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On Paul Ricoeur’s Poetics of the Will
By Randolph Dible
“Poetry is more than the art of making poems. It is poiesis, or creation in the largest sense of the word. It is in this sense that poetry is equivalent to primordial dwelling; man dwells only when poets exist in the world.”1 -Paul Ricoeur
Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005) is a philosopher whose works spanned some of the most
disparate fields of knowledge in recent hermeneutic philosophy in his quest for the
meaning of being. Throughout his career he has contributed to numerous topics of
philosophical interest, often changing his methodology and style of presentation to match
the contents. His technique of ‘distanciation’ (investigating the context of a particular
text) accounted for an apparent disparity despite the actual continuity of the most grand
themes. In his early opus, La Philosophie de la volonte, The Philosophy of the Will, for
instance, he begins with a descriptive phenomenological style to present the essence of
the phenomena of the will in Volume One, and continues on to a decryptive, hermeneutic-
phenomenological style concerning the empirical facts of the will in Volume Two.
Throughout these volumes he foreshadows the projected style and content of the elusive
unwritten third volume, the Poetics of the Will. Later, in an altogether different study,
The Rule of Metaphor, and again in Oneself as Another, the religious theme becomes
latent while he, continuing previous analyses in wholly new contexts, brings the word, its
expression, and the constitution of the self, to the forefront.
Ricoeur is famous for saying “Le symbole donner a penser:”2 the symbol gives rise
to thought. This would have been the guiding theme for the Philosophy of the Will, but
1 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 467.
2 Cf. Freud and Philosophy, pp. 38 (a phrase he takes from Kant’s Critique of Judgment).
he left this, the most intricate of works, undone. Consistent with Ricoeur’s criteriology
of symbols as he developed it both in Symbolism of Evil and throughout his career, one
may chose to view all forms of human experience as comprised of symbols of varying
degrees. These degrees are universal “primary symbols,” the primitive form of symbols,
such as defilement, sin, and guilt; or “symbols of the second degree,” symbols arranged
in narrative form; and, lastly, “symbols of the third degree,” the conceptual, rational or
speculative poetics of analyzing the myths.3 Such is the substance of the hermeneutic
phenomenology he is famous for developing.
Part 1: Symbolics
Symbols are open to interpretation and provoke a spontaneous hermeneutics.
While words are a species of symbols whose designations are limited by their definitions,
symbols are ciphers open to indefinitely many possibilities, depending on the freedom of
poetic license. Ricoeur writes, “No doubt a symbol is, in the Greek sense of the word, an
‘enigma,’ but as Heraclitus says, ‘The Master whose oracle is at Delphi does not speak,
does not dissimulate; he signifies.’ 4 Furthermore, “...Enigma does not block
understanding but provokes it; there is something to unfold, to dis-implicate in
symbols.”5 Indeed, Ricoeur modeled the projected ontology of the Poetics after the
reconciled ontology of Gabriel Marcel and the paradoxical ontology of Karl Jaspers.
Ricoeur’s use of symbol comes from the notion of cipher in the third volume of Jaspers’
Dible, Randolph 2
3 Cf. Symbolism of Evil, pp. 10, and “The Symbol: Food for Thought.”
4 Freud and Philosophy, pp. 18, and Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 296.
5 Freud and Philosophy, pp. 18, and Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 296.
Philosophy, devoted to transcendence, the inspiration for Ricoeur’s Poetics.6
More than provoking understanding en masse, the Poetics of the Will was intended
to incite immanent ethical conduct through what he called “the genesis of desire.”7 In
contrast to the abstract mentality of the moral dictation of duty found in Kantian ethical
maxims, the ethics of Ricoeur promises through hope, a completion, a fulfillment in an
object of desire The specific symbols of the ‘new man’ and the ‘second birth and
regeneration’ are to be taken from the symbol of Christ, that has become thoroughly
sedimented into an idol by Christianity, and was in the first place itself taken from the
symbol of its antitype in Adam, by the first Christian theologian, St. Paul. The symbolic
significance of Adam, in turn, is that he was created in ‘imago Dei,’ in the image of the
God, the ultimate symbol. Ricoeur is interested in revitalizing not only religious
sentiments surrounding these symbols, but philosophy itself. We human beings may be
treated as our own primary symbols. Under the designation ‘Man,’ for instance, St. Paul
declared that it is “in Adam” that we collectively have sinned. Our ontological
significance as beings can be appreciated through the sympathetic participation in myths,
through the mediation of myths and their ultimate critical demythologization (the baptism
of the fire of critical reflection), opening the being that we participate in to fresh
realizations of meaning. Poetics is the medium for truly fresh critical reinterpretation of
symbolic powers through semantic innovation or the productive, creative imagination.
