-FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.. V
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E FOREST RESOURCES OF A s T E R N
Z SUNDARGARH DISTRiCT 0 N OF ORISSA E
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PREFACE
The inventory of forest resources of Sundargarh district of OriSsa was carried out during the year 1994-96 by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Kolkata. This report comprises findings on the various aspects of crop composition, status of land use, topography, status of degradation of forest, injuries to crop, regeneration status etc.
The geographical area of the district is 9712 sq. km. Total forest cover of Sundargarh district is 4011 sq. km. (State of Forest Report 1999-FSI). The forest area has been calculated by dot grid method on the green wash area of the topo- sheets which works out to be 4238.02 sq. km. which is 43.640/0 of the geographical area.
The total growing stock of forests of Sundargarh district have been estimated at 21.815 million cU.m. giving 53.982 m3/ha. Total number of stems has been estimated at about 98 million with an average of 242.64 stems per hectare.
Officers and staff members of Eastern Zone who were entrusted with the hard work of the forest inventory and bringing out the report in the present form deserve appreciation. The co-operation and the help extended by the Orissa State Forest Department for conducting field-work and making the records available for collection of data is also thankfully acknowredged.
It is hoped that the report will provide comprehensive source of data to the State Government and will help in planning further development activities.
Dr. J. K. Rawat Director
Forest Survey of India
FOREST SUR VIiI' OF INIJIA .EASTERN ZONE
KOLKATA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This organization is extremely thankful and expresses gratitude to the Principal
Chief Conservator of Forests of Orissa and other Forest Officials of Sundargarh district
for rendering necessary help and a1round' cooperation in the field work. Sincere thanks
are also conveyed to the Revenue and Police Officials of Orissa administration who
extended all possible help to our field parties. My thanks are expressed to the Deputy .
Directors and staff members of Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, who were entrusted
with carrying out the inventory and bringing out the report in the present form.
(Madhawa Trivedy) Regional Director.
PART w I
(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS,CHARTS & DIAGRAMS)
CONTENTS
c:1t" .. 1rIEIl-I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ................................ .. UACK(aUnlN" I N"'("~ MA'I'ION .................................................................................................. , .... ..1
1.1 1N71l0DUC710N ....................................................................................................................... -1 1.2 AREA AND LOCATIQN .................................. ------...................................................................... 4 1.3 PIIYSlCAL F'EATlJRES ..................................... .......................................................................... 4 1.4 CLTlIlATIC CONDmON .............................. __ .............................. __ ............................................ 5 1.5 IUVER SySTE!vf .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 lRlUGA710N FACIUTIES .......................................................................................................... 6 1.7 FLORAANDFAUNA .................................................................................................................. 7 1.8 MiNES ANDMINERALS ............................................................................................................. 8 1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION .............................................. __ ...... __ ....................................... 8 1.10 ECONO)'{JCARENA ......................................................................................................... __ ....... 9
1.11 CO/.1lvlUNICATION NETJYORK ............ ........................................................................... 10
CHAPTER - 11 .............................................................................................. 11
DESIGN AND METIIODOLCJGY .................................................................. __ ...................................... ll 2.1 SURVEY OBJECTlVE ..................... .......................................................................................... J J 2.2 AREA SELECTION ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 MAPS USED ........................................................................ __ ................................................... 11 2.4 SURVEY DESJGN ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY ................................................................................................. 12 2.6 pwr IAYOUT ............................................................................ ~ ............................................ 12 2.7 DATA COll..ECTION ............................................................................................ .-................... 13
CHAPTER - 111 ........................................................................................... 15
DATA PROCESSING AND COl\1PILATION ........................................................................................ 15 3.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 15· 3.1 A-fANUALPROCESS1NG .......................................................................................................... 15 3.2 INPUT FOR TIlE COMPllTER ................................................................................................. 15 3.3 PROCESSINGONCOMPUTER .................................................. ............................................. 15 1.4 DERIVATION OF VOLUME EQUATION ITABLES ................................................................... 16 3.5 TREE VOLUAfE ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.6 PLOT VOLUNfF. .... ................... ........................... ..................................................................... 16 3.7 STAND TAHLES ....................................................................................................................... 17 3.B STOCK TABLES 17
C:""fllrlElt - ." ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••.••••.•.••.• 18 RESULTS OF INVENTORY .................................................................... , ............................................. 18
4.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999(FSI) ....................... .-.................. IB 4.1./ RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGALSTATUS) ........................................................................ l8 4.1.1 INJlENTORlEDAREA .............................................................................................................. 19 4.2 ANALYSISOFPWT DESCRIPTION DATA ............................................................................ 19 4.3 TREE FOREST ARTiII FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION .................................................. 20 4.4 ANALYSIS OF FOREST AREAS ON VAIUDUS PARAMETERS ......... ......... '" ................... ...... 21 4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDy ............................................................................................................ 25 4.6 1'OTALS7EA.-fS ......................................................................................................................... 26 4.7 V()[.UA·fE S'/'UI)I1;,.'\ .................................................................................................................. 27 4.8 TOTAL VOLUJ\fB ............... ....... .......................................... ................................................. .... 29 4.9 STANDARD ERROR ................................................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER·V ••••••••• "." ••• ~ ................................................................................ 31
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... .............. 31 5.1 SUMA1ARY ...... .... : ...................... .......................................... __ .......... ... ...... __ .................. 3/
5.2 COMPARISON IVITH PAST INVENTORY RESULT.. . ... ......... .............................................. .12
5.3 CONCLUSIONS ... .................................................................. ...... ................................. __ .32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••• " ..................................................... 34
2
TADUl.i
TABLE 2
TABI..E 3
TADI..E4
TABLE 5
TAIlu6
TABLE 7
TABLE 8
TADLE9
TABLE 10
TAlJLE 11
TABLE 12
TABLE 13
TAIlLE 14
TABLE 15
TABLE 16
TABI..E 17
TABLE 18
TABLE 19
TADLE20
TABLE 21
TABLE 22
TADLli23
TAnLn24
TABLE 25
TABU 26
TABLE 27
TADLE2&
TABLE 29
TABLE 30
TABLE 31
TABLE 32
LIST OF TABLES
POPULATJON.FIGUllliS FOR TilE (}IS'ffiICT ..... ........................................... ... ............... ... ... 8
DETAlLS 01; TIlli TOPOSllliETS ........................................................................................... 12
VOLUME EQU~TIONS .......................................................................................................... 16
FOREST COVER ..................................................................................................................... 18
RECORDED FOREST AREA ............. .................................................... ................................. 18
DlS1R1BlTIlON OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES ............................................ i 9
ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK. ................................................................................... 20
DISlRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY ................... ......................... 21
DISTIUDUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASPECT. .......... ... ......... , ...... .. .......... .. ........... 21
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKlNESS ........ ......................................... 21
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL CONSISTENCY .................................. 22
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTURE ........................................... 21
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION .................................. ...... .... 22
DISTRIBUTION OF TJlliE FOREST AIlliA BY INJURIES TO CROP .................................... 23
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE ........................................ 23
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE ............................... 23
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY .................. 24
DIS1RIDUTION OF TREE FOREST /\REI\. BY INfENSITY OF REGENERll.TION .............. 24
DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA. BY DEGRADATION .......................................... 25
NO. OF STEMSII-IA. BY STRATA ..................................................................................... ...... 25
STEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATIlM ................................ 26
SJEMS PER HA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRA 1l1M .......... ................... 26
TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA .................................................................................................. 27
TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STR/\TUM ............................................ 27
TOTAL STEMSQF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATl1M ........................................ 27
VOLUMEPERHA BYSTRATA ............................................................................................ 27
SPEClliSWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN SAL STRATUM ........................................................ 28
SPECIESWISE VOLUME PER HA. IN MISC. STRATUM ................................................... 28
TOTAL VOLUME.BY STRATA .............................................................................................. 29
TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATIJM ..................................... .. . 29
TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRA TUM .................................... 29
S.E.% IN EACII STRATUM ............................................................................. ........................ 30
3
CHAPTER-I
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Forest resources playing a vital role in
maintaining ecological . balance and
economic security have been recognised
since ages. In fact, human existence is
inseparably related to the forest, as
plants protect and improve the
environment in which man lives. But
unfortunately, India's forests have
suffered serious depletion over the years,
in terms of their growing stock, forest
cover and creaming out of important
timber species, mainly beCause of
commercial over exploitation of forests as
well as the grinding poverty of forest
dwellers. This is high time we should
1.2 AREA AND LOCATION
Sundargarh district lies in the North
Western portion of Orissa State. It is
bounded on the North by Jharkhand
State, on the south by Jharsuguda,
Sambalpur and Deogarh districts, on the
east by Keonjhar district of Orissa, on the
west and North-West by Raigarh
1.3 PHYSICAL FEATURES
The district is formed extensively by hills
and dares. Physiographically, the district is
not a compact unit and consists of widely,
dissimilar tracts of expansive and fairly
open country, dotted with isolated peaks,
4
adopt proper measures to. protect this
vital endowment of _earth in every
possible way. It is the collective
responsibility of all of us to ensure the
optimum utilisation of forest resources.
