On the chronological sequence of the coins of Syracuse / [Barclay V. Head]

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3/111

NUMISMATIC

CHRONICLE.

i.

ON

THE

CHRONOLOGICAL

SEQUENCE

OF

THE

COINS OP

SYRACUSE.

Introduction.

It

is with no small hesitation

that I

venture to

publish

the

following

emarks

on the

history

f

the

coinage

of

Syracuse. So many celebratednumismatists nd scho-

lars have

already

written

n

this

subject,

hat t

may

with

some

reason

be

objected

that

little,

f

anything,

f

im-

portance

emains

o be

said

on

the matter.

Nevertheless,

fter

a

long

and

careful

study

of the

Syracusan

series

preserved

n our national

collection,

have

been

ed to

hope

that

n the

following

urvey

shall

be

able to

contribute

omething

f nterest

o the

student

of

Greek

numismatics,

more

especially

as

regards

the

chronological equence of the coins in question. It

appears

to

me that

a

great

drawback

to

the

usefulnessof

many

catalogues

s the

method

which

has

been

generally

adopted

of

keeping

the

metals

apart;

for,

when

gold,

silver,

nd

copper

re

separately

described,

we

lose

sight

of the minute

links,

uch

as

monograms,

ymbols,

&c.,

whereby

hope

to

be

able

to connect

the

issues in

the

different

etals,

nd

thus

to

fix

the date of

many

coins

which,

or

want of

comparison

with

other

pieces

the date

VOL.XIV.N.S. B



4/111

2

NUMISMATICHRONICLE.

of

which s

ascertained,

ave

usually

been

massed

together

under he

general eading

f

"

Autonomous,

f

Syracuse."

This

applies

more

especially

to the

many

varieties

of

copper

coins struck

during

o

long

a

period

of

Syracusan

history.

I

have,

herefore,

ivided

nto

periods

he

history

f

the

city, nd have assigned to each the coins of all metals

which

ppear

to

hang

together

n

groups

whenever,

rom

internal videnceor

analogy,

his

course

was

possible.

I

believe

that

by

the

adoption

of

this

plan,

the

date,

often

within a

few

years,

may

be

fixed

of

the issue

of

very

many

coins

which

t

would

be

otherwise

mpossible,udg-

ing

simply

from the

style

of

their

work,

to

attribute,

except

n a

very

general

manner.

The

above

remarks on

the

separation

of the metals

apply

with still

greater

force to the coins of the later

tyrants,

which

are often

described

by

themselves

t

the

end of the autonomous

eries. It will at

once

be

seen

how

mportant

re these

pieces

which

proclaim

their

own

history,

nd

tell

us

distinctly y

whom

they

were

issued.

These are

our

landmarks.

The

plan

which

I

here

sub-

mit

to the

consideration

f

students

s

to

take a

general

view

of

the

chronology

f

Syracusan

history

to

draw,

s

it were, map in outline, nd thento fill t in,first f all

by

placing

undertheir

respective

dates

such

coins

as

tell

their

own

story,

nd

then,

proceeding

y analogy

of

style,

similarity

f

type

and

fabric,

identity

of

monograms,

single

letters,

symbols,

nd

the

like,

to

complete

the

picture

by

the

attribution

f all

such coins

as,

taken

by

themselves,

ive

us

no

clue to

their

exact

place

in

the

historical

cheme.

It

is

surprising

how

few

of

the

autonomous

coins

of

Syracusewillnot thus fall into theirproper places,and



5/111

ON

THE

COINSOF

SYRACUSE.

3

so

the

whole

series will

form

numismatic

ommentary

upon

the

history

f the

city

a

history

which

is

a conti-

nual

alternationbetween

free

popular

democracies

and

tyrannicalgovernments,

ucceeding

one

another at fre-

quent

intervals,

romthe

time

of

the

oligarchy

of

the

Geomori,

n

the

sixth

entury

.c.,

when

the earliest oins

were ssued,downto the siegeand captureof thecity by

Marcellus

n

b.c.

212,

after

which

date

Syracuse,

with

all

Sicily,

sank

into the

condition

f a mere

province

f the

great

Roman

Republic,

and

lost the

privilege

f

striking

money

in its own

name

at

any

rate

in the

precious

metals

for,

udging

from

the

style

of some of the

cop-

per,

t seems

to have

been

permitted

o

strike in that

metal

for

ome

considerable

ime after ts

capture.

The

coins

of

Syracuse,

when

thus

arranged

n

chrono-

logical

sequence,

will

provide

us with a valuable means

for

arranging

n a

similar

manner

those

of the

other

Greek cities

of

Sicily,

and

these,

on

the

other

hand,

will

be

a

sort

of check

on the

accuracy

of

the

arrangement

f

the

Syracusan

eries,

many

of

the

Syracusan

ypes

having

been

adopted,

on various

occasions,

by

other

cities

n

the

island,

which

occasionally

supply

us with

more

precise

chronological

ndications.

The coinsofAlexander nd Pyrrhosof Epirus,struck

in

Southern

taly

and

Sicily,

will

also

afford

s

valuable

data

for he

attribution

f certain

Syracusan

types,

which

bear a

marked

resemblance

o

them

n

style.

