BIM trajectory.

B. Succar (2009, 2013)

Jung, Y. & Joo, M. (2011)

Articles presenting a holistic BIM framework focusing on

the issues of practicability for real-world projects.


34

Current BIM research is mainly being conducted in Europe (Scandinavia, Germany and

France), and at present, the United Kingdom (UK) is the leading region of BIM research. A

significant amount of research is also carried out in Asia, Australia and the United States. In the

last few years, several research initiatives have added new dimensions to the usual 3D BIM

approach, progressively including information about 1) construction time (BIM 4D), 2) costs

estimation (BIM 5D) and 3) lifecycle management (BIM 6D). At the Universities of Salford and

Stanford/CIFE and the University of Reading some research has been performed with focus on

hospitals. There is a group at the University of Washington (U.S.) including studies conducted

on behalf of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on “Developing Best Practices for Capturing As-

Built Building Information Models (BIM) for Existing Facilities”. In Italy, Dr. Matteo Lo Prete at

Politecnico di Milano has presented a Ph.D. dissertation entitled Synergies between

management and valorization of Cultural Heritage though Models Based on BIM Technologies.

This doctoral research specimen deals with questions on how to create digital models of

existing buildings with different techniques (Lo Prete, 2013). The amount of BIM literature is

constantly growing, especially in terms of academic papers in peer review journals and

magazines.

In Australia, academic research is being conducted at Deakin University, the University of

Newcastle and the University of Sydney, in collaboration with Kyung Hee University in Seoul,

Korea, focusing on developing a theoretical framework of technical requirements for using BIM

as a multi-disciplinary collaboration platform (Singh et al, 2011). In Marseille, France, some

progress has been made in the development of a specific free Autodesk Revit plug-in,

nicknamed GreenSpider, examining how point clouds collected during high definition surveys

can be processed with accuracy in a BIM environment, also for historic buildings. This research

highlights the critical aspects and advantages deriving from the application of well-established

parametric techniques such as e.g. laser scanning and photogrammetry to real world domain

representations (Garagnan, 2013).

The British government has taken an initiative to make BIM obligatory for public projects, and in

the United States, the General Services Administration has introduced requirements for the use

of BIM. Even in the Nordic countries multiple client organizations have taken the initiative to

start introducing BIM, e.g. Statbygg in Norway. Senatfastigheter in Finland and


35

Domænebestyrelsen for Bygninger, Boliger og Forsyning in Danmark. In Sweden, a number of

government clients/managers have agreed to jointly develop common guidelines for BIM. At

Luleå University, Professor Thomas Olofsson is leading a research project on industrialized

building processes, which includes issues related to BIM. At Chalmers University of

Technology in Gothenburg, a number of master theses have been produced on the topic and

use of BIM.

Three ongoing European projects of which two are HESMOS (http://www.hesmos.eu) and

ISES are currently addressing all this, including a number of aspects of BIM for energy-efficient

design and sustainable lifecycle management, including BIM-integrated air-flow analysis, which

is integrated with the ongoing Eurostar project SARA. Their management calls for an extended

BIM-based information framework, ICT platforms providing open access to advanced methods,

flexible and holistic involvement of a broad range of end users in the overall process. This also

includes the development of an energy-extended BIM platform (eeBIM), an enhanced

Information Delivery (IDM/MVD) “BIM to energy” process and a set of advanced energy

analysis, simulation, monitoring and cost estimation tools for various lifecycle phases, from

early design to facility management, refurbishment and retrofitting, bound together in a

common, interoperable BIM-based Virtual Energy Lab platform accessible via the Internet.

The third project is a newly-started large European Integrated Project (IP), known as

eeEmbedded (Collaborative Holistic Design Laboratory and Methodology for Energy-Efficient

Embedded Buildings). This project will develop an open BIM-based holistic collaborative design

and simulation platform, a related holistic design methodology, an energy system information

model and an integrated information management framework for designing energy-efficient

buildings and their optimal energetic embedding in the neighborhood of surrounding buildings

and energy systems. A new design control and monitoring system based on hierarchical key

performance indicators will support the complex design collaboration process. Knowledge-

based detailing templates will allow energy simulations in the early design phase, and BIM-

enabled interoperability based on a novel system ontology will provide for a seamless holistic

design process with distributed experts, and a seamless integration of simulations in the virtual

design office (energy-performance, CO2, CFD, control system, energy system, climate change,

user behavior, construction, facility operation), thus extending it to a real virtual design lab. The

http://www.hesmos.eu/


36

partners of these three European projects represent a broad mix of academic institutions.

These projects are hosted by Institut for Construction Informatics, TU Dresden in collaboration

with BIM consultants and software vendors such as Nemetschek, RIB, DDS, SOFiSTiK, and

industry partners from design (Obermeyer Planen + Beraten, Leonhardt, Andrä & Partner,

Granlund Oy etc.) and construction (Royal BAM group, TRIMO Engineering, STRABAG AG).

See Table 2 and Table 3 for an overview.

5.2. SUMMARY OF RESEARCH NEEDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS

In general, there is a need for a more integrated approach to research and practice at the

intersection of different disciplines, sectors, business functions and initiatives. The research

and development work carried out on BIM so far has had a significant focus on new buildings.

What happens to existing resources is little researched or discussed today, especially in terms

of management and maintenance. In recent years, many firms have seen the majority of their

construction work switch to retrofit and refurbishment projects instead of new build, so the

demand for research in this area is growing. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to find

out how to better integrate BIM research with facilities management, historic building

technology, architectural conservation, and high quality construction practice (traditional and

modern), combined with entrepreneurship and strategic leadership in using BIM.

