On Blast B!owing 5,y means of VUater. 9

and without any revolving vertical tube, as in the previously de. scribed arrangement.

o

Iv

I i

.~-- ..... -Z'A -~'~--~' - - ~ / ' " / ~ - !

The water will now obviously issue from the apertures at the extremities of h h, in the same manner as if it had IJeen introduced at tile top of the tube in the former figure : hence, the spindle may be as short as we please. The practical difficulty which aftendsthis form of the machine is to give the arms, h h,-a motion round the mouth of the feeding pipe, which enters the arms, without any great friction or any consi~derable loss of water. In this form of the-mUl~ o is the reservoir; p, the mill stones; l, the vertical axis; q r s~ the feeding pipe, the mouth of which enters the horizontal arm at ~.

In a machine of this kind, constructed at Bourg Argental, the tubular arms, h h, were each 46 inches long, and their inside diame- t e r s inches; each of the orifices 1~ inch diameter; the height of the working head was ~Ol feet above the points of discharge. This, though a great fall, is evidently a very small consumption of water, since it was all supplied by a 2-inch pipe, and when the machine was not loaded, and had but one orifice open, it made 115 turns in a minute. Thus a prodigious centrifugal force is produced in the arms, and a corresponding velocity, far exceeding that of a simple fall of water, with a pressure of ~1 feet head. The machine, when empty, weighed 80 pounds, and it was half supported by tlie upward pressure of the water.

On the blowin~ of .~ir into ,Furnaces by a ~hll of Water. By the late celebrated WILLIAm1 LEWIS, M. D.

[Continued from p. 882. ¥ol. V.] E X P E R I M E N T S OF AIR PASSING DOWN T H R O U G H P I P E S W I T H F A L L I N G

W A T E R .

Water running through a Crane. I~ the running of water throuMa a syphon, or common crane, when

the sucking-pipe on the_ longer ~'eg o( the crane was sto *pp~dd up, the VOL. V I . ~ N o . I.~JULY~ 18~8.

10 On .Blast Blowing b~j means o2" l)Kater,

water, as it issued from the exh'emlty, filled the bore: on opeiting the ~uckh~g-pip% the c~hmm of water appeared iess Wan ~3~e borneo

Judging ~hat the, motioa of ti~e water must: be retarded in this test circum.qar~ce, [ mt~asured, by a pendulum, the times h-~ which equal quantit ies ~*{' v,a~cr ran thru%h the c ra te ill bod~ ca~es, a~al fom'~d, in mal:~V trhd% time. fi~e (Wa,l:it$ which took the tl,~e of a Im.mired. swings 'of the p~.:mh~ium to rm~ ia whe~ the suckia~5@pe was open~ r an i[~ I i i l le t}*lhree~ a[~(! s,*m~elifHuS ;qi:qetydWO, wl'JeB i t w a s st()ppedo

As the~;c difii:veiices s(wmed {o proceed ['~'{)m air introduced into t~he water l!;rtw::h the h~m-;d pipe~ ~ irked to mal,:v: +,he a~r sensible~ by rai~h~g (ht~ ~ :>.:.~d which received t.!~e, water from the crane, and keepings the. h.~< ~,l ti~{~ {:ra~e immers~,d h~ it. Avs oftea as the suck-. inK-pilot was ~l~e~mi; ah&~d~bh?~s arose, i~ tl~e water {ff the recei','er, an~(l f~t, tv;h buhbh.~:~ st.~ccee.d~d while it {:{mtimted opcu; but so tong as i{; w~s k e p t ,,.,:t(Jp[~ed ~io ~tir bubble .s w e c e see~L

To cuihec~: the ~dr, a ca~;k widmuf: a boI:hmt ~as sur~k r~ir~e of "~:er~ inelxe.~ i~ a tub ~l watch ~.;tM the ao>~,e uf the crane inserted il~to a hole ~ade in the t~p of tile cask: iat'~ another ho!e % the top was titt.ed a small pil)e fw' !!;1thug ve~t t~ tile air~ aml within the cask was fixed a~ h~vw'te.d muriar, fi~r tt~e stream to fifiI on. So lot~g.as water was k(:. :)t i.til~]i[ll?: {hr,.ii%h the (:i'}~.% with i.he saeking-ppe

} " ~ " o " ' " ~ • . . . . . opera ~ ~cllsit){e bhtst i:~ (i~t:(t 5W~I [,~,.,. t),()~lli.-t)f}~c {)~ in<. cask~ and a bc..rd1~g co;~l ext~cs{d ~(:, }e was; e~ci{ed hi the same mamler as by eommw* t~cll~,,v.~ .; the :4uckili$~-pil;e b,.~hxg !d:Ol)ped ~ ~,) blast was per- ceived, nor wa~, al~ 3' mut~ori prwluced m the flame of a ca~dle ap- plied to the oriiice.