For this purpose, a complete and detailed
assessment of the forest resources is
essential. Keeping this in view, Forest
Survey of India (Eastern Zone) has taken
an endeavour to estimate the forest
resources of Sundargarh District in Orissa
State in the year 1994·96. Before going
into the details of the study, let us first
focus our attention into the physical and
economic features of the inventory area.
district of Chhattisgarh. The district lies
between 21°35'N and, 22°32'N latitudes
and between 83°32'E and 85°22'E
longitudes. The exact location of the
district may be seen from the map
appended. The total geographical area of
the district is 9712 sq. kms.
inaccessible forests, river valleys and hilly
terrain. Broadly speaking, it is an
undulating table-land of different elevations
broken up by rugged hill ranges and cut off
by torrential hill streams. There are two
conspicuous river valleys, namely the valley
of the Ib in the western part and the valley
of the Brahmani in the eastern part. The
general slope of the district is from north to
south. There is an open well-cultivated
plain along the valley of the Ib, particularly
in the south. The western tract is dotted
here and there with hills and peaks rising
to nearly 2,000 ft. In the north, there is a
gradual rise to the table land of
Chhotonagpur. The south-east has rugged
forest-clad hills intersected by gorges and
passes and having a narrow valley of the
Brahmani and its tributaries. The country
is broken up by many hill streams which
1.4 CLIMATIC CONDITION
The climate of this district is characterised
by a hot dry summer and we"-distributed
rainfall in the South-West monsoon
season. The hot season starts with the
beginning of March and tontinues till May
which is usually the hottest month of the
year with the mean daily maximum
temperature of 41°c and the mean daily
minimum temperature of 27°c. The
onset of rain brings relief although when
the spells of rain cease, the weather
reverts to oppressive character which is
due to the high moisture content in the
air. The nights become cooler from the
month of October and in November, there
is a drop in temperature both at day and
at night. The district being a hilly region
shows such extremities in climate.
December is the coldest month of the
5
sweep down in the rainy season with rapid
torrents cutting off communications for
brief spells of time. The east and west of
the Brahmani valley is filled with ranges of
mountains, principal among them being
Mankarnacha (3639 ft.), Chheliatoka (3308
ft.) and Bichakani (2964 ft.) in the east.
The Bichakani hill has acquired great_
importance by yielding millions of tons of
iron-ore for use in the Rourkela Steel Plant.
The hill ranges to the west of the Brahmani
valley are less useful and are lower in
height, their peaks ranging from 2000 to
2650 ft.
year with the mean daily maximum
temperature of 27°c and the mean daily
minimum temperature of 12°c. The
average annual rainfall in the district is
1647.6 mm. The rainfall is fairly uniform
in the whole district. About 86% of the
annual rainfall is received during the
monsoon months from June to
September, July being the month with the
heaviest shower. Relative humidities are
high in the South-West monsoon season.
Storms and depressions from the Bay of
Bengal during the monsoon season pass
across the district, causing heavy rainfall
and strong winds. Thunder-storms
frequently occur throughout the year, the
frequency being the least in November
and December and the highest during the
monsoon season.
The principal rivers of the district are lb
and the I3rahmani. The Sundargarh Sub
division is drained by the IB, the Panposh
Sub-division by two rivers, the Sankh and
South Keol, from the confluence of which
the Brahmani owes its origin. The Bonai
sub-division is drained by the Brahmani
which flows from north to south and
passes through its centre.
The Brahmani is formed by the
confluence of the South Koel and Sankh
at Panposn. After a course towards the
south through Pan posh sub-division
which is unnavigable owing to extensive
rock barriors, it enters the Bonai sub
division and flows into Deogarh district.
The total length of the river in' the
district is 83 km. The confluence of
South Koel and Sankh is a spot of
remarkable beauty and sanctity. The
Brahmani has no feeder stream of any
importance. The south Koel enters the
1.6 IRRIGATION FACIUTIES
There is very little facility for irrigation
system in the district. There are a
number of tanks and kattas in the villages
of the district. These are filled up during
rain and utilised in dry season for bathing
and drinking purposes and occasionally
used for irrigating garC:1ens by the local
lift (Tenda) system. There is no major
6
district from Singbhum in Bihar from its
eastern border which is close to the
Jaraikela Railway Station and flows
almost towards the west for about 45 km.
till it joins the Sankh. The Dec is its main
tributary.
The Ib river rises on the Khudia plateau
in Jashpur in Chhattisgarh and enters the
district almost from the north at Tilijore.
It flows slightly south-easterly tilt
Gangpurgarh and then towards the south
upto Baurimundagaon where it turns
towards south-west for a certain distance
and again turns towards the south at the
district road near Sundargarh town. Its
length in the district is about 96 km. The
main tributaries of the Ib are the Tumga
and Ichha a long the western bank and
the Sapai on the eastern bank. Among
the smaller rivers mention may be made
of the Bhedan, Basundhar, Hingir, Kur,
Kuchedege, Bendra, Kurta, Talda, etc.
irrigation project in the district. The total
irrigation potential of the district is
approximately of 35103.17 hectares both
for kharif and rabi crops. Few number of
minor irrigation projects are also working
in the district. In fact, the district is quite
deficient in providing irrigation facilities to
the cultivators. The crops depend mostly
on natural rainfall for water supply.
However, in the recent past, irrigation by
1.7 FLORA AND FAUNA
As per Champion's classification, this
district falls under Penincular Sal type and
dry deciduous mixed forest The forests of
Sundargarh district are mostly of Northern
Tropical Dry Deciduous Type. The crop is a
mixed one with Sal (Shorea robustiJ) as the
dominant species. The eastern half of
Bonai and the Rajgangpur range of
Sundargarh division contain better quality
of vegetation. The Sal which is the
principal timber tree and more or Jess
gregarious in these forests varies from a
fairly pure to a mixed crop and occurs
throughout the area. The Koira forests and
some portions of Toda Reserve contain
best quality of Sal. The other associates of
Sal are Asan or Sahaj (Terminalia
tomentosa), Kurum (Adina cordifolia), Bija
or Piasa I (Pterocarpus marsupium), etc.
The steep slopes of the hills are covered
with a dense forest mixed with many
climbers. • Sal (Shorea robusta) is
gregarious and among the other
noteworthy trees are sp~ies of BuchammiiJ
semecarpu5, Tenninalia cedre/iJ, Cassia,
8urea, BauhiniiJ, Acacia and Adina, wh ich
are found also on the lower Himalayan
slopes. Mixed with these, howeverl are
a number of trees and shrubs, such
as Cochlospermum, Soymida, 8oswellia,
7
dug-wells and lift irrigation have gained
popularity, particularly in Rabi Season.