There is a need for increased integration of already existing systems, technologies and tools

etc. that are independent and functioning well: for energy efficiency; moisture detection;

daylight and artificial lighting; simulation of safety; accessibility and space; laser scanning; GIS;

and for being able to combine information about new and existing buildings/environments, and

most importantly - the context. The challenge will be to put all necessary information into ‘one’

model; keeping it transparent and up-to date and making it independent and accessible for a

wider audience. This is because SB/SIC need a new type of information compared to a

traditional process. In this context, holistic understanding and the transition between the

different phases and stages of the building process is of key importance. Formulating

comprehensive interactive frameworks of BIM for sustainable urban planning, construction,

preservation/ rehabilitation, maintenance and management (FM) jointly would effectively


37

facilitate the strategic utilization of BIM. This applies not only to individual buildings, but also to

larger building stocks, whole cities, streetscapes, landscapes and infrastructure.

Table 2. Summary of current BIM research .

University Research Focus

University of Salford (UK) New dimensions to the usual 3D BIM approach, progressively

including information about 1) construction time (BIM 4D), 2)

costs estimation (BIM 5D) and 3) lifecycle management (BIM

6D). The research is partly led by Prof. Dr. Lauri Koskela,

Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management,

School of the Built Environment:

http://laurikoskela.com/papers/

A Ph.D. dissertation was presented by Dr. Bilal Succar in

2013: “Building Information Modelling: conceptual constructs

and performance improvement tools”, see references.

University of Salford (UK)

University of Reading (UK)

Stanford/CIFE (USA)

BIM applied to hospitals (see above)

University of Washington (USA) Best Practices for Capturing As-Built Building Information

Models (BIM) for Existing Facilities

Politecnico di Milano (Italy) Synergies between management and valorization of Cultural

Heritage though Models Based on BIM Technologies. How to

create digital models of existing buildings with different

techniques.

Deakin University (Australia)

University of Newcastle (Australia)

University of Sydney (Australia)

Kyung Hee Univ. in Seoul (Korea)

Development of a theoretical framework of technical

requirements for using BIM as a multi-disciplinary collaboration

platform.

Garagnan, S., Marseille (France) University unknown. Examining how point clouds collected

during high definition surveys can be processed with accuracy

in a BIM environment, also for historic buildings.

TU Dresden (Germany) An open BIM-based holistic collaborative design and

simulation platform, a related holistic design methodology, an

energy system information model and an integrated

information management framework for designing energy-


38

efficient buildings and their optimal energetic embedding in the

neighborhood of surrounding buildings and energy systems.

Aalto University (Finland) BIM for facilities and organizational management (FM/OM) is

one of their current focus areas aiming to introduce the state-

of-the-art approaches, and identify the key research and

practical challenges, in using BIM for later stages of the project

lifecycle. The BIMforLEAN project aims at strengthening the

Finnish research capability in integration of lean construction

and BIM. To realize this, Prof Lauri Koskela from the

University of Salford (UK) is invited to Aalto University as a

FiDiPro Professor. The overall objective is to identify,

demonstrate and expand the positive synergies between BIM

and lean construction as well as to develop novel practical

solutions leveraging such synergies. Their research focus is

on three areas: 1) linkages between BIM and lean

construction; 2) mobile computing for construction; and 3)

interaction between commercial, organizational and

design/production system arrangements in construction

projects.

Luleå University (Sweden) Research on industrialized building processes, which includes

issues related to BIM

Chalmers University of Technology

(Sweden) A number of master theses on the use of BIM. Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Construction

Management Research Group Name: Visualization

Technology.

More research is needed to understand how to use of BIM systems for cross-domain tasks

such as the achievement of efficient planning, investigation, assessment, documentation, and

lifecycle energy and cost performance of new and existing resources. This requires

consideration of multiple information sources and resources generated which are maintained

and exploited by various stakeholders over a large number of years (6D BIM). Such information

may for example include documentation of existing conditions; communication, collaboration

and decision-making processes; energy and climate data; occupancy/activity data;

manufacturer data regarding materials, pre-fabricated or equipment components; a stochastic

approach for reliability; sustainability; assessment and research methodologies; potential risks

and future maintenance; architectural quality and heritage aspects and much more.


39

Table 3. Other key BIM research initiatives.

Actor / Group Description

British Government, BIM Task

Group (UK)

The Government Construction Strategy was published by

the Cabinet office 2011. The report announced the

Government’s intention to require: collaborative 3D BIM

(with all project and asset information, documentation and

data being electronic) on its projects by 2016. Essentially

the UK Government has embarked, together with industry,

on a four year program for sector modernization with the

key objective of: reducing capital cost and the carbon

burden from the construction and operation of the built

environment by 20%. Central to the BIM Task Groups

ambitions is the adoption of information rich Building

Information Modeling (BIM) technologies, process and

collaborative behaviors that will unlock new more efficient

ways of working at all stages of the project lifecycle.

The General Services

Administration (USA)

Requirements for the use of BIM, similar to the BIM Task

Group, UK (see above).

Statsbygg (Norway)

Senatfastigheter (Finland)

Has jointly published the report: “Statsbygg Building

Information Modeling Manual - version 1.2”. Includes

generic requirements for Building Information Modeling

(BIM) in projects and at facilities.