I t N~pears, therefore, t:ha{: water, r~m~ing through an upright pip% mM filling its bw% admi£~ air to ea te r through a iateral, pipel that~ atier thi~.~ adnds~iw~ the wi~ ih of the co!~t~m uf water cow,tracts, the in{ro{:h~ccd ah: occ{:i@!~;!; iwrt ~ ' ihe e~p'.~eit S of the pit)e ~ a~d that /his sic W,.s:.e~s {}{~wt~ ~ the wa~qdc ef the v;ate'q, <)r h~ a, separate coh.lm~l, ~ot intermixed with it,~ so w:~ ~o rw.'dcr it .i%othy°

I varie l the {w';:'~.~; )m,,' . . . . . . i ..... " " e.,~,, ~ ~.a., h 3, takh~% instead of fl~a even% ~t leaden pipe, ab~)ut '{:er~ fl:e,l~ l{;nS~ ~md d~ree q~arters of a!~ incl~ bore~ Several holes were made, at i:~t{,,~::~'als~ h~ the le~gfh of the pipe, an& small tribes fixed h.~to them, lik,~ the. st:~ekh%@pe ,of" ~:}~e c,:'{me. T h e pipe heiug laid as!ope, its uppeY ~ad was t , rl~ed tip perpen(tieularlj¢~ and a ftmnel fitted t{~ it) x~'hich was s~ppticd '~vEh water by a cock: in the hot.tom ~l' the reservoir : +,he other e~d of fi~e pipe, wi~ich the- water i~sued from, was inserted i~to the air-vessel used i'a the p r e - ceding experhnet~t,

'1'be lateral tubes being stopped, and the eock so turned as to l e t the wai:~r run thst: enough to keep the thnnel always full, n(~ ai:~- issued fl'om the blowing..pipe. Oa opeuhb~ the tubes~ a considers_- b i t blast was perce red ; the water p:;ssed slower through the pipe e sO that the same stream made the f'anuei rml overl and on p u l l i n ~ out s~me of the tubes~ at:~d tookiw, i~ ¢/arouoh qm holes, the e o l a m ~ oJ~ water was ~,er$ visibt Z less than the bore of the pwe. The t u b e ~

On Blast Blowing by means o f tKater. II

behig stopped again+ the blastc ceased~ and tim stream d i d n o iaore than keep the funnel %11o

A small variatim}, ir~ the ch, curnstarmes of thi~ expeclment: made a very material diff> '~ c ~ h-~ i e el}reeL Tim su )ply of waler iaviug been di ninishe{ ~ so a~ t~ rv:+e mdy a tgt le way aov)vc G e du'oat ot" the fhnnel~ a pret ty ,~borg biast issued from the t/owht#:-plpe+ thougii all the ta~eral ).~le:¢ were c!o>el/ >v%'ped, av, d when the tubes were open~ instead (< ah' p>,,sb>+ iu by tiW.i.~b a 'b!>,~t F.is~ed out from them, the, alr-vess~i }ti thii; case }'h>l~.!n+~ m>ne; st} that here the air must have becu in*ro{htced a!. the lop. am! p~sse=l down the ['unnel+ and ai'tevwards e~c'aped wi~ei'e ie, first fuu~td a vent. To be furtlmt" satisfied i~i this li',~ilxt~ i re})e~vte(1 ti~e e~,:perime~t~ with a somewha, t diEerent appara tu~ hi tt,e li:iiowh~{~ manuer+