Hardarickia and Bassia. The surface of the
plateau land between the valleys, where
undulating, is usually clothed with a dense
scrub jungle in which Dendrocalamus
strictus is prominent.
In keeping with the extensive and splendid
forests, the district is rich in varieties of
animal lives. The elephant, Elephas
maximus indicus (Hati) is fairly numerous.
They are mostly seen in the east and west
portion of BonaL The Bison, 80s gaurus
(Gayal), a very retiring animal is generally
seen in the denser and remoter forests.
The wild buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (Sana
mains hi) was at one time Quite plentiful,
but today there Is not a single specimen
left in Sundargarh. Among the principal
carnivora, the tiger, panther, hyaena, wild
dog, jackal and fox are seen. The jungle
cats, Fefis daus and Felis bengalensis are
fairly common in the forests. The common
grey man goose, Herpestes edwardsi is
occasionally found in rocky hills in
Sundargarh. It is usually larger in size and
more yellow in colour than the common
mangoose and has the tail tipped with
black. The jackal, Canis aureus (Bilua) is
found all over the district usually in scrub
jungle near the villages and avoids dense
forests.
1.8 MINES AND MINERALS
The oldest rock formations found in
Sundargarh distrlct are those belonging to
the Gangpur series which are prevalent to
the former Gangpur State. The major rock
types of the Gangpur series are phyllites,
mica-schists, carbon phyllites, calcitic and
dolomitic marbles which are followed by
the rock formations belonging to the irnn
ore series, viz. Mica-schists, phyllites and
quartzitic rocks with occasional beds of
carbon phyllites. Rocks belonging to the
iron-ore series are well developed in Bonai
area especially in the eastern parts and
also partly in tlle central and western parts.
Shales, phyllites and mica-schists underlie
the soli throughout the area and are
exposed along stream and river sections. A
few tllin beds of lateritised gondltic rocks
carrying manganese ore occur amidst these
along a narrow zone between Kinjirma and
Bargaon at the western part and through
Pandrisila in the central part of the district.
The area around Sundargarh and to its
north and north-east is occupied by
1.9 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
The demography of the inventory area can
be described through the data provided by
1991 census. According to 1991 census,
the total population of Sundargarh district
,
gneisses and granites. Pegmatlles and
quartz veins traverse these gneisses and
granites. To the west of the Ib river coal
bearing Gondwana sandstone occurs; The
tow mounds and hills occurring here and
there amidst the plains are capped with
laterite derived from the weathering of the
underlying rocks.
The district occupies a prominent position
in the mineral map of the State. The
important minerals available in the
district are iron-ore, limestone, manganese,
dolomite and fire-clay. Besides, a few
other minerals like mica, bOxite, lead,
copper and zinc are also found. In fact,
the most important groups of deposits· of
iron-ore in India occur in Singbhum -
Keonjhar - Bonai belt. Umestone and
dolomite are available in Sundargarh and
Panposh sub-divisions. The economic
minerals of lesser importance found in this
district are coal, kyanite and siffimanite,
pyrites, building materials anq kaolin.
'accounts to 15,73,617. The male-female
bifurcation of the total population and its
distribution by rural and urban areas are
shown as follows.
Table 1 POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE DISTRICT
POPULATION
PERSONS MALE FEMALE TOTAL 15,73,617 8,12,707 7,60,910 RURAL 10,48,612 5,27,647 5,20,965 URBAN 5,25,005 2.85,060 2.39.945
8
The decennial growth rate of population of
the district during the decade 1981-91 is
17.23 which is little less than the
corresponding figure for the enti're State
(19.50). Uteracy rate of 7 years and above
for the district is 52.97. Total number of
literate persons of age 7 yealS and above
residing in the inventoried area accounts to
6,93,825. Among them, male literacy
percentage accounts to 65,41 and female
literacy percentage is 39.60. The scheduled
1.10 ECONOMIC ARENA
The economic activity of an area is
depicted through the working pattern of
the inhabita nts and the agricultural and
industrial development in its
surroundings. According to the 1981
census, the main workers and marginal
workers in the district together constitute
around 39% of the total population.
Among the main workers agriculturists
account for 55.76% and others account
for 44.24%. The soi[ of Sundargarh on
the whole is not very fertile except in the
river valley. The cultivators mostly
depend on natural rainfall because of
inadequate irrigation facility. The main
crop of the district is the paddy crop.
The other crops raised are maize, arhar,
jawar, groundnut besides other crop like
ragi, biri, mung, til, niger, sugarcane and
cotton etc. To meet the deficit in food,
emphasis has been laid on rabi crops
which includes cereals, pulses, oilseed
and other crop. On the other hand, there
9
Castes and Scheduled tribes population of
the district are 138157 and 798481
respectively. The main languages spoken
in the area are Oriya, Bengali, Hindi,
Telugu and Urdu. The main religions
practised by the people in the district are
Hinduism, Muslim, Christianity, Sikh,
Buddhism, Jainism, etc. Of these, the
proportion of Hindu population in the
district is highest (79.87%) followed by
Christians (16.49%) and Muslims (2.62%).
has been rapid industrialisation in the
district in the post independence era due
to its adequate mineral resources. Prior
to independence, the industrial activity of
the district was confined to Biramitrapur,
the site of the limestone quarry. The
establishment of cement factory in the
private sector at Rajagangapur in 1951
and a steel plant at Rourkela in 1955 in
the public sector, are mainly responsible
for rapid industrialisation in the district.
During the last few decades a number of
large medium as well as small-scale and
ancillary industries in and around
Rourkela began to come up and from a
big industrial complex. Establishment of
large-scale industries steel plant at
Rourkela, Indian Detonators at Rourkela,
Orissa Industries at Lathikata, Fertiliser
Plant at Rourkela, Cement Factory at
Rajagangapur, Utkal Machinery limestone
quarry, etc. have been responsible for
establishment of a number of small-scale
and ancillary industries in the vicinily.
Simultaneously with the collaboration of
J lid W.lf lal I 't OlllOliulI '1I1d J IIvl:!,lllll'lIl
Corporation of Orissa Ltd.,' a number of
other industries like fabrication, coke
oven plant equipment, yarn etc. have
gone into production in the recent past.
Regarding small-scale industries
manufacture of engineering goods, steel
metal industries for manufacture of
containers and automobile spares, food
procesSing industries for steel city, forest
based industries, chemical industries for
manufacture of insecticide and other
chemicals, electrical apparatus, ancillary
to the steel plant have been established
1.11 COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Communication facilities in the district
have improved perceptibly during the
second part of the century. The district
headquarters is well connected on road
from Jharsuguda, the nearest railway
junction on the main Calcutta-Mumbai
route. The district headquarters is
connected with Cuttack through a regular
daily Express Bus Service running
between Rourkela, the Steel Town and
Cuttack. Apart from the State Highway, a
National Highway, 14 major district roads,
4 other district roads and a number of
Gram Panchayat roads are prevailing in
the district. Common mode of
conveyance in rural areas is the bullock
cart. Public bus services are also made
10
in lhe recent decade. A numUer of
traditional crafts like blacksmithy, pottery,
dhokra casting, bamboo basketry and
footwear, along with modern craft have
been encouraged by the District Industry
Centre by way of providing necessary
training, financial aSSistance, etc. under
different programmes sponsored by the
Government. In the cooperative sector,
39 village industrial cooperative societies
are working in trades like carpentry, oil
mills, fibre, rope making, pottery, bell
metal and weaving etc,
use of in rural areas, where the villages
lie on bus routes. In the matter of
railway communication, the main line of
South-Eastern Railway runs about 105
kms. in Panposh and Sundargarh Sub
divisions of the district. An additional
branch line from Rourkela to Birmitrapur,
from Bondamunda to Barsuan are
available for transportation of minerals.