We will now look at how this sense of poetics as a ‘genesis of desire’ can come out of the
Dible, Randolph 3
6 Faith and Philosophy in the Writings of Paul Ricoeur, pp. 216.
7 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 346-347.
‘semantics of desire’ developed in Ricoeur’s Freud and Philosophy.8
Ricoeur intended to create, in the Biblical sense, but also in philosophical form, a
new poem of creation and revelation, drawing its symbolic power for good from the
existent materials of the Philosophy of the Will, a body of works that articulate the
diabolic depths of a phenomenology of penitential confession through the symbolization
of evil. For instance, Ricoeur says, “One can suppose that the symbolism of evil is
always the contrary of a symbolism of the good or salvation or that a symbolism of
salvation is the counterpart of a symbolism of evil.”9 The significance of the orientation
of the symbol is secondary to its essential structure. If we can imagine a good creation
and a drama of a fall from grace, we can just as well imagine an end to be feared and an
ascension from disgrace back into blessedness: “Imaginative projection is only one
means and one stage of the giving of a worldly form to the beyond in terms of the here
and now.”10 Ricoeur acknowledges that the semantics of the imagination of possible
being is not limited to mere fantasy. It also includes science, whose models are
themselves metaphors, shorthand for paradigms of functional parameters, organized in
narrative, mythical form. Ultimately all imaginal form is derived from empirical
experience starting with the body and its concrete environs. Within the the different
levels of interpretation “semantically as well as mythically, the symbols of evil are
always the obverse side of a greater symbolism, a symbolism of salvation.”11
Dible, Randolph 4
8 Freud and Philosophy, c.f. pp. 322.
9 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 316.
10 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 391.
11 Freud and Philosophy, pp. 39.
Symbolism of Evil performed an exegesis of the myths of evil, an exegesis which
left a task for the philosopher who participated in it and was thereby able to perform his
or her own higher-order exegesis, which this time may be oriented toward transcending
evil. The Poetics of the Will was to be more than a post-Biblical Genesis. It was to be a
revolutionary philosophy and primordial poetry of transcendence. This leads one to
speculate as to its form. The mystery of the unwritten third volume donates just such
speculation. Its territory is somewhat mapped out by the preceding of the project, but
leaves much to the imagination. In addition to supplying inklings of reference to this
project that dwelt in the young Ricoeur’s ambitious heart, speculative and necessarily
creative reconstructions of the form of the project can produce an image of it. We can
begin to envision the proposed ‘second Copernical revolution’ and ‘post-critical naivete’
he sought to incite. The result is a preliminary imagining of what Ricoeur might have
included in his unwritten Poetics of the Will.
Part 2: Volume I, Freedom and Nature
The first volume of the Philosophy of the Will published in 1950, is called Le
Volontaire et l’involontarie, (in English; Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the
Involuntary). The second volume of the Philosophy of the Will was published in 1960,
and is collectively referred to as Finitude et culpabilite. It was published jointly in two
parts; L’Homme Fallible (in English; Fallible Man), and La Symbolique du mal
(Symbolism of Evil). One may look to Freedom and Nature for the foreshadowing of the
Poetics of the Will, and use the indications at the conclusion of Fallible Man as a direct
indication of the Poetics. The structure of the projected Poetics is informed by a more
Dible, Randolph 5
explosive but enfolded, crooked arrow of references to the ultimate diabolic symbol ‘the
Evil Infinite’ at the heart of Symbolism of Evil, whose zig-zag structure of references to
‘the Evil Infinite’ we shall re-write backwards. Ricoeur indicates this can take place in a
reading of the Evil Infinite’s converse, sometimes called ‘originary affirmation,’ ‘the
objectival synthesis,’ or ‘the surplus of meaning.’ From this we can begin to make out
the long sought-after structure of Transcendence towards which Ricoeur aimed.