~"~ee; j~gu,+,!5 ,a,'o,,g'l, ~ fflgmzeL

The ,,,la~..: receiver of an air i m ~ p , about two ~'cet high+ opet~ at bod~ ends, had its lower eml immersed about seven ismhes, in a vessel of watch amt su])por~ed at a proper distance above the bottom :fin, the fl'ee passage of tl~e wa*er ur)(h.,r tLe ed~{es of i t . - - A brass plate being pressed c, lo:,+e (m lhe top~ with a leatl :er betweem, a glass funnel about twelve inches de(q)+ aud above h:df au inch h~ diali teter in tim throat, was fixed irtto a hole i'n the plate ; a'ad into another hole w a s fitted a smail biowi.g-pipv. '

A stopper beil+g ii{t(i)~h+ced into (he t+tVtll'le], t i l l tile water it was filled ~ i th had become i } e t I ~l(> c ~:~ v (l ~1~ i e t:~ a'~ ~:~ I71~ e ~ ~ CaUtiOUSlY removed~ tile water vr, m in a stre~uru v,'hi~h tkliiuv; into tha t ill the receiver, produced air-bubt.>h:s~ but uo !,fi~.>,t i>>,ue+t frwm the pipe; and wheat tile pipe was s{.'G, iv.>l+ ti+e w~tev {+x G(' ~ I (~ + e r V ()i ~1 {{ { {4i II ~> t Si ~ k lower than the ]evel (>k" t l u ~ t in the outer r e > e l ; whereas~ if any air had entered with the wa!e% aud b~.'.+~ e<,~pve~sed h~. the receiver~ it must have forced a ])n~p*ng~>~g qu;~;~ihy C' the water out below.

The funp, eI was then ,+,'tpp!iud fr,,w.a a pi .e , by which the water was made to (la,q~ a/e;ai~:st the +ide of it. By t:h[~ mea~s~ the t h i d received a spiral mo-lim~, al~d whh'ling rouud the fuln-leI~ leR a large vocal ly in the middle , rm~c, tdng d(>wt~ s(>metimes+ to t l i e futiiieF~ throat. "File stream as i t ran through~ was also twis ted; i @ n ~ i b i e blast issued from tile a i rqf ipe; when the pipe WaS gtol>ped ~ the water itx ttte receiver was flwced lower a~id lower, attd was soon driven e~tirely out~ abunda+tce of air bubbles following it into t h e water i~ the outer vessel+

Whe~ the funueI was kept enth'eloy fi~II~ t]~ough the st, reara was directed against it.+ r id% there were little', marks of anv air being carried down. And wh(.'u the futtnel was near ly e m p t y ( t h e eit~cts were also ineo~slderabie~ ~he vacui ty ]t~ the mhh/ie of the spiral Ch'~ cumvolutions C' the watcv~ seemiu~; to l'each to the bi):t~om, s 0 a s to suff'er the air to escape upwards, tht:(~t gh the h(fllow e o ~ i m of water.

YVater Jhlling from a conaide'rable height i~z*o +,+ ~'imnd:w!th a pipe. m~h and a~ i~ieh and a hat'f i l l diameter~ A leaden pipe, si~ feet. ' " ~

was inser ted i~lto an ah'-~ess(d, with the water-gauee a l ready tie. .~cribed. Into the top of the pipe was fixed a th~fummI~ who~e

1 fa On 5'hz.st BZowing" @ "ma~n, (J~ ~zLe?o

throat fitted close to it~ a~d into file ~hnnel a stream of water let fall , fi-om a reservoir ih 'e R~et ahoy% ill quantify s~diicicn(: fo keep the funne| running over. This apparatus represents 5iarriot te~s blowing machine, before described,

The water divided by the l'alt~ pinched down abumlance of ah" with i t : a strong / u~t. issued from *he bh)wh;.'q,~r)e.~., ,..~ . and the gauge rose high. On rg, ish~ K up the fuunel a l i t t le, the stream tha i issued fi'on~ i t appeared '~dl frothy: a.s ofie~ as the funnel was lifted up~ 1he gauge suiN, ul( air whidl, had been drLcl / in i)y the das~ of water escaping bct~een flw. fv, un(d ~.~ { i;i?t:; on. [etth~g down the funm;1 close, the ~,.auu:e ]mm(:(!h~t'.>!3" ro~e ~'. ,-, .

Ins tead of a fidl vii five fe':,;t~ a s/t'r~m wa~ directed into the fun.. nel, lrom only about ha.it that m:le2,d.o l n e gauge ..ati.tt rose consL derabty~ thouga~ nul. so h~/h as ,.*e!(~re.