The rail link to Kiriburu passes about 26.2
km within the district. RourkeJa is the
busiest railway station in both passenger
and goods traffic. The state capital of
Bhubaneswar is also connected through
rail from Rourkela. There is, however, a
small airport at Rourkela but does not
have any regular flight.
CHAPTER-II
DESIGN A.ND METHODOLOGY
2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present forest
inventory is to supplement the data on
existing forest resources and changes
therein which are required for
development, planning in sustainable forest
management and conservation. For this,
the inventory is ideally designed to entail a wide range of information on total growing
stock, per hectare volume of trees,
2.2 AREA SELECTION
The areas which have been identified as
forest a reas where the actual inventory
was carried out are the following ones~
Area shown in green wash on the
Survey of India tope-sheets.
All such areas in which words such as
thick jungle, open forests, bamboo,
etc. are printed.
2.3 MAPS USED
The latest published Survey of India topo
sheets on 1:50,000 scale have been used
for the present inventory of forest areas
11
distribution of stems, number of stems per
hectare area, details of area estimates
according to land user legal status, forest
strata, fire incidence, grazing incidence,
regeneration status, etc. To carry out
the inventory on forest areas of
Sundargarh district, the usual forest
inventory design provided by Forest
Survey of India has been followed.
• All these areas indicated by dotted
line or a spotted line or a pillar line as
forest areas.
• Any other areas reported to be
forested areas by local forest
depa rtment.
in Sundargarh district. The total number
of topa-sheets used for the present
inventory is 26. The details of these
tapa-sheets are shown as follows.
Table 2 DETAILS O}' TilE TOPOSIIEETS
S. N. TOPOSIIEET NUMnrm 1 <i'1 Nil] 1'1 l~, 1G ~ ... 2 64 0/9 13 = 2 . 3 736/2,3, 'I, 7, 8 11, 12 15 16 = 9 4 73 Ell, S. 9, 10, 13, 14, = 6 5 73 F/34 = 2 6 73 GIl, 2, 5 = 3
2.4 SURVEY DESIGN
The entire survey was essentially a
systematic sampling under which the
Survey of India toposheets of 1:50,000
scale is divided into 36 grids of 2.5' x 2.5'
of latitude and longitude. In each of such
grids two sample points were selected on
the toposheets. The selection of the first
point is random and the second point is
linked to the first one in the oPPOsite
direction at an equal distance from the grid
centre. The inventory data were collected
2.5 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
PreciSion level for the study has been
maintained to check the error limit and
thus to enhance the reliability of the data.
The result of the present inventory would
2.6 PLOT LAYOUT
The method of marking of the plot centres
of the two sample plots on the map in each
grid of 2.5' x 2.5' is shown in the diagram
at the end of the report. First, the length
and width of each grid are measured to the
smallest convenient scale. The length of
the side of a plot on the map
corresponding to 0.1 hectare square plot
on the ground is calculated. let X and Y
12
SCALE .-l:!,U ouu ... .. " " "
from a square plot of 0.1 hectare laid out
at each of these sample points on the
ground. It may be mentioned that only the
plots falling within the forest areas were
surveyed. One sample plot of 0.1 hectare
represents about 10 sq.km. all the ground
and the intensity of sampling is 0.01%.
The length of each side of the square plot
is 31.62 metres on the ground and 0.6324
mm. (say, 0.6 mm.) on the toposheets of
scale 1:50,000.
be at the preciSion level of 95°/~ probability
with error limit of ±10%. This accuracy is,
however, obtained for the entire State and
not for individual districts.
be the length and width of the grid and s
the side of the plot. Subtract side s from
both sides, i.e. find (X-s) and (Y-s). Let
these numbers be X' and Y', Two random
numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and
the other in the range of a to Y' are
selected. These numbers are called x and
y respectively. Half of the Side of the plot
(s/2) is added to x and y to get x +5/2 and
y+s/2, which will be the cO-Qrdinates of the
centre of first plot in the grid considering
the left hand bottom corner (S?uth-west
corner) of the grid as origin of the axis.
The centre of second plot is located by
joining the centre of first plot with the grid
centre and extending this line in the
opposite direction. A point at an equal
distance from the grid centre in the
oPPOsite direction is marked which is the
centre of second plot. In facti the plot
centre is the intersection of diagonals of
the 0.1 hectare plot. Diagonals are aligned
2.7 DATA COLLECTION
An inventory crew (team) headed by a
crew leader collects the forest inventory
data in the field. To demarcate a plot, a
prominent reference point is selected in the
vicinity of the plot centre. The field
reference paint must be clearly visible on
the map as well as on the ground, e.g.
junction of roads or rivers, prominent
topographical features in hilly area such as
spurs and knots, village tri-junction points,
old bridges and culverts, springs,
milestones etc. The data is collected and
recorded in a legible manner in the codified
field forms such as Plot Approach Form,
Plot Description Form, Plot Enumeration
Form etc. Since, bamboo does not occur
widely, the details of this kind of data have
not been tabulated. However, the details
of all these forms are discussed here.
a) Plot approach form: It gives an
account of the details regarding the
approach to the plot. All the conspicuous
13
NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m.
each. After getting approach to the plot
center with the help of toposheet and
reference point, corners of the plot are
fixed with respect to the plot center by
measuring 22.36 m. in each of the
directions viz. North-West, South-East,
North-East and South-West directions
respectively from the plot center. The
North, East, South and Western extremities
are fixed by measuring 15.81 m. from plot
centre in each of these directions.
features observed during the journey from
campsite to the plot centre are recorded.
Prominent reference point along with
bearings is recorded which serves as an aid
to reach the plot at a future date.
b) Plot description fonn: The
description of several parameters such as
topography, soil, land use class, forest
type, regeneration, crop data etc. are
collected and recorded in this form for an
area of 2 hectare around the centre of the
plot.
c) Plot enumeration form: This
form is filled up for each plot. The details
recorded are the name of the species and
its diameter. Trees less than 10 cm. d.b.h.
over-bark and utility less than 70% are not
recorded usually. Border trees are counted
'IN' when they touch NW-NE and NW-SW
boundaries and considered 'OUT' wilen
they touch NE-SE and SW-SE boundary
lines.
d) Sample tree form: Data for trees
with diameter 10 cm. and above at breast
height over bark are collected from 114 area
of the total plot i.e. 0.025 hec;:tares area at
Northwest quadrant of the plot. On each
sample tree, sample tree carel will be
nailed. In this form, data on tree height,
bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape
of the tree etc. are recorded.
e) Bamboo enumeration form:
This form is designed for enumeration of
bamboo culms per dump by age and culms
and soundness of culms by clump size.
Separate forms are used for clump forming
and non-dump forming bamboo.
f} Bamboo weight form: This form
is maintained to determine the green
weight and dry weight of bamboo. Mature
bamboos are selected from each diameter
class and for each spedes. 30 cms. long
pieces obtained from the top, middle and
bottom portions of the utilisable culms are
cut out and their green weights are
recorded. These pIeces are properly
documented and kept in the base camp
and weighed every 30 days till a constant
weight is obtained. Since bamboo did not
occur Widely, hence the use of form (e) &
(f) were very limited.
14
CHAPTER - III
DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION
3.0 GENERAL
Data processing was carried out in
the following three phases viz. Manual
3.1 MANUAL I'ROCESSING
lot involves following steps:
• Proper documentation of the field
information received.
• Codification of the information in the
field forms which have not already
been incorporated.
3.Z INPUT FOR TilE COMPUTER
After the manual checking, the information
of the field forms was fed into the
• Plot Description Data
• Plot Enumeration Data
• Sample Tree Data
J.J PROCESSING ON COMPUTER
Processing on computer includes the
following steps:
i) Verification of data for the creation of
clean file and the transference of the
same to hard/noppy disk.
ii) ConSistency checking of the data
on computer.
15
Processing, Input on Computer and
Processing on Computer.
• Manual checking for validity of codes
used in various columns of the
information filled in the forms.