Domænebestyrelsen for

Bygninger, Boliger og Forsyning

(Denmark)

”Digitalisering af Offentlig Byggesagsbehandling”

("Digitization of Public construction works”) was a three-

year digitization project aiming to demonstrate how it was

possible to carry out a construction project with digital data.

The project has won an Innovation Award in Denmark. The

prize was established by Kommunalteknisk Chefforening

(KTC).

It should be noted that BIM does not provide any shortcuts in the process; it simply states the

deficiency of information (Kapp (2009, p.13). There is a need to further investigate the

construction of BIM systems and the information flows that incorporate both technological and

quantitative assets (intelligent objects, energy and performance data etc.) and qualitative

assets (traditional/modern skills, techniques, photographs, oral communication, histories,


40

sounds, acoustics and lighting etc.) Lifecycle Assessment (LCI/LCA), energy assessment,

service life assessment, preservation and maintenance manuals, optimization of refurbishment

and sustainability rating are important methods in design for SB/SIC and the sustainable use

and refurbishment of buildings. In order to rationalize the use of these methods and to support

the use of sustainable methods during the design processes, the methods should be integrated

with BIM processes. To become more cost-effective and efficient, BIM needs to be developed

so that more of the work is carried out jointly at the early stages of a process, to become more

preventative and planning-driven when preparing for the next phase.

A key factor is the object’s interaction with its intended use, and its users. This is still an under-

represented aspect in current BIM systems and IFC models. Currently, many user-related

decisions are based on a set of average user requirements and on the assumption that the

future buildings will have to adapt to the needs of the majority of users. There is a need to

include use and users’ semantics in current BIM representation, and to integrate it with the

virtual simulation of the ‘building use phenomenon’. The objective is to provide visualization, to

be combined with a written description, of how the existing or future buildings will actually be

preserved, adapted, renovated, (re-)used and experienced, before commencing construction.

This allows designers to test and evaluate the impact of their decisions on the new or existing

building and future users’ life and activities at an early stage. How decisions are made over

time is also important. This may include information about specific problems, limitations and

needs/constraints, intentions and arguments etc., which should be included in the BIM model

as well. This may improve the quality of the final product by solving critical issues and reducing

both time and costs.

It is evident that creating information technology tools is only one necessary step on a much

more complex path to the improvements being sought. There is a complex relationship

between modeling technology, building systems and services, management and organization

of actors over the lifecycle of the built environment (BIM research group, Aalto University,

Finland). Hence, it is clear that BIM requires more than software to be effective; i.e. the

capability and willingness of all parties to interact and collaborate more closely, at all stages of

the process - even if it may seem too complicated, expensive or time consuming at first.

Institutions and governments must participate, encourage and invest in research/R&D,


41

education and training (WSP Group, p. 10-12). Knowledge and experience in inclusion and

leadership are crucial factors for management of the BIM system as an inter-connected whole,

which today is handled by special BIM managers – and to be expanded to include all design

professions, building owners etc. who will need to learn about IL, BIM, architectural

conservation sustainable building principles, as it overlaps other disciplines, including the role

of FM, traditional and modern building technology/crafts.

It is asserted that the cultural heritage sector should be able to play a more proactive part in

future BIM development instead of being passive or re-active to its consequences, and ongoing

developments (Johansson, 2008). More and more people agree that it is time to stop regarding

cultural heritage conservation as an obstacle for economic growth. On the contrary, cultural

heritage is nowadays considered a prerequisite for regional and sustainable development. In

the context of BIM, it is asserted that the cultural heritage sector has a strong and important

role: to promote creativity, innovation and competitiveness – also for the development of

intelligent/smart buildings (Dyrssen et al, 2007; Gustafsson, 2010). New research on BIM

should move beyond new build to managing the broader range of facilities and built assets

(including landscapes and infrastructure), providing preventative

conservation/maintenance/renovation/rehabilitation and adaptive reuse. Because of enabling

the sharing of information and because of the great variety of objects, BIM can support the

management of information needed for sustainable building practices and conservation. For

example, the need for rigorous building investigation, documentation and verification at a

preliminary stage is extremely important. For a sustainable result, all design professionals

(architects, planners, engineers, preservationists etc.), material producers, manufacturers,

building owners, economists, facilities managers and craft specialists should be involved. A

research question that emerges is: Can BIM research be joined with cultural heritage research

and scientific insight, artistic understanding etc., as part of a more integrated and holistic

approach?

Existing buildings and environments are all historic resources, and they were not developed in

a virtual world. Their conditions and parameters are real. The passage of time allows buildings

to evolve and transform – what is typically preserved is often unique architectural components

that were crafted exclusively. Existing resources are always unique: their materials, details,


42

technique, contents and surroundings. Unlike new build, architectural heritage adds an entirely

new level to the design process—that of existing qualities and conditions, not only heritage

value per se. Some materials deserve to be preserved and/or maintained, but some may be

recycled and reused, however, not all. It is a matter of informed judgment and finding a balance

in each case. Architectural heritage is often seen as being essentially material (tangible), but it

also has non-material (intangible) dimensions of crucial importance for sustainability and high

quality outcomes that need to be considered when using BIM.

Summary of key aspects and their implications:

1. There is a need to further include building owners, use and users’ semantics in BIM

research and development. A key factor is the object’s interaction with its intended use,

and its users. This is still an under-represented aspect in current BIM systems and IFC

models. The objective is to provide visualization, preferably combined with a written

description, of how the asset should be continuously managed, assessed, preserved,

adapted, renovated and maintained, (re-)used and experienced, before beginning its

construction.