The Freedom and Nautre, the first volume of the Philosophy of the Will, is an
application of phenomenology to the fundamental functions of the will: choice and
decision, motivation and action, consent and refusal. It is an ‘eidetic’ analysis, in
Husserl’s sense, an intentional analysis which defers existential considerations in order to
discern the essential (eidetic) description of the form of man’s fundamental possibilities.
In each of the primary functions of the will, the voluntary and the involuntary aspects of
willing are discovered to be mutually limiting. Decision is limited by involuntary
motivations, action by the means beginning with the body and the habits of nature. Even
consent is found to be limited by ‘the absolute involuntary’ of existence and its priority
over the phenomena of the will, namely by the fact that I did not will myself into
existence.
A key to Ricoeur’s investigation can already be found in Freedom and Nature in the
chapter on decision and motivation, where he projects “a philosophy of value” which
entails “an ethic.”12 This leads to his wondering, “How can we trace the ultimate
tangents of reference, and what does ‘ultimate’ mean? Anxiety about the ground of value
Dible, Randolph 6
12 Freedom and Nature, pp. 66.
seizes me; for the question ‘what does ultimate mean?’ inevitably leads to another- ‘is
there an ultimate in value?’... The Grund becomes Abgrund.”13 In essays collected in
Conflict of Interpretations after the publication of the extant Philosophy of the Will,
Ricoeur expresses a ‘fundamental’ or ‘originary ethics’ which we will look at
later.14
A key contextualization of the Poetics of the Will arrives in the context later
developed in “The Hermeneutics of Symbols,”15 an essay about Fichte’s first truth, the
‘thetic judgment:’ “I am, I think.” In Freedom and Nature, Ricoeur, like Gabriel Marcel,
one of his most immediate influences, struggles with the Cartesian dualism which we still
think in terms of, if not ontologically, then semantically in the problem of embodied
consciousness. Ricoeur clarifies that there is “a chain of cogitos which constitute the
reflective tradition.”16 The Cartesian, he says, is “only one of the summits- even if the
highest” of them.17 He refers to the Socratic cogito (“Look after your soul”), the
Augustinian cogito (the “inner” man distinct from the flux of “external” things and
“higher” truths), and the Kantian cogito. “The Fichtean “Self” is, without any doubt, the
most significant instance of modern reflective philosophy; as Jean Nabert remarked, there
is no contemporary reflective philosophy which does not reinterpret Descartes through
Kant and Fichte. And the “egology” that Husserl later attempted to graft onto
Dible, Randolph 7
13 Freedom and Nature, pp. 74.
14 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 337 - 342.
15 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 327.
16 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 236.
17 Ibid.
phenomenology belongs to this line.”18 In Freedom and Nature, Ricoeur places the
proposed Poetics of the Will in this context of progressing beyond Descartes:
The ultimate consequence of the Cartesian revolution seems to us to lie here, in the
discovery that the originality of consciousness with respect to all objectively
conceived nature is such that no cosmology can any longer engulf this
consciousness. The ‘Poetics’ of the will can hereafter rediscover the desire for God
only thanks to a second revolution which breaks through the limits of subjectivity,
as the latter had broken through the limits of natural objectivity.19
This second revolution he calls ‘Copernican’ because from within the Cartesian
revolution (that is, after it), superadded to it, the Cartesian deduction is subtracted while
its truth remains in the form the Fichtean “Self.” But the empirical deduction of the “I
am” from the activity of mediating thought is displaced, just as the earth was displaced in
the Copernican revolution, to make way for a necessary yet enigmatically impossible
transcendental deduction of the “I am,” of a subjectival synthesis, deduced from the
necessity of a superjectival synthesis beyond any totality of existence, and thereby goes
from center to cipher.