Alexander

was

in

Italy

between

the

years

332

and 326

b.c.,

and

Pyrrhos

in

Sicily

between

278

and

276.

Both

these

monarclis truck

coins

which,

n

account

of

their

tyle,

are

generally

cknowledged

o

be the

work

of Italian and

Sicilian Greeks.

When,

therefore,

e

find certain

yra-

cusantypes losely llied to thecoins of these twokings,



6/111

4

NUMISMATICHRONICLE.

we

are

ustified

n

attributing

he one

set

to

the

time of

Alexander nd the

other

to that of

Pyrrhos.

No less

apparent

s

the

influence

f

Corinth

on the

Syracusan

coinage

during

he

time

when the

Corinthian

Timoleon

was

occupied

in

the

emancipation

f

Syracuse

from

he

tyranny

f

the

successors f

Dionysios,

nd

also

ofall theGreek citiesofSicilyfrom heir everal yrants,

and from

the

Carthaginian

dominion.

Consequently,

about

this

period

we can

trace

in

the

coinage

of some

Sicilian

towns

a

community

f

type

and a

similarity

f

style

with that

of

Syracuse

whichmark

them s

belong-

ing

to

this

time

of

renewed

prosperity

nd

freedom,

when the

worship

of

Zeus

Eleutherios,

which

had

been

first f

all

established

at

Syracuse

in

b.c.

466,

on

the

restoration f

democracy

fter

he

exile of

Thrasybulos,

seems,

after the

lapse

of a

century

nd

more,

gain

to

have

called forth

he

religious

feelings

of

the

people

in

gratitude

or

liberty

nd

order

regained

after

so

long

a

period

of

tyranny

nd

anarchy.

The

history

f the

city

of

Syracuse

may

be

divided

nto

the

following

eriods

B.C.

I.

Oligarchy

f the

Geomori

.

.

6th

entury

II.

Gelon

485-478

III. Hieron 478 467

IY.

Democracy

efore

he

Athenian

iege

466

415

Y.

Democracy

fter

he

iege

.

.

412

406

YI.

Dionysios

nd

his

successors

. 406

345

VII. Timoleon

nd

Democracy

estored 844

817

VIII.

Agathokles

817

289

IX.

Democracy

289

287

X. Hiketas. .

....

287-278

XI.

Pyrrhos

278-276

XII.

Hieron

I.

(Gelon

I.

and

Philistis)

275-216

XIII.

Hieronymos

216

215

XIV.

Democracy

215

212

XV. UnderRoman overnment . . 212



7/111

OK

THE COINS

OF

SYRACUSE.

5

Before

lassifying

he coins

under

the

foregoing

ead-

ings,

I

carefully

bstained

from

reading

anything

hat

had

previously

een written

n the

subject,

n

order

hat

whatever

my

arrangementmight

be

worth,

t

might

at all

eventsbe

independent

work. Not

until the classi-

ficationwas

complete,

nd its

own

place

assigned

o

each

coin,accordingto the best of my udgment,did I con-

sult

the

following

works. I

then

discovered

hat,

aking

my

classification

s a

whole,

was,

generally

speaking,

in

agreement

withformer

workers,

with

a

few

mportant

exceptions,

notably

as

regards

the first

copper

money

issued

by

Syracuse,

where

I differ

ntirely

rom

Brandis,

and as

to the

relativevalues

of

gold

and

silver

fter he

middle

of

the

fourth

century

b.c.,

where

I am

sorry

to

disagree

with so

high

an

authority

s

Mommsen.

Among

theworkswhich I have

consulted,

may

men-

tion

the

following

s

the

most

mportant

Grote,

istory

f Greece.

Mommsen,

istoire

e la

Monnaie

omaine.

Ed.

Blacas. In-

troduction,

h.

i.

Brandis,

.,

Mnz-

Mass-und

Gewichtswesen,

c.,

p.

274

sqq.

De

Luynes,

Rev.

Num

ranaise,

843.

Leake,

Trans.

R.

Soc.

Lit.,

er.

i.

vol.

ii.

1850.

Brunet

e

Presle,

tablissements

es

Grecs n

Sicile.

R.

Rochette,

m.

e

Numismatique

t

d'Antiquit%

aris,

840.

Sur esMdailles iciliennesePyrrhus,oi Epire,&c.

R.

Rochette,

raveurs

es

Monnaies

recques.

De

Luynes,

Annali

dell'

Inst.

Arch.,

880,

p.

81.

Du

De-

maretion.

G.

Romano,

nnali

ell' nst.

Arch.,

ol.

xxxvi.

1864.

R.

Rochette,

nnali

ell' nst.

Arch.,

ol.

.

p.

840

sqq.

Alessi,

Bulletino

ell'

Inst.

Arch.,

833,

No.

1,

p.

8-15.

De

nummo

ieronis

I.

Kenner, .,

Die

Mnzsammlung

es

Stiftes

t.

Florian,

pp.

13-16

nd

49-55.

Salinas,

e Monete

elle

ntiche

itt

di

Sicilia,

pl.