2. There is a need to further investigate the construction of BIM systems and the

information flows, which should incorporate both technological and quantitative assets,

as well as qualitative assets.

3. More research is needed for the use of BIM systems for cross-domain tasks such as the

achievement of efficient planning, investigation, assessment, documentation, lifecycle

energy and cost performance of both new and existing resources. New research should

move beyond new build to managing the broader range of facilities and built assets -

including infrastructure and landscapes. There is an urgent need to better integrate BIM

research with facilities management (FM), historic building technology, architectural

heritage conservation, and high quality construction practice (traditional and modern

crafts), combined with entrepreneurship and strategic leadership.


43

4. To become more cost-effective and efficient, BIM needs to be developed so that more

work is carried out jointly by different actors and professionals at the early stages of a

process, throughout the project’s various phases: from an integrated lifecycle

perspective, i.e. to becoming more preventative and planning-driven.

5.3. PROPOSED DIRECTIONS FOR BIM RESEARCH

The intended research should be multi- and interdisciplinary in system design and modeling,

and include theories, roles, competencies and phenomena such as complementarities and

intersections as part of a more comprehensive methodological approach (Ennen & Richter,

2010). The intended research should offer a holistic model framework, with an emphasis on

sustainability and management of built environments. This model should be applicable to

individual buildings (new and old), to groups of buildings, landscapes and streetscapes, to

larger building stocks and infrastructure subject to change – and concern all stages of the

building process, including conservation and management (involving all potential parties; e.g.

designers, planners, preservationists, economists, crafts). Such a framework is not available

today and is yet to be developed.

The intended research should preferably be based on the theoretical framework of SB and SIC,

in order to develop BIM as a multi-disciplinary collaboration platform. A broad multi- or cross-

disciplinary approach, transcending the borders between sectors, academic and non-academic

institutions, enterprises and disciplines will be necessary, to improve the functional, managerial

and economic realities of BIM. The research should provide theoretical and practical

considerations as to how the basic objectives of SB/SIC can be achieved. This would extend

from a ‘lean production system’ to a ‘value creating system’, promoting architectural heritage,

sustainability, innovation, education, learning and R&D. Since the subjects of sustainable

building and conservation are inter-linked, it is asserted that both objectives can be realized

through an innovative and precautionary approach, incorporating a more preventative and

integrated course of action/R&D. The research effort should remain local, but be conducted in

collaboration with different researchers and research groups abroad (Cole & Lorch, 2003).


44

5.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

An appropriate research methodology must explore the BIM modeling process in depth,

considering both quantitative and qualitative information from many different actors, disciplines

and perspectives. This means questioning the functions, purposes, structures, and processes

of existing BIM models and frameworks, interfacing systems and interactions, methods and

tools used by different stakeholders. This implies that the composition and very nature of

existing BIM systems, their structure, content, components and design, is questioned.

A systemic holistic approach combined with trans-disciplinary and embedded case studies (i.e.

for real-world modeling) is proposed for developing a comprehensive BIM framework and

approach (Scholtz et al., 2006). In coming research papers/proposals/ applications, the

following issues may be covered in parallel: 1) New buildings to be projected in an existing

environment, and 2) Existing buildings and environments documented in the form of a

comprehensive integrated BIM model (including the use of laser scanning/’point clouds’,

terrestrial surveying, photogrammetry, existing drawings, visual inspection and assessment

etc.).

The main issues to be further explored, as proposed here, are:

What information is needed to fully implement BIM?

o To whom will information handling be a priority?

o Who owns the information?

o Who needs what information?

o How can the information be trusted to be accurate and up-to-date?

What knowledge and technology is available today?

o How can different theories and activities contribute to sustainable building and

conservation as a whole?

o What are the key opportunities?

o What are the key success factors for the realization of these opportunities?


45

What are the main characteristics of BIM business models and technology?

o What are the limitations and challenges?

How is knowledge and data collected and sorted today to provide useful information?

o What knowledge, systems, methods and tools are missing?

What are the general causes of the lack of information in the process?

o How can delivery of relevant building information be obtained?

How would a future BIM model be configured?

o What components, systems, methods and tools should be included in the BIM

process?

o What type of information should be included?

What specific BIM services can be designed so that information is correctly handled

throughout the various stages of the process?

o What is the future of such services and who will be the owners of the services?

What would characterize a future BIM business model?

o Who will pay? Who will find new ways to profit?

o How can the services be cost effective, and what will be the consequences?

What is the future quality and value of these models and solutions to the environment,

to industry and society at large?

o To what extent can environmental principles and ethics be used in these BIM

models and their development, and how?


46

6. CONCLUSION

The assumed research focus presented here includes the various aspects of the usage of

Building Information Models and Modeling practices for an existing built environment, with a

special interest for Sweden. An explorative research study has been conducted to that end,

and is reported here. The objective of that study was to identify the frontiers of research and

practices with regard to the assumed focus and it included a comprehensive review of

academic and professional literature and interviews with selected BIM experts in Sweden. The

key results of the study may be summarized in the following terms:

Big Expectations: Much professional literature and some academic literature regard BIM

as a “silver bullet” that will solve all kinds of problems related to the whole lifecycle of

built environment.

No Evidence: The conducted study could not identify a great deal of research

addressing the use of BIM; the few studies that are available do not confirm the Big

Expectations assumed for the positive effects of the use of BIM.