What Ricoeur, following Malebranche, and contrary to Descartes, adds to the
Fichtean first truth, the ‘thetic judgment,’ and so to reflective philosophy in general, is the
recognition that the “I think, I am” is posited as a feeling. “I am, I think” is naively
thought to be deduced from the mediating thoughts of reflection on representations of
objects as a corollary apperception of a subject, but this is only a feeling, not an idea
Dible, Randolph 8
18 Ibid.
19 Freedom and Nature, pp. 191.
which would be understood essentially in terms of light and vision. It is not an intuition
concerning a substantial soul, and it is not self-knowledge. Rather, Ricoeur thinks “The
first truth—I think, I am—remains as abstract and empty as it is unassailable. It must be
‘mediated’ by representations, actions, works, institutions, and monuments which
objectify it; it is in these objects, in the largest sense of the word, that the ego must both
lose itself and find itself.”20
In the following selection, Ricoeur reaches beyond the nostalgic feelings of one’s
own birth and prehistory in his explanation of the Platonic doctrine of recollection by
proceeding through the primary structures of the absolute involuntary; beyond the given
character, beyond the given unconscious, and beyond one’s own prehistory. This he later
calls “a renewal of the [Platonic] theory of recollection.”21 He says that men are “born
into the heart of language within the light of the Logos” and we can reach back to this
birth through “a renewal of the ancient doctrine of recollection.”22 He proposes that it is
through the interpretation of the symbolism of the sacred that we will reach the source of
knowledge, Eros, the ‘desire to be.’ This is how we will overcome our forgetfulness of
the Sacred and bring about its recollection or manifestation, through hermeneutics.23 For
this, we are required to go more into the philosophical expression of this as what he calls
a fundamental or ‘originary ethics.’ In the following selection, Ricoeur characterizes the
Poetics in terms of the Platonic doctrine of recollection:
Dible, Randolph 9
20 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 327.
21 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 319.
22 Ibid, pp. 322.
23 Cf. “The Hermeneutics of Symbols and Philosophical Reflection” 1 and 2, Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 287 – 334.
This beginning which escapes memory, which is not rationally conceivable, which
biology hides in the success of generations, this beginning must finally be
suggested at the heart of consciousness as the fleeting limit beyond my oldest
memories…. Innateness of knowledge, according to Plato, is attested in the myth
of prior life, of reminiscence. The non-temporal nature of intelligible character
according to Kant expresses itself as a choice of myself prior to my life; finally,
Divine Omnipotence, which is like a transcendent beginning, is the primordial past
of predestination. This will be one of the themes of the Poetics of the Will.24
Ricoeur begins Freedom and Nature with a description of the method he will
employ, including the bracketing of the phenomena of the fault for this eidetic analysis of
the functions of the human will, as well as the bracketing of the converse notion of
transcendence. So far this has been bracketed within Freedom and Nature, and now we
will be removing the brackets and delving into the fault in Fallible Man:
The fault is an event with immense possibilities. At its outer limits it is a discovery
of the infinite, an experience of the holy in reverse, of the holy in the demonic; it is
sin in the strongest sense of the word…. It is related to God, it is before God, going
beyond subjectivity by its very excess. Only later, among the fruits of the Spirit,
can harmony be presented as a new ethic.25
The discovery of the infinite is articulated in myth of the Fall. The ‘Evil Infinite,’
or the false infinite, shows itself in the myth as the wrath of God. Yet it is actually the
lack, the Nothingness of necessity, the gaping hole of infinite possibility, the negativity of
Dible, Randolph 10
24 Freedom and Nature, pp. 441-442, n. 99.
25 Freedom and Nature, pp. 22.
finitude which motivates all voluntary action as a refusal to consent to involuntary
Nature. This is what is meant by the genesis of desire, as well as the discovery of the
infinite in the fall from finitude. Moreover, he writes, “The false infinite needs to be
placed in brackets to bring to light the authentic infinite of freedom, the infinite of which
Descartes says that it makes us like God. . . The possibility of consent cannot be
understood unless we abstract that deification of willing which is in fact its
demonization.”26
This “Evil Infinite” and the “paradoxical coexistence of freedom and the fault”27
will be seen in Symbolism of Evil under the theme of the superimposition of the
fundamental nature of freedom (innocence) and its bondage (fault). In a footnote here,
Ricoeur states that the reminiscence of innocence and the hope of freedom are so
intertwined that “the Poetics and the Empirics of the Will constantly interact.... the fault
itself, in penetrating the region of the holy, already participates in the Poetics: the sinner
is closer to the saint than is the just man.”28 As absurd as it may sound, Ricoeur argues it
must be accepted that the sacred and the profane necessitate each other, and operate on
the same essential structures. Even so, no description of innocence is possible, only of
broken innocence.