I.

-

Vili.

,,

Di due

Monete

ella

Regina

ilistide,

eriodico i

Numis-

matica Sfragistica,. p. 193 sqq.



8/111

6

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

Imhoof-Blumer,

um.

Zeitsch.,

ii.,

.

4.

,,

Beri.

Blatt.,

.

58.

Waddington,

langes

e

Numismatique,

me

rie,

.

46-56.

I

have,

for

he most

part,

onfined

my

remarks

o

coins

which

I have

seen

with

my

own

eyes,

as,

unless

one

is

very

ure of the fabric nd

style

of a

piece,

t is

hazardous

to attributefrom ngravings,howevergood. Where a

coin

is

not

in

the Museum

collection,

have

therefore

noticed

he fact.

I. OLIGARCHY

OF

THE

GEOMORI,

SIXTH

CENTURY

B.C.

The

earliest coins

of

Syracuse

are

universally

cknow-

ledged

to

be

tetrad

ach

ms

and didrachms f

Attic

weight.

The

obverse

of

the

formerhas

a

quadriga

driven

by

a

male charioteer;that of the latter a naked horseman

riding upon

one horse

and

leading

a

second.

The re-

verses

of

these

coins

consist

of

an

incuse

square

divided

into

four

quarters,

n the

centre

of

which s

a

female

head.

These

coins

are also

characterized

y

the

absence

of

the

Nike,

who crowns ometimes

he

driver

nd

some-

times

the

horses,

on all the

Syracusan

tetradrachms f

later

date,

down

to the time of

Agathokles.

The

form

of the

Z

is

also

peculiar S)>

and

does

not

again occur.

The

full

inscription,

which,

however,

s

generally

bbre-

viated,

s

SYRAQOSION.

There

can be

little

doubt

that these

coins

are antecedent o the

tyranny

f

Gelon,

and

must

therefore

e

attributed

o

the

oligarchy

f

the

Geomori,

ate

in

the

sixth

century

.c.

(PI.

I.

1

2.)

II.

GELON,

B.C.

485-478.

The

coins

which

follow

next in

order to

those

above

described till preserve he Q in the inscription,ut the



9/111

ON

THE

COINS

F

SYRACUSE.

7

^

is

replaced

by

the

later form

X

or

2,

the

other

letters

remaining

nchanged.

They

evidently

mark

the commencement

f

a new era

in

Syracusan

history

the incuse

square

is

renounced,

and

Nike makes

her first

ppearance,

rowning

n

some

specimens

the

horses and

on

others

the

driver

of

the

victoriousquadriga. The femalehead fromthe centre

of

the

incuse

square

on

the earlier

coinage,

now becomes

the

principal

type

of the

obverse,

nd

is

surrounded

y

dolphins.

Tetradrachms

nd

didrachms

occur,

the

re-

verse

type

of

the

latter

is similar to

the

obverse

of the

previous

oinage.

(Pl.

I.

3.)

It is recorded

that

Gelon,

as a citizen

of

Gela,

con-

quered

n

the

chariot-race

t

Olympia

in b.c.

488.1

He

became

master

f

Syracuse

n

485,

and

it

is

highlypro-

bable

that

the

introduction

f

this

new

type

marksthis

epoch.

The

Nike

evidently

ommemorates

victory

n

the

games,

and was

probably

placed

by

Ge'lon

on

his

money

both

at

Gela

and

Syracuse,

n

commemoration

f

his

Olympic

fictory.2

The

coins

of

the

group

with the

,

now

assigned

to

Gelon,

are

rare

but exhibit

several

varieties

f

type.

The

hair

of

the

female head

is

gene-

rally

ndicated

by

dots,

as

on

the

coins

of

the Geomori.

If this arrangemente adopted,we observe hat some

time

during

the

reign

of

Gelon

the

9

must have

been

replaced

by

the

K

;

the

types

also

of both

sides

under-

went

various

modifications.

The

hair

of

the

head

upon

the obverse

gets

by

degrees

to be

indicated

by

lines

1

Donaldson's

indar,

.

xxiv.

2

Concerning

he

signification

f

Nike,

nd ot tne

agonistic

types

which

efer

o

chariot

nd

horse-races,

ee

R. S.

Poole

"

On the

use

of

theCoins

of

Kamarina

n illustration

f the

fourthndfifthlympiandesofPindar,"n theTransactions11. oc. Lit.,vol.X.

part

ii.x.s.



10/111

8

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

instead of

dots,

and

the ends

are

usually

turned

up

under

the

diadem of

beads.

(Pl.

I.

4

6.)

Some

of

these

pieces

betray

a

certain

carelessness

of

work,

the

letters

of the

inscription being

often reversed and

upside

down. In addition to

the

tetradrachm

and

didrachm,

he

drachm,

obol,

and

the

silver

litra

make

their first appearance. (Pl. I. 7 10.) The type of

the

drachm

s similar to that of the

didrachm,

xcept

that

the

horseman

on

the reverse

does not

lead a

second

horse.