• Reconciliation of the discrepancies with
the help of the field officers.
computer. The following data is stored in
the hard disk for onward processing.
iii) Corrections of the data to remove
discrepancies noticed during
conSistency checking.
iv) Tabulation of plot-wise stem
distribution for the district as a
whole.
v) Preparation of tables of volume
distriibution.
3.4 DERlVA TION OF VOLUME EQUATION IT ABLES
Local volume equations used in Sambalpur
district forest inventory were used to
estimate the volume of Sundargarh district
as it is the adjacent district of Sundargarh.
The local volume equations used for
different species are as under.
Table 3 VOLUME EQUATIONS
SPECIES EQUATIONS
Adina cordi/alia V=0.08507+0.19669D+7.16812 D1 Anogeissus lati/olia V=0.13928-2.87067D+20.22404Dl - I3.805720~
Dombax ceiba V =O.02834+4.68381D2
Boswellia serrata V=0.36432 - 1.32768..JD+9.4847102
Bridelia relusa ..JV=O.1l620+4.1271l0 - 1.08508..J0 Dalhergia latifolia V=- 0.00965+0.585460 - 2.5605002 +24.34212503
Diospyros me/amuyfoll ..JV= 0.06728+4.063510 - 0.99816..JD Garuga pimuua V =-0.09144 + 1.48588D-5.531720~ +24.048510' wgerstroemia pan'iflora V =0.07199-1.259230 + 9.2841601
wnnea coromandelica V =-0.01071-0.665280 +9.5447802-4.5887603
Madhuca lati/olia V =0.10423-1.384290+8.39379D1 Mitrog),nQ paNij10ra V =0.08444-1.268010 +8.7521401
Plerocarpus marsupium ...JV =-0.16276 + 2.820020 +0.04034..JD Shorea robusta ..JV =0. 19994+4.51 119D-l.56823..Jl) Syzigium cumini ...JV=0.30706+5.12731D-2.09870~0 Temul1alia belerica V =-0.14823 + 2,44138D-6.864340z+ 18.0544401
Temli1lalia crenulata V =0.05061-1.11994D +8.77839D! Miscellaneous species ...JV=0.06063+3.43666D-O.75571~D
Where
V = Total under bark volume of tree including branches (in m3).
o "" D.S.H. (O.B.) in meter.
3.5 TREE VOLUME
Volume of each enumerated tree was
estimated with the help of Volume
3.6 PLOT VOLUME
Volume of each enumerated tree in a plol
when added up provided the plot volume.
16
equations and was used for generation of
stock tables by species and diameter class.
These plol volume figures were the basis
for estimation of sampling error.
3.7 STAND TABLES
The elements of tree enumeration file
were util ised to dassify the trees by
species, diameter and crop composition,
stratum etc. Estimates of the number of
3.8 STOCK TABLES
Estimates of volume per hectare and total
volume by species and diameter classes
were obtained for each crop
17
stems per hectare and total stems
by species and diameter classes
were obtained for each stratum.
composition/stratum from the tree
enumeration file by applying volume
equations.
CHAPTER- IV
RESULTS OF INVENTORY
4.0 GENERAL
The data collected during the inventory
was analysed and various information were
generated. The plot data analysis has also
been carried out on various parameters.
Important results with respect to each
stratum as well as for the district level is
presented in this chapter.
4.1 FOREST COVER AS PER STATE OF FOREST REPORT 1999 (FSI)
The extent of forest cover of Sundargarh district as per the State of Forest Report 1999 by
Forest Survey of India is as below.
Table 4 FOREST COVER
DISTRICT GEOGRAPHICAL FOREST COVER (SQ. KM.)
AREA {SQ. KM.} DENSE OPEN TOTAL
SUNDARGARH 9712 2634 1377 4011
Source :- State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India Publication 1999
4.1.1 RECORDED FOREST AREA (LEGAL STATUS)
The forest area of Sundargarh district as per legal Status is as below.
Table 5 RECORDED FOREST AREA
S.N. LEGAL STATUS RECORDED FOREST AREA(SQ. KM.)
1 Reserved Forest 2651.88 2 Unclassed Demarcated Protected Forest 1.72 3 Dema rcated Protected Forest 836.85 4 Undemarcated Protected Forest -5 Other Forest 1466.87
Total 4957.32
Reference: Orissa State Forest Department.
18
4.1.2 'INVENTORIED AREA
The extent of forest area as calculated by
the dot-grid method on the basi~ of 409
plots, marked on the green wash area of
the toposheets of Sundargarh district is
4238.02 sq. km. Henceforth this area of
4238.02 sq. km. shall be taken as the total
forest area of the district. One plot
therefore represents 10.3619 sq. km. or
1036.19 ha. forest.
4.2 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA
The plot description data was analysed on
the various parameters characterising the
plots i.e. terrain condition, regeneration
status, grazing incidence, fire incidence
and plantation potentiality. The analysis
of the above data led to the distribution
of the forest area by land-use-dasses.
Table 6 DISTRmUTION OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES
Code Land Use Description No. of Forest area Perccnl41ge No. Plots (Ha.)
1 Dense tree forest Forest with canopy 48 49737 11.74 density 70% & above
2 Moderately dense Forest with canopy 257 266301 62.84 tree forest density 30 to 69%
3 Open tree forest Forest with canopy 77 79787 18.83 density 5 to 29%
4 Scrub forest Forest with canopy 6 6217 1.47 density less than 5%
5 Bamboo brakes Areas completelv - - -covered with bamboo
6 Shifting cultivation Areas under current as - - -well as previous yea rs shifting cultivation.
7 Young plantation - 1 1036 0.24 of forestry species
8to Trees in line - - - -10 11 Barren land - - - -12 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73
without trees. 13 Agricultural land - 3 3109 0.73
with trees. 14 Non-forest - - - -
plantation 15 Habitation - 7 7253 1.71 16 Water bodies - - - -18 Young crop of - 7 7253 1.71
natural or artificial regeneration.
TOTAL 409 423802 100.00
19
The above data reveClls thClt out of the
tolal forest area, 11.74% area consists of
dense forests (i.e. canopy density 70%
and above), 62.84% area of moderately
dense forests (30 to 69% canopy density)
whereas 18.83% of the forest area is
open fore"t (denc;ity. hetw~11 S% ;Uln
29%). '1 hus, in all, 96.83% of the total
forest land is under vegetation and the
rest of the forest area, constituting
3.17<l/D of the total area is not covered by
vegetation.
4.3 TREE FOREST AREA FOR GROWING STOCK ESTIMATION
The area falling under the land use classes
of dense tree forest, moderately dense tree
forest, open tree forest, bamboo brakes,
young plantation of forestry species and
young crop of natural or artificial
regeneration was considered as tree forest
area and were included for growing stock
estimation. Out of the 409 plots
inventoried, 218 plots were found to fall
under Sal forests and 172 plots were found
to be miscellaneous forests. Thus the
distribution of net forest area for growing
stock estimation among the above two
strata is as follows.
Table 7 ESTIMATION OF GROWING STOCK
SL NO. STRATUM NO. OF PLOTS TREE FOREST AREA (SQ.KM.) FOR GROWING STOCK
ESTIMATION
1 Sal 218 2258.89
2 Miscellaneous 172 1782.25
TOTAL 390 4041.14
The rest of the plots fell in the non-forest areas.
20
4.4 ANALYSIS OF FORES'f AREAS ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS
a) Tire di.ftriblltiml of tree fore.'It area by topography :
The distribution of tree forest area by topography is as below.
Table 8 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY
Code No. Topography No. of prots Forest Area (lla.) Percentage 1 Flat 13 13470 3.33 2 . Gently rolling 93 96366 23.85 3 Hilly 276 285988 70.77 4 Very hilly 8 8290 2.05
Unrecorded - - -Total 390 404114 100.00
From the above data, it is seen that
94.62% of the forests of Sundargarh
district are situated on either Hilly or Gently
Rolling Terrain.
b) Distributioll of tree forest area by aspect:
The distribution of tree forest area by various aspect classes is as below.