I t is obser*;~hle, dmt ifi~ihe cireumsfances~ of these er.pc-rirne~ts~ a whirling' m()hon c~m~nmnicahut to the wa{er in tile funnel, impeded the carrying down hi" ~.dv~ fi,e g~..~ge at ~ ) , s sinkh~7 on the water re- ceiving such a ~ .~timl.---'V~ her as~ i~ th*/se of the preceding avdci%

a < . 4 i t seemed to bc by tile whh'ih::?; (,I fi..', wat t b t, at &e ah' was [mshe([ down°

I t appe:~rs, fiwrefore~ that fl~erc are two w~v:% of ma!dng' air pass down with ~a tc r lily(m../<, a Iunn,da <,~(.,~ i>v"{lh~ecting the s t ream against the ,~,.: ol t..c ~unn{n, .he {/i}u:r. ]w hfi!i~,, it {iqI from great heighf: that i~ the ~)u(, c>~c {{:e air ~:~:dcrs b,tv,'{wn the :-aph'a.t. circumvolution~, which the water forms hi the {'un~e]~ and, i n t h e other, between the drops~ into ~hich a considerable ~mrt of it is reduced by the fidl: that ~e caanot avail ourselves of 'both ways at ()nee, the one i , npedbg th,'. ef~i>ct of file other; and, that in ei ther

u~der the thrtmh so necessary in other rnachhles~ ease, the a h - - h o l ( ~ "

can have no plat% as the)' ~!jvc a Vlmt I.o the aii; brcugi~t down from above.

]~Valer ,/W/ir<q fr~)~,~ u .tq'omH /iro:,ff;h (~ F;]~e v~t/;. (~ir-;%?c:a° The slx:feet pipe, used i.~i the i'mU~oing cxpcviment,c~mtinuint. ~ fitted

into the air-vessel, i ts ~q.iier oli~icc was ~ kiem.'d tb~t d~e sva~II end of a fhhnel-shaped c~q- 1 er pipe, ,:d: *!'...:" s<me b;r-. with the p reced ing funnel, m b h t ban;,,' frecI," iu it, w]iimut to~_a:hi~t~ the sides° 'File funnel pipe reached up t~)the reservoh'~ and v,.~s kept atways fuil~ that the water might receive li~.tie ()~ no ;~ir, but at the v'acuity~ boo tween the nose of the ftmnel am! the b a 3 e u pipe.

In this situation, tile quant i ty of air w~ts much less !b,u in the preceding; the water Je l l through the i'um~el in a stream not at all fl'othy, arid tile gauge rose hut a l k d e way. ] widened tile aper ture of the leaden pipe to let iu more ahy but st i l l the. o'ao,~e cont inued lOW.

Into the orifice of the fimnel I insmrted a smaller pipe, whose diame: ter was one inch, and whose area was of consequence less than ha l f of that of the ]ea~ en pip(. The blast wa.3 now s'trm! ", '~ ~d t , , o..tu..a roseh~gher than when the w a t e r l e r e n a n {<ua height~ i n t o t ~ e low funnel of t ~e ['oregoing article, t tried ftmnels coasiderably- ~maller, and lbuml the ..gau'eo still to rise high: bul; at last, with o a t

On Blast Blowing b?/ means of Wa~r. t3

of a quarter of an i~ch ir~ d~ame~er~ it did ~o~ rise at blast could be perc-~ v d

One of the flmnels which answered best, being properly fiXed;w}tR two or three inches o[ its ~eck ha-t~gh~g free wiihin the wider pipe~ t made several w~.tk~,th.ms i~ the ma(me,i- of admitting the water ~nR air~ with a view tim compare the ~.~l~i:cts of di*~Z.ren{ ways of admissioii; The fmmel being full+ and gently s~pplied, so as to keep the water in it, as stemtv a~ ~x)ssible, the height of" the gauge was marked: ~m givb~g -~ ch-cdh~ ' ,~od<m to d'e water~ or btth,~- it-gall from ~ hei,,ht the gauge aIwavs >mk~ ew, m a >51i~ht whbl or ~ash sensibly a¢4ic~'h~g its hi4v{it Ti~i~ space be{wren tl~e nose of the fum~el aI(~l the i-ipe was ~(ii/)ped ~ so {.ha{. ~m air vot~hl e~t{er but at the top' {tie f~me~ being now futt, aml the water quie% the gauge scarcely rosin at ail~ on ~]ddi~g the ~ater. it rose e(msid(:rabf};, a~d when 0~e water Pelt from a height~ it rose furti~er~ dx)ugh {mr SO high as the standard irlark. :