We cannot dissociate the fault and Transcendence. The concrete experience of
Transcendence is what saves and liberates freedom from the fault (“Captivity and
Dible, Randolph 11
26 Freedom and Nature, pp. 24.
27 Ibid, pp. 26-7.
28 Freedom and Nature, pp. 26, n.13.
deliverance of freedom are one and the same drama”).29 The vision of innocence and the
affirmation of Transcendence are linked by a subterranean affinity: “There is a Genesis
only in the light of an Apocalypse.”30 But Transcendence, innocence, is not accessible to
any description, not contained in the method of pure description, of descriptive
phenomenology, but only in the later hermeneutic phenomenology beyond the eidetics
where the fault and transcendence are accessible by the removal of the eidetic brackets.
In the transition from descriptive to hermeneutic phenomenology we transition from
description of the pure to decryption of the obscure. The indetermination of the whole in
which I am involved and within which I was born and will die is the cipher of
Transcendence.31
Ricoeur develops hermeneutic phenomenology in the light of the cipher of
Transcendence, as a worshiping, one could say, of Lux-cipher. Indeed, the second
Copernican revolution, the second coming of philosophy, marks a transition from center
to cipher. This indicates a tendency to the deification of a will to die and become, a
Genesis that is anthropogenesis upon the demythization of the accusatory agency, such as
Dible, Randolph 12
29 Freedom and Nature, pp. 29.
30 Ibid.
31 “Hence the idea of the whole itself disappears as the sum obtained by addition of parts. I cannot give an accounting of being in which I am included. The world is where I entered in being born. It is not an enumeration of objects—about which, in addition, I do not know whether it is finite or infinite—but the indeterminate encompassing my subjectivity. I do not know the whole, I am in the whole…. And yet the Whole has a different meaning which is the hidden meaning of Stoic philosophy and the reason for the detour of consent. The beginning of philosophy is a Copernican revolution which centers the world of objects on the Cogito: the object is for the subject, the involuntary is for the voluntary, motives are for choice, capacities for effort, necessity for consent. The whole is the horizon of my subjectivity in the sense of this first Copernican revolution. This entire work is carried out under the sign of that first Copernican revolution…. But the deepening of subjectivity calls for a second Copernican revolution which displaces the center of reference from subjectivity to Transcendence.” Freedom and Nature, pp. 471-473.
the Evil Infinite.32 But this anthropogenesis may be re-inserted into a post-critical re-
writing of the myth by a decision of man that is a deicision of God. This is the post-
critical myth towards which the Poetics of the Will aims. The origin of the post-critical
myth, if forced, would no longer be the murder of the mother chaos, the Sumerian
Tiamat, nor the more elaborate and anthropotropic Orphic titanomachy in whose ashes
philosophy itself first arose like a Copernical newt of the first degree. Instead we could
suggest a second degree newt, a new iconoclasm33 in the wake of the onto-theological
God of classical philosophy,34 the hermeneut baptized in the fire of Lux-cipher, in the
hermeneutic alchemical transformation of critical reflection. From the rich soil of
classical philosophy, in the desert of formal, univocal, technical languages and symbolic
logic, to transit beyond the age of information, a new species of thought, a new genre, or
to spite the critical antipathy which suspends poetic license, a new Genesis. It will
suggest the way of a living eschatology. But perhaps the cipher of Transcendence is only
a cipher to thought itself, whose dialectical vacillations we shall find in their purest form
in the drama of creation. To feeling, Transcendence is only a new direction. This
axiological undertow, recurrent and building in Ricoeur’s thought, is found in the ‘surplus
Dible, Randolph 13
32 Cf. “The Demythization of Accusation” in Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 335: “The result of this renunciation is the gaining of a thought and a will which are no longer alienated. The positive side of this destruction is the manifestation of man as maker of his own human existence. It is an anthropogenesis.”
33 “An idol must die so that a symbol of being may begin to speak.” Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 467, and “…every myth is iconoclastic toward others, in the same way that every symbol left to itself tends to thicken, to solidify into an idolatry. It is necessary, therefore, to share in this battle, in this dynamics, by which symbolism is subject to being itself surpassed.” Ibid, pp. 293. Following this selection, of course, we must acknowledge that such a Genesis would in fact be diabolic.