Table 9 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ASrECT
Code No. Aspect No. of Plots Forest Area (tta.) Percentage 1 Northern 19 19688 4.87 2 North-Eastern 64 66316 16.41 3 Eastern 27 27977 6.92 4 South-Eastern 90 93257 23.08 5 Southern 27 27977 6.92 6 South-Western 76 78750 19.49 7 Western 29 30050 7.'14 8 North-Western 55 56990 14.10 9 No aspect 3 3109 0.77
Unrecorded - - -. TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
The above table shows that the forest area is widely distributed among the various aspect
classes.
c) Distributioll of tree forest area by roc/cilfess:
The distribution of the tree forest area by rockiness classes is as under.
Table 10 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS
Code No. Ro~kiness No. of Plots Forest Area (lIaJ Percent.age 1 HiQh 1 1036 O~26 2 Medium 70 72533 17.95 3 Low 124 128<188 31.79 4 No rock 195 202057 50.00
Unrecorded - - . TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
The above table shows that about 18% of the total area has medium or high rockiness.
21
d) DistributiaN of tree fore!)·t area by soil cOllsistency:
Distribution of tree forest area by soil consistency is as below.
Table 11 DlSTRIBlJTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOil, CONSISTENCY Code No. Soil Consiste~cy No. of Plots Forest Area (Un.) Per-centZlge 1 Friable 7 7253 1.79
2 Slightly compact 379 392716 97.18 3 Compact 4 4145 1.03 4 Cemented - - -5 No soil - - -
Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
The vast majority of the area falls under the slightly compact category.
e) DistributioN of tree farest area by soil texture:
The distribution of tree forest area by Soil Texture is given below.
Table 12 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL TEXTUUE
Code Soil Texture No. Of Plots Forest Aren (Ha.)_ Percentage 1 C1<lyey 1 1036 0.26 2 CI~~loam 97 100510 24.B7 3 Loam 283 293242 72.56 4 Sand_y_ loam 9 9326 2.31 5 Sandy - - -6 No soil - - -
Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
Thus the soil in a major portion of forest area is either of loamy or clayey loam variety.
1) Distribution oftreefore.'it aretl fJJ' soil erosion:
The extent of soil erosion in the tree forest of the district is as berow.
Table 13 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION
Code No. Soil Erosion No. of Plots forest Area (fta.) Pcrccntage 1 Heavy 2 Moderate 3 Mild 4 No erosion
Unrecorded TOTAL
From the above table it is clear that over
76% of the total area is affected by mild
erosion. Consequently close to 23% of the
40 41448 10.26 49 50773 12.56
297 307748 76.15 4 4145 1.03 - - -
390 404114 100.00
forest area is alTected by moderate or
heavy erosion. This is a significant
characteristic of the forest land.
22
g) DistriblltiOIJ of tree forest area by injuries to crop:
The extent of injuries to the forest crops as seen during the inventory is tabulated below.
Table 14 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INJURIES TO CROP
Code Crop Injury No. of Forest Area (Ua.) Percentage No. Plots
1 Bor-er attad<, le~f defoliata- attack - - -or- damage by other pest epidemic.
2 T op dryi!:!9 1 1036 0.26 3 Girdling and illicit felling 363 376137 93.08 4 ScarinQ of trees - - -5 Loppino for fodder - - -6 Wind damaQe or- flood damaQe - - -7 Other iljuries 14 14507 3.59 8 No Injuries 12 12434 3.07
Unrecorded - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
Thus, 93% of the forest area is affected by
girdling and illicit felling. No other damage
is Significant. Other injuries which was
seen in the extent of 3.59% includes
injuries by wildlife, lightning climbers etc.
h) Distribution of tree forest area by fire ;nchlellce:
The extent of fire incidence is as under.
Table 15 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE
Code Fire Incidence No.
No. of Plots Forest Area (ltn.) Pcroonmg~
1 Heavy 2 2072 0.51 2 Moderate 17 17615 4.36 3 Light. 334 346088 85.64 4 Nofre 37 38339 9.49
Unrecon::led - - -TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
The extent of fire incidence is negligible.
i) Dbitributi(}n of tree fore.sf area by grazing incidence:
The extent of grazing in the district is as follows.
Table 16 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE
Code Grazing incidence No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Perccnbge No.
t Heavy 13 1<1556 11.03 2 Moderate 175 181333 44.87 3 Light 167 173044 42.82 4 No g-azinCl 5 51Bl 1.28
TOTAL 390 404114 . 100.00
23
42.82% of the forest area has light to no
grazing incidence. Significantly moderate
to heavy grazing is prevalent in 55.9% of
the forest area. Only 1.28% of the total
area is completely free from grazing.
j) Distribution aftree/orest area by plantation potentiality:
The following table shows plantation potentiality of the inventoried area.
Table 17 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY
Code No. Planbltion potentiaUty No. of Plots Forest Area (Ha.) Percentage
1 Plantable
2 Unplantable
3 N?t Applicable
Unrecorded
TOTAL
Thus, as per the inventory, 14.36% of
the total forest area is plantable. Thus
about 58027 ha. area can be taken up in
56 58027 14.36
7 7253 1.79
327 338834 83.85
- - -390 404114 100.00
any plantation scheme. Not applicable
category is applicable for areas where
crown density is already 30% or more.
k) Distribution of tree fore.d area by intensity of regeneration:
The intenSity of regeneration in the district is as below.
Table 18 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY INTENSITY OF REGENERATION
COdE No. of seedlings In 4 m. x 4 m. No. of Forest Area Percentage No. square plot Plots (Ha.) 1 Adequate(8 or more seedlings) 43 44556 11.03 2 Inadequate (less than 8 seedlings) 262 271482 67.18 3 Absent (No Seedlings) 83 86004 21.28
Unrecorded 2 2072 0.51 TOTAL 390 404114 100.00
From the above data, it is clear that 88.46% of the forest area either hilS no regeneration
or has inadequate regeneration. Only 11.03% area has adequate ,egeneration,
24
t) Distribution (iftreeJ(Jrcst area by dc-gnu/tlti",,:
The degradation status of forest is renecled in the following tables.
Table 19 DISTRIBUTION OF TREE FOREST AREA BY DEGRADATION
Code No. Degradation status No. of Plots Forest Area Percentage (Ha.)
A. Grazing, Fire. Pollard/ng, iflidt cutting and lopping.
U Heavily degraded 51 5284_f: 13.m 12 Moderately degraded ~~ 9843~ 24.3J 13 Mildly degraded 22<1 232101 57.<h 14 Not deg raded 12 12434 3.0~ B. Other natural calamities suc" as land 5lid~ glacier, flood, rainfall etc.
21 Heavify degraded 22 Moderately deg raded
23 Mildly degraded
24 Not degraded
Unrecorded
TOTAL
It can be seen that biotic interference is
present to an extent up to 97.95%. Out
of this 37.44% is in the categories of
4.5 TREE DENSITY STUDY
The tree density study for both the Sat
and Miscellaneous strata have been
determined and presented In Part II of
this report. The distribution of number of
- - -- - -8 8289 2.05
- - -- - -
390 404114 100.00
moderately or heavily degraded.
Degradation due to natural calamities is
almost insignificant.
stems per ha. by species and diameter
classes is given in'Table 1.1 and 1.2 of
Part II.
Table 20 NO. OF STEMSIHA. BY STRATA
STRATUM SAL MISCELlANEOUS AVERAGE VALUE FOR TltE DISTRICT
(a) Sal Stratum:
I.
The salient features of this
stratum are summarised below.
The number of stems/ha. is
275.149.
25
II.
NO. OF STEMSLHA. 275,149 201.438 242.640
Sal (Shorea robusta) is the
predominant species in this
stratum and consists of 42.63%
of all the stems.