The obol and the

litra

have the

same

head

upon

the

obverse,

but

the reverse

of

the

former

eems to

be

distinguished

y

the wheel

type

and

that of

the latter

by

the

cuttle-fish.

The two

are

not

always

to

be dis-

tinguished

by

their

weight,

though

the

litrae

are,

as a

rule,

a

few

grains

heavier

than

the

obols.

The

normal

weights

are,

forthe

obol,

11*2,

and forthe

litra,

13*5

grains.

In the

year

480

3

Gelon

gained

his

famous

vic-

tory

overthe

Carthaginians

t

Himera,

nd,

by

the

inter-

vention f his

wife,

Demarete,

concluded

a

solemn

peace

with

his

vanquished

foes,

the

conditions

f

which

were

so

much more favourable han

they

had

been

led

to

ex-

pect,

that

in

gratitude

they

presented

to

Demarete

a

hundred alents

of

gold,

from he

proceeds

of

which

were

struck, circ. b.c. 479, the celebrated Pentekontalitra,

surnamed

Demaretia.4

These

pieces

of

50

litrseor

10

Attic drachms

re so

well

known

that

I

need

not

here

describethem

minutely.

The

head

upon

the

obverse

s

3

Clinton,

asti

Hellenici.

ol. i.

80.

Herod., ii. 166.

4

Pollux,

x.

85.

Diod.,

xi. 26

Kat

TTecfravcOeLcra

rn

clvtCjv

kcltov

aXavroi

Xpvcrov,

/ucr/xa

Koi/e

o

k'tj0v

7r'

ctvys

a/iapretov'

ovto

S'

^v

TTt/c

paxfis

KCL,

K'r6rj

c

Trapa

o

StKctwrat

a7TO

OV

TTaOlOV

TVT7}KOVT('lTpOV

See also De Luynes,Annali ell' nst.Arch., 830,p. 81.



11/111

ON

THE (X)INS

OF

SYRACUSE.

9

crownedwith olive

instead

of

with

the usual diadem

of

beads,

and

may

be intended

or

Nike;6

it s

also enclosed

n

a

circle,

s on someof

theearlier

etradrachms

ith

he

Q.

In

the

exergue

s

a

lion,

possibly

he

symbol

f

Africa,

in

memory

f the

great

victory

ver the

Carthaginians,

concerning

which Diodoros6 remarks

that the

number

ofcaptives akenbyGelonwas so greatthat t seemedas

if

all

Libya

had

become

his

prisoner.7

Besides

the

pentekontalitron

r

dekadrachm

there

are

tetradrachms

nd

obols

of this

coinage;

the

former

bears

very

lose resemblance o the

dekadrachm;

heobol

has the same

olive-crowned ead

upon

the obverse

and

the

usual

wheel

upon

the

reverse.

Pl.

I.,

10

bis

12.)

These

coins

may

be

looked

upon

as

the

last

of

purely

archaic

tyle.

Gelon

died

in b.c.

478,

and

was succeeded

by

his brotherHieron.

III.

HIERON

I.,

B.C.

478-467.

As

the

renown

of Gelon

sprang

fromhis

victory

t

Himera,

so

the chief

glory

of Hieron

dates

from

is

great

sea-fight

with

the

Etruscans

near

Curnae,

b.c.

474,

in

which

he

shattered

he

naval

power

f that

nation,

hither-

to

supreme

pon

the

sea

(OaXarTOKpaTovvrcs)

8

This

mari-

6

R. S.

Poole,

Coins

f

Kamarina,

.

10.

6

Diod.,

xi.

25.

^irrjytTO

ap

al^jiaXwroiv

octovto

r'rj0o,

CTTC

oKCLV

ir

7S

r(TOV

CJOVCVaL

TV

lvrjvXtJV

i)QJL0'{iYTOV.

7

Holm,

Geschichte

iciliens

m

Alterthum,

ol.

. 208.

8

Diod.,

Ii.

2.

Although

he

Tyrrhenians

re

not

ncluded

in

the

famous

ist

of

Thalassocracies

y

Castorof

Rhodes,

t

has,

nevertheless,

een

placed

beyond

oubtboth

by

Ottfried

Mller

nd

Lepsius,

hat,

n

the

Pelasgic

ges,

hey

were the

rulers

f

the sea.

On

this

subject

ee also

De

Roug

Rev.

Arch.,

867,

p.

92)

who

identifies

s

Tyrrhenians

he

people

called

Turs'a

n

Egyptiannscriptions,

wordwhich

xactlyrepresentshe ncientormfthe talicname f the truscans

VOL. XIV. N.s.

c



12/111

10 NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

time

victory

s

alluded

to

by

Pindar

(Pyth.,

i.

72),

and

there

s a

helmet

till

in

existence,

ow

preserved

n the

British

Museum,

which

was dedicated

from

his

Tyrrhe-

nian

spoils

by

Hieron

to

Zeus

at

Olympia,

where

it was

found n

1817.

It

bears the

followingnscription

-

BIARONOAEINOMENEOZ

KAITOIZVRAKOZIOI

TOIAITVRANAnOKVMAZ

i.e.,

lipoiv

ACLVO/JLCVOVS

(ll

2,vpaK


13/111

ON THE

COINS

OF SYRACUSE.