Complexity: While the usage of BIM promises to deal positively with the various

complexities inherent in the lifecycle of any built environment, paradoxically the

introduction and use of BIM as such also seems to introduce new kinds of complexities

challenging a successful use of BIM for existing buildings.

Many Stakeholders: It is clear that as any non-trivial built environment has many

stakeholders with their various sometimes conflicting interests, the introduction of BIM

usage also introduces additional stakeholders that are specific and unique to BIM and

its usage.

BIM is more than software: While vendors of the various BIM software packages and

associated accessories such as 3-D scanners, do promise many benefits originating


47

from BIM usage, it is much more than a software package. BIM usage includes

resources such as people with their roles, competencies and interests, it includes

various practices with their activities and processes, it includes social institutions with

their formal and informal norms, it includes economic actors such as firms, public

organizations and NGO:s, and includes the actual built environment that BIM is

supposed to serve. All this appears to necessitate a comprehensive approach that is

not limited to only a few disciplines; is they professional or academic.

Research is needed: Perhaps the clearest outcome of the study reported here is that

there is a need for comprehensive research into the use of BIM for existing built

environments, both in Sweden and elsewhere. Put simply, this is because:

o On the one hand the BIM industry and its professionals have put forward many

bold positive effects which can be assumed to be produced by the use of BIM.

o On the other hand there is no independent professional research to confirm or

otherwise the actual vs. the assumed consequences of the adoption and use of

BIM.

o This gap must be closed for several reasons, of which the key ones seem to be:

We need to know, rather than assume, whether we should use BIM, or

not, and why and how?

We need to know, rather than assume, what are the key reasons

preventing the successful usage of BIM?

We need to know, rather than assume, the factors that promote

successful use of BM?

This suggestion for a future research agenda into the use of BIM for existing built environments

concludes this report.


48

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http://www.wbh.com/WhitePapers/Graphisoft_Virtual_Building_Model--a_Cyon_Research_White_Paper_030102.pdf

http://www.wbh.com/WhitePapers/Graphisoft_Virtual_Building_Model--a_Cyon_Research_White_Paper_030102.pdf

http://www.cpic.org.uk/en/bim/building-information-modelling.cfm

http://www.techterms.com/definition/it

http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-ict

http://www.aecbytes.com/newsletter/2004/issue_5.html

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fdomaenebestyrelsen.dk%2fkonference%2f0%2f3

http://bim.arch.gatech.edu/

http://ises.eu-project.info/

http://www.fiatech.org/projects/roadmap/cptri.htm

http://www.fiatech.org/resources/research.html


65

Formas (2010). Den framtida byggprocessen: forsknings- och utvecklingsinsatser för ett

konkurrenskraftigt byggande. http://www.formas.se

General Services Administration (USA), GSA’s National 3D-4D-BIM Program, Version, 0.50,

November 2006 http://www.gsa.gov/bim

Graphisoft Whitepapers on IFC's and Virtual Construction:

http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/techsupport/documentation/IFC/References/whitepaper.pdf,

http://www.graphisoft.com/products/construction/white_papers

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Integrating Building Information Models with Geographic Information Systems: Technology

Review:

https://www.academia.edu/2607135/Integrating_Building_Information_models_with_GIS_The_t

echnology_Review

Laserscanning vinder terræn hos rådgivere og arkitekter http://ing.dk/artikel/laserscanning-

vinder-terraen-hos-raadgivere-og-arkitekter-164514

Lean Forum Bygg. (2010).Vad är Lean? http://www.leanforumbygg.se

http://www.formas.se/

http://www.gsa.gov/bim

http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/techsupport/documentation/IFC/References/whitepaper.pdf

http://www.graphisoft.com/products/construction/white_papers

http://www.graphisoft.se/

http://greentechadvocates.com/2013/05/15/what-are-smart-buildings/

http://www.ibima.ir/

http://www.ibima.ir/

http://www.iesve.com/UK-Europe

https://www.academia.edu/2607135/Integrating_Building_Information_models_with_GIS_The_technology_Review

https://www.academia.edu/2607135/Integrating_Building_Information_models_with_GIS_The_technology_Review

http://ing.dk/artikel/laserscanning-vinder-terraen-hos-raadgivere-og-arkitekter-164514

http://ing.dk/artikel/laserscanning-vinder-terraen-hos-raadgivere-og-arkitekter-164514

http://www.leanforumbygg.se/


66

Lean Construction, Published by Constructing Excellence:

http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdf/fact_sheet/lean.pdf

List of Existing BIM Standards and Guidelines http://www.cad-addict.com/2013/02/list-of-

existing-bim-standards.html

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August 2012.

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http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/04867.pdf

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Resources" website, NIBS Facility Information Council, April 2007

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/publications.php

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http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/105075?utm_source=PBS&utm_medium=print-

radio&utm_term=bim&utm_campaign=shortcuts

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http://www.thenbs.com/topics/BIM/articles/puttingTheIintoBIM.asp

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Committee, http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/nbims/faq/

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http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ConsolidatedBody_11Mar07_4.pdf

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ConsolidatedAppendixReferences

_11Mar07_1.pdf

http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdf/fact_sheet/lean.pdf

http://www.cad-addict.com/2013/02/list-of-existing-bim-standards.html

http://www.cad-addict.com/2013/02/list-of-existing-bim-standards.html

http://www.nce.co.uk/news/nce-it/national-bim-library-launches-this-week/8627938.article