34 “Which god is dead? We can now reply: the god of metaphysics and also the god of theology, insofar as theology rests on the metaphysics of the first cause, necessary being, and the prime mover, conceived as the source of values and as the absolute good. Let us say that it is the god of onto-theology, to use the expression that was coined by Heidegger, following Kant.” Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 445.
of meaning’ or ‘supra-signification of the verb,’35 as well as his later admission that the
conjugal symbol would be at the heart of the Poetics of the Will.36
The end of Volume One is again darkly Orphic, hoping for a revaluation of consent
in a reconciled ontology and restoration of freedom, having found that human freedom is
essentially an incarnate freedom, a willing born of refusal to consent to the involuntary,
and not a creative freedom—both its limitation and its grandeur.
Part 3: Volume II: Fallible Man and Symbolism of Evil
The second volume, published in 1960, begins with Fallible Man, which does away
with the brackets of the first volume and focuses on the involuntary aspect of the will, on
finitude, the inherent limitation of man’s being, specifically upon the notion of fallibility,
and from there develops the beginning of a philosophical anthropology. As he says in the
preface to Fallible Man, “the theory of fallibility represents a broadening of the
perspective of the first work, which was more closely centered on the structures of the
will.”37 Fallible Man and Symbolism of Evil were published jointly, and constituted
volume two. Fallible Man continued a descriptive phenomenology, whereas Symbolism
of Evil introduces a decryptive phenomenology. Possible creative interpretations of the
Poetics can be derived from viewing the structure of Fallible Man as the development of
a philosophical anthropology of human consciousness as distended between on the one
hand the infinitesimal basis of the negative power of the finite, “existential difference,”
and on the other, that which is seen (known in imago) only in the light of the mysterious
Dible, Randolph 14
35 Fallible Man, pp. 36.
36 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 370.
37 pp. xli.
“objectivity of the object,”38 the “objectival synthesis.”39 This is the characterization of
man as mélange, as a mixing, disproportionate in a Kantian manner, that guides the
analysis of the intelligibility of the possibility of evil in man in Fallible Man.
In The Surplus of Meaning: Ontology and Eschatology in the Philosophy of Paul
Ricoeur, Theodoor Marius Van Leeuwen performs an extensive analysis of the
Philosophy of the Will. Although it is clear that Symbolism of Evil contains much in the
way of a springboard to the mysterious waters of the unwritten Poetics, Van Leeuwen
thinks “Fallible Man can be read as a prelude to both the study of the empirics of evil and
to the work that is projected as the concluding part of Philosophy of the Will, the
Poetics.”40 We shall certainly heed this and see what structure in it indicates the way to
our chosen interpretation of the Poetics.
There are many interpretations of what the Poetics was intended to be, and what it
may be like, and not necessarily as Ricoeur intended. There is a conflict of
interpretations which necessitates a choice among the various possible orderings of
relevant elements to achieve different ends. Since the Poetics was left wide open to
interpretations, we shall here skip the chronological treatment of such clues that we had
committed with regard to Freedom and Nature, leaving a systematic analysis of Fallible
Man to another time, and go straight to a specific structure which will inform a new
‘post-critical’ myth, a new way of making the “transcendental deduction” from the
premises of existential difference (the infinitesimal, the origin of the finite) and primary
Dible, Randolph 15
38 Fallible Man, pp. 38 - 41.
39 Ibid, pp. 39 – 40, 45, 82.
40 Ibid, pp. 36.
affirmation (the destination of transcendence).41
This transcendental deduction is the human conclusion derived from the premises
of ‘originary affirmation’ and ‘existential negation:’ respectively, love and difference.
Difference here means both perspective as the origin of the finite, and the being that “I
am,” constituted by the action of existing. Love means the ‘objectival synthesis,’ the
objectivity of the object, which calls to the inimitable singularity of difference by its own
supra-signification, by the super-jection implied by the point of subjectivity. As Ricoeur
writes, “The first truth—I think, I am—remains as abstract and empty as it is
unassailable,”42 and “It is an undeniable certitude, but a certitude without any truth
value.”43 This much is given, and may be taken as a premise. Whereas, “we are always
already in the dimension of truth,”44 we do not find certainty there; on the contrary, “the
equivalence of certainty and truth is what we pursue through consciousness.”45 The
meaning of consciousness is the mediacy of mediation. Thus, consciousness is false
consciousness, naive consciousness. The transcendental deduction can only be premature
as a logical conclusion, and the true infinite escapes any certainty despite its ultimate
truth.