11

distinguished

y

a

greater

fineness

f

work.

The

series

with

the

pistrix.

r

sea-monster,

xhibits

a marked ad-

vance

upon

the

archaic

style.

For

instance,

he

eye

of

the female

head

is

represented,

or

he

first

ime,

n

pro-

file,

and no

longer

with both corners

visible

as if seen

from

he

front,

peculiarity

f archaic

art.

(Cf.

Pl.

II.

withPL I.) The hair also is wavedand a greater ariety

is

apparent

n

the

mode

of

arranging

t,

the

plain

string

of beads

being

often

replaced

by

a

fillet

ound

two or

three

timesroundthe head.

The

horses

of

the

quadriga,

as

on the earlier

coins,

are,

with a

single

exception

PL

II.,

12,

13),

always represented

as

walking

and

the

charioteer

s

also

always

apparently

male.

The

inscrip-

tions are

in

general

more

carefully

xecuted,

being

very

seldom

retrograde

r

inverted,

s

on the

archaic,

properly

so called. The

R,

I

imagine,

owards he closeof Hieron'

reigngives place

to the

P,

although

t often

eappears

n

pieces

which

re

certainly

ater

n

style.

There

are

drachms,

itrse,

nd

smaller

divisions

which

attach

themselves

by

their

style

to the

Pistrix

series,

although

no

piece

smaller

than the

didrachm

bears that

symbol.

(Pl.

II.,

4, 5,

13.)

The

reign

of

Hieron

seems

to

be

the link

which con-

nectsthepiecesof archaicartwith thoseof the earlyfine

style

which

is

characteristic

f the

Democracy

which

follows.

IV.

DEMOCRACY,

B.C.

466-415

;

BEFORE

THE

ATHENIAN

SIEGE.

The

expulsion

f

Thrasybulos,

he

brother

of

Hieron,

after

one

year's

tyranny,

ed

to

the

establishment f

a

democracy,

uring

which

the

city,

nd

indeed

all

Sicily,

attained to a veryhigh degreeof wealth and prosperity



14/111

12

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

arising

from he

enjoyment

f

peace

and free

nstitutions,

a

condition

which

lasted

until the

time

of

the

Athenian

siege,

b.c. 415

412.10

I

would

attributeto

this

period

fivedistinct

ypes

of

the

tetradrachm,

ll

of

which exhibit

decided

advance

upon

the

semi-archaic

eries

with the

pistrix. They

may

be distinguished, s follows,by the arrangementf the

hair of

the

female

head.

Type

1 with

the

spliendone

(Pl.

III.

1)

-,

Type

2,

with the

saccos

or

bag,

generally

ornamentedwith the

Mseander

pattern

Pl.

III.

2,

3)

;

Type

3,

with

a

cord wound four times

round the

back

hair.

(Pl.

III.

4.)

All

these have

the

exergue

plain

and

the

quadriga

driven

by

a

male charioteer.

Types

4 and

5,

on

the other

hand,

have

a

locust

n the

exergue,

nd

the

quadriga

is

driven,

for the first

time,

by

a

charioteer

apparently

emale

(PI.

III. 5,

6)

;

the hair on

type

4 is

in a

jewelled

net,

on

type

5,

bound

by

a

cord

twisted

round

t.

The horses on

all

these

coins

are

walking.

There

are,

as far s

I

am

aware,

no didrachms

r

drachms

of this

period.

The

P

is

generally

used

during

this

period,

but

the

older form

R

sometimes ecurs the

2

is

not

yet

seen.

Before

proceed

o

the

next

period

of

Syracusan

his-

tory, iz.,thatwhichsucceeded the Atheniansiege,b.c.

415

412,

1 must

briefly

onsider

he

question

s

to which

were

the

earliest

copper

coins,

and

whether

they

were

first

truck

during

he

Democracy,

66

-

415,

or

later.

The ancient

proportion

n

Sicily

of

copper

to

silver

n

value

was

250

:

1,

and the

copper

itra,

which hen

weighed

3,375

grains

218

grammes),

r

half an

Attic

mina,

was in

value

equal

to 13*5

grains

of silver

'87

grammes),

r-^-of

10Diod.,xi. 68,72.



15/111

ON

THE COINSOF

SYRACUSE.

13

the stater or

didrachm,

which

was,

in

consequence,

alled

the

StKaXiTpos

raTrjp.11

new

coin,

he silver

itra,

foreign

to

the

Attic

system

and

in value

of the

drachm,

or

12

ounces

of

copper,

was issued

in

very arly

times

pro-

bably

to take

the

place

of the

oboi,

or

of the

drachm,

equal only

to 10

ounces

of

copper,

he duodecimal

ystem

of division nto12 ounceshaving been always applied to

the

itra

of

copper.

Some

time

during

the

reign

of

Dionysios

the

elder,

405

367,

the

weight

f the

copper

litra was

reduced

to

=

675

grains

43*73

grammes).