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/04867.pdf

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/publications.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration

http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/105075?utm_source=PBS&utm_medium=print-%20%20radio&utm_term=bim&utm_campaign=shortcuts

http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/105075?utm_source=PBS&utm_medium=print-%20%20radio&utm_term=bim&utm_campaign=shortcuts


http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/nbims/faq/

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ConsolidatedBody_11Mar07_4.pdf

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ConsolidatedAppendixReferences_11Mar07_1.pdf

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ConsolidatedAppendixReferences_11Mar07_1.pdf


67

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), General Buildings Information,

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http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/nistir_7417.pdf

National BIM Library: http://www.nationalbimlibrary.com/

Niclas Köhler, Byggindustrin, BIM-modellerna flyttar ut på bygget.

http://www.byggindustrin.com/teknik/bim-modellerna-flyttar-ut-pa-bygget__6134 (2009-02-04)

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BIM: the open toolbox for BIM: http://www.openbim.org/case-studies/university-campus-

facilities-management-bim-model

Per Hindersson, Byggindustrin, PEAB testar den femte dimensionen:

http://www.byggindustrin.com/teknik/peab-testar-den-femte-dimensionen__6170 (2009-02-04)

Point cloud surveys (laserscanning) for existing buildings:

http://www.thenbs.com/topics/bim/articles/pointCloudSurveys.asp

Project Valerox:

https://www.perstorp.com/en/Products/Plastic_materials/Plasticizers/Perstorps_plasticizer_portf

olio_adds_value_to_PVC/Project_Valerox

Reduction theory (Wikipedia): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_reduction_theory

RGD BIMnorm: http://www.rgd.nl/onderwerpen/diensten/bouwwerk-informatie-modellen-

bim/rgd-bim-norm/#c16783

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modelling-buildings/#.U5y50CipNiA

http://www.facilityinformationcouncil.org/bim/pdfs/nistir_7417.pdf

http://www.nationalbimlibrary.com/

http://www.byggindustrin.com/teknik/bim-modellerna-flyttar-ut-pa-bygget__6134

http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/

http://www.openbim.org/case-studies/university-campus-facilities-management-bim-model

http://www.openbim.org/case-studies/university-campus-facilities-management-bim-model

http://www.byggindustrin.com/teknik/peab-testar-den-femte-dimensionen__6170

http://www.thenbs.com/topics/bim/articles/pointCloudSurveys.asp

https://www.perstorp.com/en/Products/Plastic_materials/Plasticizers/Perstorps_plasticizer_portfolio_adds_value_to_PVC/Project_Valerox

https://www.perstorp.com/en/Products/Plastic_materials/Plasticizers/Perstorps_plasticizer_portfolio_adds_value_to_PVC/Project_Valerox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_reduction_theory

http://www.rgd.nl/onderwerpen/diensten/bouwwerk-informatie-modellen-bim/rgd-bim-norm/#c16783

http://www.rgd.nl/onderwerpen/diensten/bouwwerk-informatie-modellen-bim/rgd-bim-norm/#c16783

http://www.architect-bim.com/retrospective-bim-modelling-buildings/#.U5y50CipNiA

http://www.architect-bim.com/retrospective-bim-modelling-buildings/#.U5y50CipNiA


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http://www.academia.edu/2163652/Semantic_Building_Information_Modeling_and_high_definit

ion_surveys_for_Cultural_Heritage_sites

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http://www.senaatti.fi/document.asp?siteID=2&docID=1074

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Information Model (BIM) according to IFC standards from the building project of Tromsø

University College (HITOS), Statsbygg (The Norwegian Agency of Public Construction and

Property), October

ftp://ftp.buildingsmart.no/pub/ifcfiles/HITOS/HITOS_Reports/HITOS_IFC_Report_%5BEnglish

%5D.pdf

Stadsbygg, Norge (Bygginformationsmodell): http://www.statsbygg.no/FoUprosjekter/BIM-

Bygningsinformasjonsmodell

Sveriges miljömål No 15: “God bebyggd miljö: Kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse” (hämtat:

09‐10‐05): http://www.miljomal.se/15‐God‐bebyggd‐miljo/

The UK Government's BIM programme and requirements http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/

The UK Government BIM Task Group publications: 2011,


2012, http://www.thenbs.com/topics/bim/articles/nbsNationalBimSurvey_2012.asp

2013, http://www.thenbs.com/topics/BIM/articles/nbsNationalBimSurvey_2013.asp

The American Institute of Architects, AIA Initiative on Integrated Practice, website

http://www.aia.org/ip_default and http://www.aia.org/ip_tech_bim

http://www.academia.edu/2163652/Semantic_Building_Information_Modeling_and_high_definition_surveys_for_Cultural_Heritage_sites

http://www.academia.edu/2163652/Semantic_Building_Information_Modeling_and_high_definition_surveys_for_Cultural_Heritage_sites

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.senaatti.fi%2fdocument.asp%3fsiteID%3d2%26docID%3d1074

ftp://ftp.buildingsmart.no/pub/ifcfiles/HITOS/HITOS_Reports/HITOS_IFC_Report_%5BEnglish%5D.pdf

ftp://ftp.buildingsmart.no/pub/ifcfiles/HITOS/HITOS_Reports/HITOS_IFC_Report_%5BEnglish%5D.pdf

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.statsbygg.no%2fFoUprosjekter%2fBIM-Bygningsinformasjonsmodell