275.149
'300. 201.438
'200'
, ~iscell~meou~.i ~ " ~ "
;.. ' _ oj.::ti { ~ ~ ._-:. -... ; ". "'. -, ., ... ~, ~, ~.,,,,. ~, .~:,. ~~.; ,; I .
NO. OF STEMS/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM
Shorea robusta
Yermlnalia crenulata
BUchananla Dlospyros lanzan melanoxylon
'~':";I:~;'~.~~· •. ;E OF STEMsm FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER-: c' . ' , , " t r.<ki ffLir;; , 1;4 MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM
.. __ - ....
30
20
·10
o~----~~~--~ ____ ~~ __ ~ __ ~~~~~ __ ~ Shorea
.fc"b.U sta ;t!~J~~ant~us :J:\nogelssiJs
cQlIlnus ; 1~t~f(W!
1lI. Maximum number of stems
(67.25%) is observed in the
lowest diameter class I.e. 10-19
cm. The number of stems . gradually decreases in higher
diameter classes Le. 21.43% and
7.75% of total stems is in the
IV .
v.
20-29 em. diameter class and 30-
39 em. diameter class
respectively.
The number of trees above 50
em. diameter is negligible.
The presence of various species
is as below.
Tnllle 21 STl~I\tS l·l~R IIA. OF IMPORTANT SI· .. :l.:ms UNDER SAL STRATUM
SPECIES NAME
Shorea robusta Terminalia crenu/ata Buchanania /anzan DioSDYlVS melanoxy/on C/eistanthus col/intis AnOQeissus /atifo/ia
(b)
I.
II.
Miscellaneous stratum:
The salient features of this
stratum are summarised below.
. Number of stems/haw in this
stratum is 201.438.
Maximum number of stems is in
the lowest, i.e. 10-19 em.
diameter class (72.15%). The
number of stems progressively
NO.OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE
m.
IV.
117.291 42.63 25.046 9.10
'21.513 7.82 17.477 6.35 11.009 4.00 10.597 3.85
decreases in higher diameter
classes (i.e. 18.96% and 5.74%
in the 20-29 em. ami 30-39 em.
diameter class respectively) .
The number of trees above 50
em. diameter is negligible.
The presence of the major
species Is as follows.
Table 22 STEMS InA. OF IMPORTANT SPECIES UNDER MISC. STRATUM
SPECIES NO. OF STEMS/HA. PERCENTAGE DioSDYros me/onoxy/on Shorea robusta Cleisli!Jnthus co/linus Anooeissus lastifo/ia Buchanania fanzan Tenninalia crenulata Lannea coromande/lca
,
4.6 TOTAL STEMS
The number of stems by species and
diameter class in the different stratum
are given in Table 2.1 and 2.2 of Part II
26
20.233 10.04 20.000 9.93 17.209 8.54 16.569 8.23 16.163 8.02 16.103 7.99 13.895 6.90
of this report. A summary of that
Information is as follows.
Table 23 TOTAL STEMS BY STRATA
STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous TOTAL
Thus, total number of stems in the
forests of Sundargarh district is estimated
(a) Sal stratum:
TOTAL STEMS (in '000 Nos.) 62153 35901 98054
as 98.054 million. The distribution of the
primary species in the two strata is.
detailed below.
Table 24 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL S'fRATIJl\f
SPECIES TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) Shorea robusm 26495 Termina/ia crenu/ata 5658 Buchnania lanzan 4860 Diospyros melanoxyton 3948 Cleistanthus collinus 2487 Anogeissus laDfolia 2394
(b) Miscellaneous stratum:
Table 25 TOTAL STEMS OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUM
SPECIES Diospyros me/anoxylon Shorea robusta Cleistanthus collinus Anogeissus latifo/ia Buchanania lanzan Terminal;a crenu/ata Lannea coromandelica
4.7 VOLUME STUDIES
The distribution of volume of trees per
hectare by species and diameter class has
been calculated and is given in Table No.
Table 26 VOLUME PER HA. BY STRATA
STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous Value ror the district
27
TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO,} 3606 3565 3067 2953 2881 2870 2476
3.1 and 3.2 of Part 11 of this report. The
value of volume/ha by stratum is as
below.
VOLUME (t,13)/ltA 60.927 45.179 53.982
.'
TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) BY STRATA
Sal
Miscella neo us 35901
TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM
62153
- ~ r, ~ "
::, ~ l~~~:'f~~~~~~;~~ ~:~; •.• c: : . ~: '~.:~j~~~~~~~~~~~~l~8~:1~!"; '~ ~~~~;;:J:'.~,~;::.,~w#:~:;~!~ ~~;~~~!:-~;~ ~=~,;j. sh(jrei"robusta , _~~~~~~7~~.~4W'l,,1:';M~ .. ~lli ~.~\.:¥ ~64~.~
TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO., FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM
CleisfanthuscoUinus I~~~, ..,... :: Anogels5us latlfolia
........ 80.
60
40
:~~.
'.O'· . .J,C.:_,...,.~=~~~=~---.--.,.",...::.....,__::_..::......:::::,...:::~~:.::...::~"
:" '.. . sii ' . .. ~"' .. ' . iViiscellaneous;t .,~~~,i.,~~ ;; :'~'., ~,,, ",:1""~ ."0~~"i)~· 't '~ .. ~'·f~~.::, .' .. :':~1ilf.::!:;~,~~!\~T'~ ...
4
2 . ' .. _·t
:~> .fVOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMI~ANT ~PECIES UNDER ~ SAL STRATUM L_,._ . __ .. __ ........ __ ......... ..... _.... .. .. ,.. ' « _ ,_.. ..
32.864
VOLUME(m3)/HA. FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER
Teiminalia crenulata
MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM
Anogeissus latifolia
Shorea robusta
Diospyros melanoxy1on
(a)
I.
II.
Sal stratum:
Salient featUres of this stratum
are summarized below.
The volumejha. in the
stratum is 60.927.
Sal
The value of Volume/ha is
maximum (27.61% of total
volume) in 20-29 em. diameter
m.
class. The volume/ha in the 30-
39 cm. and 10-19 cm. diameter
classes is 24.32% and 20.37%
respectively.
Sal (Shorea robusta) constitutes
53.94% of the total volume of
this stratum. The volume
contribution of the primary
species is as below.
Table 27 SPEcmSWISE VOLUME PER IIA. IN SAL SmA TUM
SPECIES Shorea robusta Terminalia crenulata Diosf)Yros melanoxY/on Anogeissus latifolia Madhuca tatifotia Buchanania lanzan
(b) Miscellaneous stratum:
The salient features of this
stratum are summarised below.
I.
n.
The value of Vofume/ha of this
stratum is 45.179 ml.
27.14% of the total volume is in
the 10-19 em. diameter class
while 26.21% and 18.45% of the
total volume is the contribution of
VOLUME (m.!!lHA PERCENTAGE
III.
32.864 53.94 4.265 7.00 3.610 5.93 3.017 4.95 2.366 3.88 1.631 2.68
the 20-29 em. and 30-39 em.
diameter classes respectively.
The contribution to volume of the
trees with diameter 60 em. and
above is 12.41% of the total
volume.
The contribution of the major
species to the volume in this
strata is as below.
Table 28 SI"ECIESWISE VOLUME PER JlA. MISC. STRATUM
SPECIES VOLUME tm-~)/HA PERCENTAGE Terminalia crenulata 5.660 12.53 AnogeissY5 lab70lia 5.002 11.07 Shorea robusta 4.369 9.67 DiosPK_f'OS melanoxylon 3.792 8.39 Boswe/lia serrata 3.404 7.53 Madhucil latifolia 3.168 7.01 C/eistanthus col/inus 2.016 4.53 Li1nnea coromandelica 2.070 4.58
28
4.8 TOTAL VOLUME
The lotal volume by species and diameler
classes in different stratum are given in
Table 29 TOTAL VOLUME BY STRATA
STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous Total
Thus, the total growing stock in the
forests of Sundargarh district is estimated
at 21.815 million m3•
(a) Sal stratum:
'I able 4.1 and 4.2 in Part 11 of this re[JOIt.