This

reduced

litra is

called

by

Aristotle

"

the

old

"

(to

ikv

pxaov),12

o dis-

tinguish

t from

he

one

in

use

during

his own time

r

8c

v(TTpov),

hen

it

had

undergone

a second reduction

of

1=337*5 grains (21*86 grammes).

The

silver

litra

-

otherwise

alled the

nummus,

originally

qual

to one

copper

litra

was

now,

therefore,

qual

to ten the two

litrse

being

distinguished

by

the

epithets

silver

and

copper.13

Brandis

expresses

his

opinion

that the

value of

copper

in

proportion

o

silver

rose

from

50

:

1 to 50

:

1,

and

after-

wardsto

25

:

1,

on

the

several

reductions f

the litra. I

can,

however,

ind

no

evidence

hat such

was the

fact,

nd

I thereforerefer o treat, s Mommsendoes,theseveral

reductions

f

the

litra

as

so

many

bankruptcies

r

expe-

dients

dopted

by

the

State

to

facilitate

he

payment

f

debts,

the

proportionate

alues

of

copper

and

silver

probably

remaining

about

the same

from

the time

of

the

first

ssue

of

copper

coins

down

to the

time of

Hieron

II.

It

is

worthy

of remark

that

during

the

whole

of

this

period-

viz.,

until b.c.

269 the

same

11

Pollux,

v.

175.

12

Pollux,

x.

87.

1:*Mommsen,d.Blacas,ch. i. 1.



16/111

14

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

relation

between

opper

and

silverexisted t

Rome as

in

Sicily

viz.,

250

: l.u

We now

approach

he

question

s

to

when

opper

was first

coined

t

Syracuse,

nd whether

t

was

ssued

of

full

weight

according

o

its value

in

proportion

o

silver,

r

was

only

money

f

account

with

a fictitious

alue

above ts real

one.

Brandis is of opinion hatcopperwas coined in Sicily

of full

weight

nly

so

long

as

the

original

proportion

f

copper

to

silver

s

250

:

1 was

maintained.16

tarting

with

this

theory,

e is

obliged

to

make

the heaviest

copper

coins

of

Syracuse

the

earliest

n that metal His classifi-

cation

s

as follows

Copper

o silver

s

250 :

1.

Weight

f

itra,

375

grains.

Two-ounce

iece

562

grs.)

-

Obv. Head

of

Pallas.

Rev Starbetween olphins. ctualweight,80-450grs.

(PI.

VII.

1.)

One-ounce

281

grs.)

Obv.

Head of Zeus

Eleutherios.

Rev

Free horse. Actual

weight,

80

grs.

(Pl.

VII.

8.)

Obv. Head of Zeus

Eleutherios.

Rev. Thunderbolt.Actual

weight,

262-229

grs.

(PL

VII.

10.)

with

smaller

divisions,

which

I

need

not

here

mention

Notwithstanding he weightof these pieces, I cannot

bring

myself

o

believe that

they

re

as

early

as Brandis

maintains. The coins

with he

head

of

Zeus,

Rev.

Thunder-

bolt,

bear a

strong

esemblance o

the

silver f

Alexander

of

Epirus,

struck

in

Italy

b.c.

332

326,

and,

I

should

14

Mommsen,

d.

Blacas,

vol.

i.

ch. ii.

p.

31.

15

Brandis,

p.

276

"

Es

kommt

or allem

darauf

n,

zu

bestimmen,

n

wie

fern nd wie

lange

das

Kupfergeld

erth-

mnzewar

und

blieb. Offenbar

ar

dies

in

Syrakus

nd

in

ganz

Sicilien

o

lange

der

Fall,

als die

ursprngliche

erthung

derbeidenMetallewie250: 1 fest ehalten urde."



17/111

ON

THE

COINS

OF SYRACUSE.

15

say,

cannotbe

very

much

earlier

than his

time.

The head

of

Zeus

Eleutherios,

lso,

is

far

more

appropriate

o the

Democracy

estored

by

Timoleon,

han to the

tyranny

f

Dionysios

the elder.16 As

regards

the

large pieces

with

the

head of

Pallas,

it is

certainly ossible

that

they

may

have been

issued

by

Dionysios

but it seems to

me

that

a

typeso thoroughly orinthian n style, s farmore ikely

to

have

been borrowed

rom he Corinthian taters

which

were

struck

t

Syracuse

at

the

time

of

the

recolonisation

by

Timoleon.

These

two

types,

with

otherswhich

shall

afterwards

mention,

would

seem therefore o

belong

to

the

Democracy

estored

y

Timoleon

n

b.c.

344.

In this

case,

instead

of

being

two-ounce nd

one-ounce

pieces

of

full

weight,

hey

would be

pieces

of two

litrae

and

one

litra

of the second

reduction.

This,

however,

s

doubtful,

for

very

ittle can be inferred rom he

weights

f

copper

coins,

and

it

is

probable

hat even these

massivecoins

are

in

reality

only

money

of account

which

approximate

n

appearance

o

pieces

of

full

weight

nd

value.

If,

then,

hese

are not

the

earliest

opper

coins of

Syra-

cuse,

which

re ?