I t appears~ theref{)re, {}mr there are two general methods i~ wilier watm- may be made to carry (to~,.n air; {me in which it receives the air at the top~ and the ot}~ev through li~erat apertures; a~ut the eie, eumstances which contribute to the eii~ct in the (me case, impede it in the other: that wa.ter~ bebtg ~t rest it, a funnel, and then sutI~red go raa through~ carries little or rm air with it: (}tat when made to whirl round i~l the flm,ael, it carries a c(msiderable qtmutity; and that whm~ it ~ifi/s from a heiv<ifi:, so as to be in part dashed into d}'ops~ it pushes dowta cou;~,id~t'ab]y more~ that rnmfing thre~agh a pq)e with btteral aperhtres, pert;endleular or obliquely, it receive~ air thro:@~ :he apetlu:'es~ ,xve.~: vvhe:: its moti,m is slow; that wbela ih.e.pipe is of equal bore through(mt~ the qum~tity of air thus reeeiv-

u ~t tha% whe~ d~e pipe is corm'acted to a certai~ ed ~s not great~ ' degre% i~a the part where the apertare-~ are, the q~anfity of ab is greater than that introduced thcough a funnel without air-holes: that a*r~ bro~tght dowr~ fl'om the tfrp of the pipe or flm~el, prevents the introduction of ~?,esh ah" tt~rough ti~e lateral holes, which, in this case~ instead of reeeivi ~ more a; ", dLc}mr~e hat airead r

Fmdm~, that the tv.,'u general methods by which a i r i s down with a stream o[" water, could ~mt ~ue united?in 0he maChirm¢ and that the pipe and funnel, with apertures for the enmmce o[ air~ about or at~der the throat of the furmel, have the greatest effect, I proceeded to examinee the most proper form and di~poshion of these,

NXPI.;]tIM>2.N'I'S AND O]~SF~I{VATIONS FOR. I{I[~,GUI.ATING TtIN STRUO'ITUt{N OF 'l'tI[g ]:'UNNI;'.]£, AND l'Ii~lg,

~'~perimengs wi~h Jh~'~ne/.s and S'?es of d~rent heighis~ The water, as ah'eady observed, passlu N through the narrow throa~

of the Nm~el, is after~v;ards eidarged i ~ o a jet, whiclt fills {liebore of a wider pipe° The <[tmt, tity o{' ab i~troduced appears {o depend z, pon the degree of this enlarCement, and on the quantity of water that runs through in a givet~ time,

The greater the height of water above tl~e narrow tl~roa% the

14 0 n Bk~,s't .B/owing ~y ¢~e~n, o f fYa~er.

greater vdoc}l'f will the jet reeeiv,% and the more ~f:. wi]l be d isposed to spread mid [:~e enhu',~ ,d.. The l, ~ , of the pipe does ~ot appea~ to be o[ so much h~_q)ortatxce; it sh~mkl seem sl.tiiieiet~t~ ff the pipe is of such te;i;!;th, that th<; pressm'e o[ the water {.~ it may be ab/e ~.o resist the coi{~press<d ah' h~ thi:.~ ves,~et; and that a{tec pact of i t s power has bee~ speht }u overeomin;,~ th'at forc% it ma j still have velocity emmgh i~,t~, lo :;m_ dmw~ as ta<~i as it ea~ be supplied fr{>n~. the funmdo Ip, c,'de~ {o ambe at some detecmhmble p;opo;tio~s~ the ibih~vd~g {:h~i:~ ,,r~ re ;~.~ade:

A. le:vJcm })ibex., s< ~{:~ J¢e h},.~l~, ;}ml al~ inch a~*<} a. half i~,~ d~ame- • ' ,- e>-,~ ,,~ a:.; i~ .~ ..~ Ior%({>H~i e:'~I}eriP4eY~{:%

fuui.,el.shap~.>~ tih~!~. ~i: diFfi.!r~mi hm;Ji1~. { .., x~ece e~.!.ii~pm.ted ovec it, s{:~ as t ha t /}~.{: ~ ' o{ the badeu i,ip~, a ,d i{~ve sl)'aee, en,,m~,.h for fi~e euh'm~ce ~K' Mr all rouml. F~,r the 5-:reah:'c secm'}.lv o{" tb..' throat behlg of the s a m e area i~ all the flln~iels, oi , e an',! {h<; sa :~e copper pipe served as a