Those are summarised below.
TOTAL VOLUME ('000 MlJ 13763 8052
21815
Total volume of the major species in
the different strata is as below.
Table 30 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN SAL STRATUM
SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME ('OOOM3)
Shorea robusta 7423 Terminalia crenulata 963 Oiospyros mefanoxylon 815 Anogeissus latifolia 681 Madhuca latifofia 534 Buchanania fanzan 368
(b) Miscellaneous Stratum:
Table 31 TOTAL VOLUME OF IMPORTANT SPECIES IN MISC. STRATUI'vl
SPECIES Terminalia crenulata Anogeissus latifolia Shorea robusta Oiospyros mefanoxy/on Boswellia serrata Madhuca latilblia Lannea coromandelica Cleistanthus collinus
4.9 STANDARD ERROR.
The standard error percentage (Le. S.E%)
for the estimation of growing stock has
been estimated by ratio method for
29
TOTAL VOLUME t'ooo ... \~) 1009
. -891 779 676 607 565 369 365
individual stratum, The standard error
percentage for different stratum is as
follows.
iTOTAL VOLUME ('000 m9) 'BY STRATA: .. , - ..... ~ ... ~--~---..J
13763 16000
12000
8000
4000 •
o
TOTAL VOLUME ('000 m'i) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER SAL STRATUM
'8000
6000
4000
2000
o ShorN robusta
Tenninalla Diospyros Anogelssus crenulata melanoxylon latlfolla
TOTAL VOLUME ("000..3) FOR THE DOMINANT SPECIES UNDER, MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM
1500
1000
,'0 '
'Iatlfoll~
Table 32 S.E. % IN EACH STRATUM
STRATUM Sal Miscellaneous For the district .
For the determination of the standard
error, the sample was considered. A
systematic cluster sample, having two
sample plots in each cluster. The ratio
30
S. E. %
7.58 8.78 5.76
method of estimation was used since in
many of the grids, only one plot was enumerated.
CUAPTER-V
SUMMARY AND CONcLuSIONS
With regards to the rcsulLc; of the inventory the main points are summarised in tlte following
section.
5.1
1.
2.
SUMMARV
The geographical area of
Sundargarh district is 9712 sq.
km. The extent of forest cover
as per the State of Forest Report
1999, Forest Survey of India is
4011 sq. km. The extent of
forest by legal status as per th~
information of Ortssa State Forest
Department 15 4957.32 sq.~m.
(Reserved forest 2651.88 sq.km.,
Protected forests 838.57 sq.km.
& other forests 1466.87 sq.km.).
The forest area as determined by
the 'dot grid' method, during the
preparation of the report is
4238.02 sQ.km. Thus, the forest
area constitutes 43.64% of the
entire area of the dlstrfct. During
inventory, on the basis of the
Inventoried data, the actual Tree
Forest area was determined to be
4041.14 sq.km.
The forests Of Sundargarh district
can be classified into two types
(called strata). The area coming
under the Sal Stratum is 2258.89
31
3.
4.
5.
6.
sq.km., whjle that under the
Miscellaneous Stratum is 1782.25
sq. km.
The total number of trees in the
Sundargarh district has been
estimated to be 98.054 million.
Out of these, 62.153 million are
in the Sal Strata while 35.901
million are in the miscellaneous
strata.
The Sal stratum has about 275
trees per hectare, while the
miscellaneous stratum has 201
trees per hectare.
The tolal growing stock in the
forests of Sundargarh district is
21.B15 million cU.m. The
standing growing stock of the
forests of the Sal stratum is
13.763 million cU.m., while that
in the miscellaneous stratum is
8.052 million cu.m.
The forests of the Sal -stratum
has a volume density of 60.927
cu.m./ha, while that of the
miscellaneous stratum has a
density of 45.179 cu.m./ha.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The data indicates that about
93% of the forest area is affected
by girdling and/or illicit felling.
Moderate to heavy fire incidence
was seen in about 5% of the
forest area.
Around 56% of the forest a rea is
subjected to moderate to heavy
grazing.
In 21.28% of forest area,
regeneration is absent, while in
11.
12
others 67.18% area it Is
inadequate. Only about 11% of
the forest area has adequate
regeneration.
An area of 58027 ha is estimated
to be plantable In nature. This
constitutes 14.36% of the forest
area.
About 23% of the forest area of
the district is affected by
moderate to heavy soil erosion.
5.1 'COMPARISON WIm PAST INVENTORY RESULT
Since this is the first time that such an
inventory has been carried out and
recorded in the Sundargarh district, no
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn on
the basis of the results of the inventory
{O
(ii)
The forests of Sundargarh district
are mainly of the Sal type and the
Miscellaneous type.
The vast majority of forest area is
under severe biotic pressure In the
form of illicit felling and girdling.
Grazing is also a serious problem in
more than half the forest areas,
while efforts may be made to
lighten the impact of intensive
grazing by promoting measures
like rotational grazing etc, the
problem of Illicit felling has to be
tackled using both legal measures
32
comparison with earlier result can be
made.
work of forest area of Sundargarh distri~ I
Orissa.
(iii)
(Iv)
as well as promoting effects at
social fencing.
With the increasing unpredictable
changes of the weather, the spread
of soil erosion is rising. Soil
conservation measures should be
considered at appropriate localities
by structural as well as vegetative
methods so as to arrest this trend.
This should be considered a priority
so as to maintain the soil profile.
While heavy fire does not seem to
be a major problem in the district,
and In some cases, a light fire may
(v)
be quite healthy in ecosystem,
care should be tak.en that this does
not seriously aff~ the
regeneration in the area.
The overall status of regeneration
of the major species in the forests
of Sundargarh district is very
unsatisfactory. In 88% of the
forest area, the regeneration is
either absent or is below adequate
levels. To maintain a viable
population of any species or a
group of species, assured
regeneration is an absolute
necessity. In its absence, the
population will ultimately become
•
33
extinct. In this connection, it is
essential that concerted efforts are
made to protect the natural
regeneration. This can be done
by involving the local people also
living in the vicinity of the forests
and providing closed seasons for
the forest areas in rotation, so as
to allow new seedlings to establish.
Artificial regeneration of locally
available species of higher
economic as well as ecological
importance should supplement the
natural regeneration at sites where
it is required.
BIBUOGRAPHY
1. Final population total: Brief analysis of primary census abstract, paper 2
of 1992, Series-I, India, Census of India 1991.
2. Final population totals, SC & ST population (1991).
3. States of our union Orissa, Publication Division, Ministry of Infonnation
and Broadcasting, Government of India.
4. District Census Handbook - Sundargarh District.
5. Sundargarh District Gazetteers - Government of Ortssa.
6. State of Forest Report, 1999, published by Forest Survey of India,
Dehradun.
34
MAP OF INDIA
z «:(
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ShoWng P,oj.ct Aru
...
PROJECT MAP OF SUNDARGa:AR \f DISTRICT
Slmd.ga
REFERENCE
Is TATE BOUNDARY DISTRICT BOUNDARY - - ---RAILWAY LINE '01 I I I I I I ROAD RIVER 9'" '<I!.
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2: 3; o :r.: 1/1
PART -II (STATISTICAL TABLES)
.~.
List of Tables
--------------------------------------------------------_--------------:rable NO. contents stratum page NO.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2.
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
stems/ha.(in no.) by species and diameter classes (in c~~)
DO
Total stems (in no.) by
species and diameter classes (in cm.)
DO
volume (in ml) per hectare by species and diameter classes (in cm.)
Do
Total volume (in m3 ) by species and diameter classes (in cm.)
00
sal 1,2,3
Miscellaneous 4,5,6
sal 7,8,9
Miscellaneous 10,11,12
sal 13,14,15
Miscellaneous 16.17,18
sal . 19,20,21
Miscellaneous 22,23,24
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