Mommsen,

who

differs

ntirely

rom Brandis

on the

subject

of

Syracusan

copper

coins

(looking upon

them

simply s money faccount), s inclined to accept,as the

earliest,

the

pieces

with

the

incuse

square

divided

nto

four

uarters,

with

a

star

in the

centre

(Pl.

V.

13.

17

The

style

of

these

coins

s,

however,

hat of

the

fine

period

16

f course

t

is

quite

out

of the

question

hat the

coins

with

EYZ

EAEYOEPIOX

could

have

been truck

uring

the

first

emocracy

fter

he

exile

of

Thrasybulos

n

b.c.

466,

when this

worship

was

first

nstituted

t

Syracuse.

Their

style,

ot

o

mention

he

occurrence

f the

O on

the

reverse,

entirelyrecludes

his

upposition.17Mommsen,d.Blacas,vol. . p. 108,note .



18/111

16

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

of

art,

and

they

bear

a

marked resemblance

o

Kimon's

tetradrachms. The

pieces

which I believe to

be the

earliest

copper,

are a

series

haying

on

the obverse

a

female

head,

withthe hair

gathered

nto

a knot

korym-

bos)

at

the

top

of

the

head, and,

on the

reverse,

he

surface

f

which s

slightly

ncuse,

cuttle-fishurrounded

by the marks of value ; smallerdivisions are known

without

these marks.

(Pl.

III.

7,

8.)

These coins I

take

to

be

the

trias,

hexas

?)

and ounce

?)

of the

earliest

copper

issue,

of

nominal,

but

not

of

real

value,

struck

during

he

Democracy

b.c. 466 412.

The

occurrence

f

the

P

precludes

he

possibility

f

their

being

earlier

han

this

time.

The

head

upon

the

obverse

bears

a

strong

resemblance o

one of the

pistrix-types

f

Hieron I.

(PL

II.

12.)

The

style

is

semi-archaic,

r

transitional,

nd

they

cannot

possibly

belong

to the

period

to which

Brandis

classes them

viz.,

after

he second

reduction f

the

litra,

which

s

more

than a

century

ater.18

V.

FROM

THE

ATHENIAN

SIEGE TO

THE

ACCESSION

OF

DIONYSIOS

THE

ELDER,

B.C.

412-406.

Grote,

in

his

history

f

Greece

(ch.

lxxxi.),

says

that

the

Syracusans,

after the

destruction

f

the

Athenian

besiegers, elate with theplenitude f recent ffort,nd

conscious that

the

late

successful

efencehad

been

the

joint

workof

all,

were in

a

state of

animated

democrati-

cal

impulse.

On

the

proposition

f

an

influential

itizen

named

Diokles,

a

commission

f

ten was

named,

of

which

he

was

president,

orthe

purpose

f

revising

oth

he

con-

stitution

nd

the

egislature

f

the

city."

*

Unfortunately,

othing

s

known

of

the

detailsof

the

18Brandis, . 590.



19/111

ON THE

COINS

OF

SYRACUSE.

17

changes

introduced

by

this

Commission

but,

that

they

were

extensive here an

be

littledoubt.

It

is

not,

there-

fore,

mprobable

that a

complete

revision

f the

coinage

may

have taken

place

at this

time,

and

certainly

rom he

evidence

afforded

y

the coins

themselves,

ome such

revisionmust

be inferred.

One of the most mportant f these novelties eemsto

have

been the institution

or he first ime

of a

coinage

n

gold,

the first

oins

n thismetal

being

mall

pieces.

Obv.

Head of

Herakles

in

lion's

skin.

Rev. Incuse

square,

divided nto four

parts,

with a

femalehead

in

the

centre.

Wt.

circ.

18

grains.

Supposing

the

proportionate

alue

of

coined

gold

to coined

silver o

have been 1

:

15,

9

hese

pieces

would

correspond

xactly

in

value

to the silver

tetradrachm. The

half lso

exists. Obv

Head

of Pallas.

Rev. Incuse

square,

withinwhich is a wheel.

Weight,

9

grains

=

1

didrachm.

(PI.

III.

9,

11.)

To

these

must be

added

a small

gold piece.

Obv.

ZYPA. Head of

Pallas.

Rev.

Gorgon-liead.

The

weight

of the

British

Museum

specimen

s 10*4

grains.

This is

probably

gold

obol

of Attic

weight

11*25

grains),

n

which case

it

is

equivalent

to

12

litrse,

r

21

drachms.

(PI.

III.

10.)

Withtheseearliestgold coinsofSyracusemaybe com-

pared

certain

pieces

of

Gela,

the

authenticity

f

which

has,

however,

een

suspected

by

some,

weighing

27

and

18

grains,20

hich,

f

true

and

the

weights

re in

their

19

Mommsen,

d.

Blacas,

tom.

. ch.

i.

p.

181.

M

Obv.

Horseman,.,

wearing

Phrygian"

ap.

Bev.-rEAAH.

Half

bull,

wimming,

.

above,

ram

f

barley,

jr.

'45

wt.

27

grs.

Obv.

ZilZinOA.

-

Female

head,

.

Rev. fEAAZ- Halfbull, wimming,. JT. 45 wt.18grs.