1 2 throat for them a~ t~ e I'~lumq~ hd~g ti)l'med~ bgh~sertin~ this p ipe into larger lap,whig {mes~; of diiii>,emt heiAhts. The fmmels w e r e always kept {ulI~ ;~ml i.h~ watec cow,re red hxeo Gem as getxtiy as pos-, sibt% so ~s t~ produce m~ dadfi~;,, or whirii.~V~ m~M<~.

A fcHmel <,f .m~ fi>{~{ h}'.,ll hu.d v.~y ii{{b. ;H:ik:<:e: t}m ~ i ~ ~,' of t h e , ,., , • , , , }?}

¢~ h { > ,J ~ a~:l{[ lJi~ si:rtmm o{' ~3.i.~ ° from lhe blov; h~g..ifipe v,u> lint: ,just ~o be felt: : o~ open, ha2.' some hoIe>~ made in tim Ieadu,~ l){pe, u>der tb.: flu'oat of the fmmet~ the j~.£ o{" water, appeared not I:o s!)vead~ lml: was ,caiher eontr~cted~ a~d did. not t}11 the bore. %Viii, furmels of two oc three ~Ee[ the gauge rose. more, and the j(4 spread~ thou~;h k did not appear to iiIl. the p]pe~ t i l l i t }lad reached a b m t ha } fwa S th)wl~ to the boU:om. Vu;m/e[s about five,:~md slx {:eeLhi4lb p romlce t a s t r o w ; blasd~ a~d kept t h e gauoe high~ the }el: { tiil ,," Ge " bdbre it had ik[ie*~ a fb~/c be low ~ . . . . .> p!pe~ the throat 'd" t, hc {u~.l!~cio

On nlai<y l'epet}{~.m>; am{ var]adou~ o{' the!~.e experime}{G;~ ~ have not observed ti lat the .j;:t spYund sut]iciei~tly, wi th Jess G,a~ a r id[ o f live f i 'et. \V i i l i a fal l of sixt}~-t]mr iachcs~ t:he ~au:e;e rose more t,mt~ t i re dines as much as wi th ',me of s~xte(m i~:~ches: ti~ough the quai l - - t i t 5" of water ".,;bh:h ~ ~ b, ti~e !hs/; case~ was only double to that iE the latter o~% vi;...~ as the sqm~re roo/:s of' 04 an[l 16: from w h e n c e it is plain that t}~e ab{)ve dKfetences do not: dep~ ml e~dveL./ on t h e dilt~ren{ ql.m~titles of water w}ficl~ rm~ t.hrouxh the fmmels o f d i f , - ferent heights; bu% in great part, op,. i{s di{tbrent velocity° F,t;me other experime>4s seemed to e,qn{],'m this I:oint: for~ havbk~ u s e d short funneIs~ so much wider thau the hi?j~ ones~ that the qual4i t j¢ of water discharged by the form',~r, was equal t% or greater thaa 1:hat by the ~ . . . . . . .t[~{~, tl~e sh,.wt fuanels never produced so strong a blast~ o r raised the gauge so far as the others.

]b.iug satisfied of the advantage of hash~g the funnel of a v e r y consk e ahi .. heixh t, ], i,~ i{ke mra',.~er, varied" the let~t<th of the pipe'° }laving made a mark at the part where the gauge rose to~ when t h e funnel was :[ire {'re4 hmg~ a~d ihe pipe seven~ I added to the p i p e about a tbot more. th.e gauge scarcely rose any farther. A f o o t

On BIa,~t _Biowing 8~] means qf ZPa[e~. 15

bein~; c, : t off 5"olu it. lhe p;auge f~11 a l i t t le : :,we feet beh~g cut oft~ it. t:ql c<m,,-&/e, rablys and {he ~'(:tre~:eim:~mt el ano~hc~ foot~nade the machhm of little eili>:l, ti~e :?~auge sinl,Sn~ abm)st u) the bottom, and the blowi:,~-rfi~e ," :.hihi 7 i>uk a weak ctu"e;: t of air. T h e pipe, redtlced thus to foul ieet~ ~,','::s tr~ed w:d~ <~ lunnel ot nea~ mght teet l:mg; i~: *]:is c,:se ~fwt'e w ~ no blast at all. 7But, wid~ funueis, l e s s {han its owt~ lwighb a> oi ~~) a::d dwee (eet~ it still raised the gauge cow, sider:hi y.