Ethics, therefore, is much more than morality. If we take the surplus of meaning as
Dible, Randolph 16
41 Ibid, pp. 134.
42 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 327.
43 Ibid.
44 Fallible Man, pp. 29.
45 Ibid, pp. 30.
basic to our semantics as Ricoeur does,46 and acknowledge that “…the semantic level
must not be separated from the mythological level of symbols…,”47 we might be ready to
read Ricoeur’s ethics into a creative inversion of the Adamic myth. Ricoeur seeks to
preserve the Platonic eros, which he calls the ‘desire to be,’ as the source of knowledge,
and unify it with the Spinozistic conatus, which he calls the ‘effort to exist:’ “This effort
is a desire because it is never satisfied; but conversely, this desire is an effort because it is
the affirmation of a unique being. Effort and desire are the two aspects of this positing of
the self in the first truth: I am.”48
This is Ricoeur’s ‘fundamental or originary ethics.’ To understand the Poetics of
the Will, we may combine Ricoeur’s reading of the Adamic myth and how to read it in a
backwards way to convert it from a myth of a Fall to a philosophical myth of
Transcendence. The effort to exist will be a necessity for existence itself to come to be in
the first place. The death of the idolization of God in the imagination that God has being
will take place where God is the beyond of being as the surplus of meaning, as primary
affirmation and the objectival synthesis: all premature graspings are ultimate in truth
value and yet premature for certainty, and hence articulated only at the level of mythical
organization of the symbols of the sacred. The desire to be is a premature designation,
not an empirical reality. It is the basis of the passions, a nothingness in relation to being,
Dible, Randolph 17
46 “…originating affirmation becomes progressively richer and more inward: at first it is only the vehemence of the Yes, which has the correlate of the “is” that is signified—or, to be more precise, supra-signified—by the Verb. This is the “transcendental” moment of affirmation. This moment is necessary but not sufficient; it is necessary to make the power of existing pass from the register of “living” to that of “thinking”; it is insufficient to assure us that we are that thinking.” Fallible Man, pp. 136.
47 Conflict of Interpretations, pp. 316.
48 Ibid, pp. 329.
but the very basis of meaning, significance, and value: the ultimate of value. The symbol
of God is this beyond from which all beings arrive.
The sympathetic re-enactment in the imagination of the Symbolism of Evil begins in
the phenomenological account of the confessions of the religious imagination of man
found in the (Western) traditional myths that tell of the origins of evil in man, by their
“spontaneous hermeneutics,” that is, as symbols of the second degree. As such, they have
primitive analogical meanings that are “spontaneously formed and immediately
significant.” He continues, “In this sense, symbols are more radical than myths. I shall
regard myths as a species of symbols, as symbols developed in the form of narrations.”49
With these considerations, Ricoeur proceeds to read the myths of the beginning and the
end: the Sumero-Babylonian theogonic myth of chaos (the theogony which precedes
anthropogony), the Hellenic and Orphic titanomachy and tragic myth, and finally the
Adamic myth, whose pre-eminence is projected to be observed in the Poetics of the Will
by means of the crede ut intelligas,50 the hermeneutic circle in the dialectical form of
believing and understanding:
Thus it is in hermeneutics that the symbol’s gift of meaning and the endeavor to
understand by deciphering are knotted together.... How does hermeneutics meet the
problem?... What we have just called a knot-- the knot where the symbol gives and
criticism interprets-- appears in hermeneutics as a circle. The circle can be stated
bluntly: ‘We must understand in order to believe, but we must believe in order to
understand.’ The circle is not a vicious circle, still less a mortal one; it is a living