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.statsbygg.no%2fFoUprosjekter%2fBIM-Bygningsinformasjonsmodell

http://www.miljomal.se/15‐God‐bebyggd‐miljo/

http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/


http://www.thenbs.com/topics/bim/articles/nbsNationalBimSurvey_2012.asp

http://www.thenbs.com/topics/BIM/articles/nbsNationalBimSurvey_2013.asp

http://www.aia.org/ip_default

http://www.aia.org/ip_tech_bim


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The American Institute of Architects Practice, Which Architecture Firms Are Using BIM? Why?,

http://www.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0427/0427b_bim.cfm; April 2007

The Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America, The Contractors' Guide to BIM, Edition

1, 2006,

http://www.agc.org/page.ww?section=Building+Information+Modeling&name=Building+Informat

ion+Modeling+-+Virtual+Design+%26+Construction

The CORENET project (e-Submission, e-PlanCheck, and e-Info), BuildingSMART Case Study

Report, October 2006:

http://new.eiccommunity.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=17&Itemid

=351

The General Services Administration, USA, requirements:

http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/105075

The Finnish Common BIM Requirements, COBIM,

http://www.en.buildingsmart.kotisivukone.com

University of Salford (research and publications): http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-

environment/sobe-academics/arto-kiviniemi

(http://cife.stanford.edu/research; http://cife.stanford.edu/publications

University of Reading (research and publications) http://www.reading.ac.uk/icrc/Projects/icrc-

projects-06-Building-Information-Models.aspx;

http://http://www.reading.ac.uk/designinnovation/ResearchProjects/di-

digital_design_and_professional_roles.aspx

University of Washington (studies for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers): http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-

bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA554392

http://www.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek07/0427/0427b_bim.cfm

http://www.agc.org/page.ww?section=Building+Information+Modeling&name=Building+Inf

http://new.eiccommunity.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=17&Itemid=351

http://new.eiccommunity.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=17&Itemid=351

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.gsa.gov%2fportal%2fcontent%2f105075

http://www.en.buildingsmart.kotisivukone.com/

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.salford.ac.uk%2fbuilt-environment%2fsobe-academics%2farto-kiviniemi

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.salford.ac.uk%2fbuilt-environment%2fsobe-academics%2farto-kiviniemi

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fcife.stanford.edu%2fresearch

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fcife.stanford.edu%2fpublications

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.reading.ac.uk%2ficrc%2fProjects%2ficrc-projects-06-Building-Information-Models.aspx

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.reading.ac.uk%2ficrc%2fProjects%2ficrc-projects-06-Building-Information-Models.aspx

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.dtic.mil%2fcgi-bin%2fGetTRDoc%3fLocation%3dU2%26doc%3dGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3dADA554392

https://webmail.chalmers.se/owa/redir.aspx?C=3zaUzbPaJ0eWHlkgS4ODUkM6mWjNfdAIaXfA4kpIVTbuo4joQ1HyUW0m6gCdlXpC8I9yPkI1KqA.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.dtic.mil%2fcgi-bin%2fGetTRDoc%3fLocation%3dU2%26doc%3dGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3dADA554392


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Vela Systems, Case Study: Skanska Uses Field BIM Solution to Save $1 Million on the New

Meadowlands Stadium.

http://www.velasystems.com/customers/pdf/Vela_meadowlands_casestudy_v5.pdf

(2009-02-17)

Vera (Information Networking in the Construction Process)” project, Final Programme

Evaluation Report, T. Froese.

http://cic.vtt.fi/vera/Documents/Froese_Final_VERA_Evaluation_020926.pdf

What is Lean Construction? http://www.leanconstruction.org/about-us/what-is-lean-construction

http://cic.vtt.fi/vera/Documents/Froese_Final_VERA_Evaluation_020926.pdf

http://www.leanconstruction.org/about-us/what-is-lean-construction


71

THE RESEARCH TEAM AND SPONSOR

The research reported here was generously sponsored by

the Department of Informatics at Linnaeus University, Sweden.

The research team was constituted by four members, as follows:

Erika Johansson PhD

o Senior Researcher, Department of Informatics, Linnaeus University, Sweden;

o acted as the researcher and was responsible for conducting the majority of the

research;

Darek M. HAFTOR PhD

o Professor in Informatics, Department of Informatics, Linnaeus University,

Sweden;

o acted as the sponsor representative and as the research leader;

Bengt MAGNUSSON PhD

o Adjunct Professor in Informatics, Department of Building Technology, Linnaeus

University, Sweden;

o acted as senior advisor with special focus on BIM technologies and their usage;

Jan ROSVALL PhD

o Professor Emeritus, Chalmers University of Technology and University of

Gothenburg, Sweden;

o acted as senior researcher with special focus on conservation of built

environments.


72

Presentation of each Researcher

Dr. Erika JOHANSSON earned her Ph.D. degree at Chalmers University of Technology in

2008. As a Fulbright scholar and American Scandinavian Foundation (ASF) fellow and a

professional trainee, she was a resident of the USA for five years, where she pursued studies

and research for her licentiate and doctorate degree at Columbia University, Graduate School

of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) in the City of New York. She holds

academic qualifications in environmental science and conservation research, and an

international career directed towards sustainability and development of intersectional

leadership, collaboration and competence development in the broader area of sustainable

building, conservation and development with an emphasis on cross-sector innovation, learning

and R&D. She has pursued comprehensive academic-industry training, inter- and trans-

disciplinary research providing a broad understanding of architectural conservation,

construction and sustainability-oriented issues, including organizational and collaboration

aspects, educational/R&D needs and analyses, research and work methodologies,

participatory action-based research, emerging technologies, informatics/ICT, entrepreneurship,

innovation and management. As an architectural conservator, she has experience of the

design, execution and management of projects, including investigation and assessment of built

structures, preservation, renovation/rehabilitation/adaptation, energy efficiency, documentation,

procurement and maintenance. Dr. Johansson has worked on a number of different

conservation projects in Sweden, UK and the greater New York City (Manhattan) area. She has

experience of directing, leading and managing multi-disciplinary teams and working with actors

from different backgrounds; expertise in strategic planning and development in a broader sense

along with in-depth technical skills in conservation.