i t appear> {':'ore {l~cs, e c:~l~edmehu~, that i~, mo~t of these madfines described i:x {he I: 'ece~in? sccth.,i:o ~he tenetlxs of{}'e funue / sand : fi ~-' '~' ~ " " :1~, ,,,' : 'F ' > , t ed :o:~ue al~omu'~ and cm~sequently I.i~: ,,v~{ ,v apl;Ii.d ~ d>ad';;~:*:a__e. Those .t ' Dauphine in France u~e pal'licula~i)' thullv it: this ~'c'.-qicel, ~l~e fum:e~s being scarcely fi~vee i'eek hi~!~h, :,.{.~ {'.,~..~ i,,~i ~ twe:~:v-iive ~.' :wcnt3-s~x: with s o small a height. ~A w~:~.e:" e~I;,;vc :~:~; cite:t% ~ have meyer been able to :make the ,}:'t sp:ead :~e~:- :o such a degree, as it is said in the ma- chim:>~ of i)auphi~u~ without l:::r~icfda~' co.U'ivalme~ {br that purpos% which wi!l be :i~cnthmed h: me ,,cquel of this i~ape:'.

The Foix machb:e aare:'~ ~.e bes~ ',:iih my expe:'hnent%: but, as the fu/mols el the o:mu's ate undo~biedlv mucl~ Eoo low, that of • {his st'eIrl~ to be ratheI" too high. The et:~h('.[ seems 1o be the greatest when :he funnei is aooul two-thlrds the Ie;lgth of lhe pipe.

X<}~erimer,~s o f gke Di,~})osg~io~~ o/' ;/~e o~'ir-holes. :~: ihe [oregob~g experm:,e::t>, lhe siml?Iest aud most obvious way

~.ff adl,qitti,ug ah° ua~ chc>se~ ,.,y le:tvh~g a space betweeu the funnel and l;:l>eo

The :Hr-.lfipes of t]:e m::chim.~ :d" .Foix and _t,anguedoc answer the same emt. :;u.rr)'h~g iu ll:e ah' above {he ,surface of the j e t of water. As the ,~t}ier I::;:ei:il:e:-~ have q~e ah'-holes u:lde:' the jet , i tried what :al':athms wou!~l :'e>uli ~:-oln ~.[i]s ci!cu::~slance~ ahd from making tile api;::::a:,a~ of di~:~w:,:x: &.:i>:['~>:, u::d:.:r tl::? ~h:'oat of the turn:el.

into a pipe o{ .~::x feet i"~ l:',':gih was 5tte.d a t~mnet of (our feet ; and six incl.e~ below the ori{:ee e l the fit:reel (our t:oles were bored round t :e tripe, shin n • d:,: ~ fl:n-a u~thout~ i:~x~,ards: eh~ht iilChes lower down, I made a:~othe:' row of holes; and at l ike distances ,.ruder thes% a third and a fourth. To each hole was fi t ted a stop- per~ which exactly closed it.

.,-~ t . e ,::ties beu:g .<:>:. ed, tl e f. m~e] was.. f irst hurtg free in the "pipe~ >~ :n lhe foI'm~ir ~ia is , a~d ~he !::tight io which the water rose % t:~e g:~u:ge was ': ~ b(_,::._ the:~ let down into the ma*,.e~,. Thefu : :ne t ~: , pipe~ ~e,:> as exact!2" t~> close it, the tipper ah'.-hoies were opened; the g::uge did ~::)t, ~:<tw vise so h ?h as befo~e. Th(: Upl)er air-holes be- ~:~g stol 'ped a~d the se::~>nd row ope:led~ tl~:e <auee c(mtlnued at its last height. ~,'Vlth tixe lhhd row :>]..'lh it, rose rather higher than the first mark; :rod whb. d:e i~urtb~ it fell dm lowest of all.