Dible, Randolph 18
49 Symbolism of Evil, pp. 18.
50 Ibid, pp. 308, cf. “Conclusion: The Symbol Gives Rise to Thought”, pp. 347 - 357.
and stimulating circle... It is not a kinship of one life with another that
hermeneutics requires, but a kinship of thought with what the life aims at-- in short,
of thought with the thing which is in question. It is in this sense that we must
believe in order to understand. And yet, it is only by understanding that we can
believe.51
Thus the hermeneutic circle is a knot which ties together the strands of understanding
and belief. What it unites is the matrice poetique.52 Untying the knot, the circle which is
an arc or a bow, gives birth, out of the matrix, out of the uterus, ‘out of the box,’ so to
speak, of the myth, to the semantic innovation, the novel meaning of being. Our task is
to get beyond the circle, to untie the knot, by transforming it into a wager:53
...the task of the philosopher guided by symbols would be to break out of the
enchanted enclosure of consciousness of oneself, to end the prerogative of self-
reflection.... The task, then, is, starting from the symbols, to elaborate existential
concepts-- that is to say, not only structures of reflection but structures of existence,
insofar as existence is the being of man.54
At the end of Freedom and Nature, in the course of the description of “Black
existentialism”--which is called “black” in awareness of the darkness of the anxiety and
despair of death and freedom’s consequent looking toward suicide as its ultimate
expression-- the “No” of the Biblical Interdict, which is also the “No” of condition and
Dible, Randolph 19
51 Ibid, pp. 351 - 352.
52 Surplus of Meaning, pp. 39.
53 Symbolism of Evil, pp. 355 - 357.
54 Ibid, pp. 357.
the “No” of refusal, Ricoeur writes,
Suicide presents itself to it as one of the highest possibilities: it is in effect the only
total action of which we are capable with respect to our own life.... Suicide can
appear the highest consecration of that act of rupture introduced by consciousness....
Thus the no would no longer be a word but an act. But suicide is not the only
expression of refusal. There might be a courage to exist in the absurd and to face up
to it, in comparison with which suicide itself would be only an evasion like those of
myths and hopes. This courage of disillusion refuses suicide in the sole intent of
affirming-- and preserving in the act of affirming-- the no of freedom in face of the
nonbeing of necessity.55
This courage to exist is Ricoeur’s answer to the profound freedom of Man’s suicide,
but it may be conflated with the deity’s suicide, with deicide, where, in a myth, God is
beyond being, and as such, needs to withdraw from ‘itself’ for existence to arrive in a
mythical ‘first place.’ This would be a deicisive conversion of the diabolic myth of the
Fall.
In the beginning, God created the universe, the garden, Adam, and all was good. To
account for evil, the serpent in the garden asks the woman (an externalization of Man)
“Has God truly said...?”56 which opened Man’s mind to a vascillatory doubt, to thought,
and with it to consciousness of good and evil. Man became liable to Fall through a
rupture in the relationship of trust once held between God and Man: in the instance of the
act of transgression, doubt made a clearing in consciousness for Man’s autonomous
Dible, Randolph 20
55 Freedom and Nature, pp. 466.
56 Symbolism of Evil, pp. 253.
thought. This radical doubt is analogous to the radical doubt of Descartes. What was
once a creative limit, an innocent freedom, became the Interdict, God’s “No:” “The soul
of the serpent’s question is the ‘evil infinite.’”57 The meaning of finiteness or “being
created being” became obscured, and whereas the limit had been Man’s “Orient,” it
became Man’s “Other.”58 The inversion of this myth is obvious: God, as the ‘surplus of
meaning,’ as the ‘objectival synthesis,’ as primary or originary affirmation, must radically
end, “value” gives way to form, beginning with the infinitesimal point origin, of the “I
am.” God, in the only act permitted to such a symbolic ground, an act of love, gives up
the holy ghost for there to be existence of Self. This is a myth of the origin of finitude.
The unwritten third volume of the Poetics of the Will is more than a metaphor for
the beyond, it is an heirophany. Philosophy comes from the fire of reflection, but its
spirit is speculative, and its form is the speculum of that spirit. For the meaning of the
wisdom sought by philosophy to be an innocent human freedom, philosophy must be
fleshed out by human being as a passionate way of life, a wheel for falling with grace, a
harnessing of gravity in learning to walk. By seeing darkness as an indication of light,
Ricoeur found a way of harnessing the darkness of evil in the scope of theodicy. The
“post-critical naivete” and “second Copernican Revolution” Ricoeur sought to instigate in
the unwritten Poetics was the turning of a wheel whose revolution, being beyond mere
simile, was real. By inventing the wheel whose eye is the origin of being, the non-being
of possibility may be traversed. The traveler, the walker, falls with grace. The Biblical
scope of Ricoeur’s revolution demonstrates that the engine of the Poetics was driven by
Dible, Randolph 21
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
the fires of Hell beyond subjectivity, to the blackness of space and by gravity to a faulty
firmament among the stars.
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Dible, Randolph 23