73

Dr. Darek M. HAFTOR is the PostNord Professor of Informatics, with special focus on

Information Logistics, at Linnaeus University, Sweden. He has spent almost fifteen years in

industry, initially as an analyst and a consultant and subsequently as a manager at a

multinational corporation. That work exposed him to various aspects of operations

development, followed by strategic management activities. Dr. Haftor has a keen interest in

business development as facilitated by information and various information and communication

technologies. His professional work has brought him all over Europe and also to the Middle

East. He has studied a variety of disciplines, from mathematics, statistics and computer

science, through business administration, industrial organization, and psychology to social

theory and philosophy, at various schools throughout Europe and North America. Dr. Haftor

was awarded a doctorate in Industrial Organization and Management from Chalmers University

of Technology, Sweden. He has held academic positions at several universities in Sweden, has

taught MBA classes internationally, and has held several board member positions for academic

organizations and their journals. His academic and managerial work has been recognized,

including receiving ‘The Sir Geoffrey Vickers Memorial Award’ from the International Society for

Systems Sciences and also ‘The President’s Achieving Excellence Award’ from Wyeth

Corporation, both in the USA. Dr. Haftor’s research results include a 'Systemic Enterprise

Modeling Language'; a 'Normative Ground-Motive Analysis' model of pre-theoretical

assumptions, a model of 'Semantic Complexification in Human Affairs', and a novel 'Profit

Equation' that accounts for cognitive time distortion. In broad terms, Dr. Haftor’s current

research focuses two frontiers: 1) Information Economy and its Digital Business Models, and 2)

on normative foundations, inherent in any design and development of organized effort.


74

Dr. Bengt MAGNUSSON is Adjunct Professor in Building Technology with special focus on

BIM technologies, at Linnaeus University, Sweden. Dr. Magnusson is by profession a Structural

Engineer and obtained a Ph.D. at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, with work

targeting probabilistic design of load-bearing structures in the serviceability limit state. Prior to

his PhD, he had earned a Licentiate of Engineering degree, also at Chalmers, with work that

addressed probabilistic analysis of the load-bearing capacity of strengthened masonry lintels in

reconstruction of old buildings with structural masonry walls. Among other scientific

achievements, Dr. Magnusson has developed computer programs for studying energy efficient

buildings, FFT analysis of wind loads, and a number of other engineering problems. He has

directed a large number of reports addressing structural issues for wooden structures. During

the last 20 years Dr. Magnusson has acted as a senior consultant at Advanced Engineering

Computation AB (AEC) in Gothenburg, Sweden, a daughter company to COWI A/S, Denmark,

which is a leading European engineering company. Dr. Magnusson has been active in the

practical implementation of CAD, BIM and GIS at a number of Swedish organizations, private

as well as public. Dr. Magnusson has thorough knowledge and expertise in the field of

construction technology and BIM; creating and utilizing information in design, construction and

management of buildings and infrastructure.


75

Dr. Jan ROSVALL has since the 1960s, together with his wife Associate Professor Emerita

Nanne Engelbrektsson, instigated and continuously developed a comprehensive

interdisciplinary academic infrastructure and multidisciplinary discourse in Conservation of

Cultural Heritage -Built Environment at the University of Gothenburg (GU), Sweden - the very

first of its kind in Europe, resulting in a complete workforce of more than one thousand qualified

employees, teachers and doctors/Ph.Ds. The discourse employs a wide range of methods, and

investigates a broad array of objects and large-scale projects, from the preservation and

restoration of artifacts, monuments, ordinary town and urban ambiances, and cultural

landscapes. In his proactive leadership role, Professor Rosvall has had a profound impact on

the development of the conservation field both in Sweden and internationally. He has

contributed to epistemological and ethical considerations, cross-disciplinary and cultural

reflection and a broadening of views, policy change and development. Through his positions at

the Department of Conservation GU and GMV Centre for Environment and Sustainability,

Chalmers/GU he has been acknowledged as an international scholar and guest professor for

many years: e.g. at Heritage Malta and University of Malta, University of Naples, Politecnico di

Milano, University of Seville (Europe), and at Baylor and Cornell Universities (USA). His

academic teaching and research has included 1) theory and principles of conservation;

including assessment, documentation and systemic modeling, communication and

management, heritage design, arts and crafts; and 2) theory, methods, principles, history and

ideas of Western art, architecture and urbanism. In 1996 he was appointed the very first

Visiting Professor in Conservation ever at the Swedish Classical Research Institute in Rome. In

addition, he was responsible for launching the multi- and transdisciplinary NMK Postgraduate

Enterprising Research School at Chalmers/GU in 2001. He currently holds a position as senior

advisor at the Department of Conservation, Uppsala University (Campus Gotland) and was

awarded the title Professor Emeritus at Chalmers/GU in 2010.

Date post:	09-Jun-2018
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