U.'l:e several entra~lces f(tr the :~.h' were then opened by two and • ~wo. W i t h the sp~ce t:v.tv:(,e,:. "(h:'. t:::~::el a::d pipe, and the Upper ah'.ho!es open~ the gt:u:,!~e did r~ot rise so high as with tim space only ; a~:d with the u:?pe:.~ a~:d secom~ row el holes, i~ c(mtinued at thesame l>:gIit .... W i { h ' t i : - ,:eco~d cud tifii-d K rose cm:siderably [urther.

I~ I ; '~rds WnaZysis q/" Ya*e~<~g. though not up to the iivst mark; and with the third aud fourth if ~i:R a litib,: belt)w the preceding height. Ii1 all those case% where iw£~ rows of holes were npen~ the water manifi~stly dht not fill the bore of the pipe at. the upper hr)~es; but spread so as completely {o fill iG by the time it had reached the lower ones: at which tast~ p~rt of the water spirted out~ and carried some of the air with it.

In am~ti~er pipe of the same siz% t made two sets of air holes~ three inches apart, aud the uppermost of them twelve inches fi'om the ori~ flee of the fu;u~ck With the uppermost row open~ a~d with both rows opel~ dm ~.~au.e~ rose ai.mo::~t; equai/y~ being~ only a l i t t le lower i~a the latter circumstance than in the {i)rmer; but wilt* only the lower row epe:~, it: su~k about (me ha i l ~Fhe~e beirJg all stopped~ and an-~ other met. b:~red opposiie to tile orilice of the fannel~ the gauge rose am high as i~ the lh'st case°

'I 'hese exi~eriments ~ and sove, ra! others I l~ave made on lhe same subject, are r~o{ ~:t conclusive as f should wish° The)' seem to show that it i~ more eli:giDle to haw: th.e entra~ees fbr the air in one horio rz.o~Ka} p{a~% thatt in two Itlane.~ abo~c one a:mi.her ; anti either above or at some distal:re behnv the jet, d;an immediately ur~der it: that they ought ~o be ~i greatc: m:i~.Sr~itt:ide than it: some of the machines descrih::d it: th(~ ih-~:t "~eotio.,'t~ ]):.',rilc.c:lariv h: thai: of Lead-hiils~ whose air-ltole:% lakm~_ :d::,~ :, ':, he:':. :ut: >o{: uf {nt{{ t!:e. area o~' the space :1: tit<: pipe v, hi(:h t}::-' ah' has to ti:Io They :):.@:t~ ak lea:G to be. of' a:k eq~.ml, o:' ratb< < ~,>f a d~)ubh.: exlel~t~ tha~ the :&' ~nay enter the more~" freely°

['*'~ :u: co::;w*:~:'>.~.}

V~,;:a~: diffhre~:t sia.temen~s I:ave bee:: give;,: of the conqmsiti{m a n d origin o{' tutenag~ used by the Chinese ia the formation of maay ~ f their me{;d}ic nte!:sils,

&ceordb G t~ KoiG it ]s a whF,,e alh)v o~ rc, pl)ero zin% and irm:~:, which is very II:~rd ami t(m~;J~, but at d'ie same time malieab:% anv~ {akin.- a iiue i,oliAu Aa i.nite:i~." st.n, ot:" ic,, aucordi~ G to tim s a : a ~ author~ IS ~lkore (t[ 7 like co~otlt ° t)J. [ira'.,~,,

De G-uie;,~.b ou the eo,nirarv, sta(os, tim{. i{:~ pro>et'tle% e~peoiaIf3~ ~.ss hab{ e {hat of hoi{ar ti:!g t(~ cop}tot a g'hitv', e:,iour~ and rend'ering it '~' :

{o acqtlire veruGr~s (m its surthce~ prove ghat i£ does not contair~ zinc. Accordi: G to him i< is aa alloy ~'~" h'ol b lead~ and bismuth°

Engesiroem:, iIl t}-;e Stoekhohn Memoirs, state% that the ]~rde-t'bng-o. er white copper o{" Chi:;a~ is composed of" copper, nickel~ and zitm~ t h e last of which am(rants to sevc~>si:cceenths of the whol% and the p r o - p o r t i o n s of the two iirst are to each ottter as 5 to 7 .

Dr. }([owison of Lamtrked~h'e was so fortunate~ when iu Chhm~ ~%s to procure a basin and ewer of Chinese or white copper~ a part ~ f which he seat me ibr analysis~