VOL.

XIV.

N.s.

D



20/111

18

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

favour

clearly

belong

to

the

same

system.

Gela

was

destroyed

n

405.

Agrigentum

lso,

which

was

destroyed

in

406,

issued

gold

coins which

eem to

be struck

n the

silver

standard,

as

they correspond

n

weight

to Attic

diobols,

and have the

proper

marks of

value;

the

two

specimens

n

theMuseum

weighing

0*4

and

19*5

grains.21

The existenceof gold at these two places,beforetheir

destruction

y

the

Carthaginians,

enders

t

highly

m-

probable

hat

Syracuse

would be

without

contemporary

coinage

n

that metal.

The date of

ts introduction

t all

three

cities

s

probably

bout b.c. 412.

In the

Syracusan

silver,

the

following

remarkable

innovationswere

introduced

fter the

departure

of

the

Athenians.

The

style

of

the obverse

becomes

highly

rnate,

and

great varietys apparent n the arrangement f thehair

of

the

goddess,

while

on

the

reverse

the

horses of

the

chariot

re

always

in

high

action.

About

this time

the

2

begins

to be seen on

coins

of

Sicily.

It

is difficult

o fix

the

exact date

when it

came

into

universal

use,22

ut,

for onvenience

ake,

we

may

be

allowed

to attribute

uch as

have

ZYPAKOZION

to

the

Democracy

.c.

412

406,

and thosewith

ZYPAKOZI2N

to thenextperiod.

Particular

attention

eems

to have

been now

devoted

21

Obv.

AKP.

Eagle

devouring

erpent

beneath,

.

Rev.

ZIAANOZ'

Crab.

*4

wt. 20*4

grs.

22

he

SI

occurs

n certain

oins

f

Segesta

truck

efore

ts

destruction

n

b.c.

409,

at

Himera

before .c.

408,

at

Agrigen-

tum before

.c.

406,

on tetradrachmsf

fine

tyle

with

the

horses

f the

quadriga

n

high

action.

Alsoat

Kamarina

nd

Gela

before

.c. 405.

But its

use

seems

o

have

been

only

exceptional

efore

.c.

406,

afterwhich

t

became

general.

This s

but

ittle nterior

o the

archonship

f

Eukleides,

.c.

404,when he onicforms ere egally doptedtAthens.



21/111

ON THE COINSOF SYRACUSE.

19

to the

coinage,

nd its

beauty

was

regarded

as

an

object

of

public

interest.

Hence

the

die-engravers

were

per-

mitted

for

the firsttime to

sign

their

work,

and

we

frequently

ind

that the two

sides

of the

same coin are

by

different

rtists.

Eumnos,

Soson,23

nd

Phrygillos

werethe

engravers

mployed

rincipally

pon

the obverses

of the coins which I would place beforeb.c. 406, and

Eumenos,

Evaenetos,

nd Euth

....

upon

the reverses

during

he

same

years.

The

charioteer,

lmost

always

male

up

to

b.c.

415,

is

now

often

apparently

female,

nd

in

some

specimens

s

evidently

he

goddess Persephone

herself,

or

she

carries

a

flaming

orch.24

(Pl.

IV.

10

and

V.

5.)

On

one

very

beautiful

everse

by

Euth

. .

. the

quad-

riga

is driven

by

a

male

winged

daemon.25

PI.

III.

14.)

Drachms and half-drachmsccur; the former igned

by

Eumenos.

Obv Female

head,

right

Rev

Leukaspis

with shield

and

short

sword

(PL

III.

15)

;

the

latter,

Obv

Female

head,

eft

hair

in

sphendone

Rev

Quad-

riga,

&c.,

with

chariot

wheel

n the

exergue apparently

the work

of Evaenetos.26

PI.

III.

16.)

The

drachm

with

the

head

of

Pallas

full-face,

nd

Leukaspis

on

the

reverse,

and

the

hemi-

rachm

with

similar obverse, and a quadriga on the reverse, are

apparently

by

Eukleides,

and

somewhat

later.

These

belong

to the

Dionysian

period

with

2.27

(Pl.

V.

6,

7.)

23

A

tetradrachm

ith

he

signature

12ZHN

sold

at

the

Sambon

ale,

s now

n

the

cabinet

f

the

late

H.

N.

Davis,

Esq.

It

bears

strong

esemblance

o

that

y

Eumenos

which

is

figured

n PI.

III.,

No.

12.

24

R. S.

Poole,

Corns

l

Kamanna,

.

b.

25

Raoul

Rochette.

raveurs

es

Monnaies

recques,

i.

ii. b.

26

Mus.

Hunter.,

.

58,

xx.,

xvm.,

ix.

27Mus.Hunter., . 53,xvn., xi.



22/111

20

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

YI.

TIME OF

DIONYSIOS

AND

HIS

SUCCESSORS,

B.C.

406-845.

To

the

tyranny

f

Dionysios

must be

classed

the

finest

of all the

Syracusan

coins,

both

n

gold

and

silver.

The

relative

value

of

gold,

as

compared

with

silver,

stillremains s highas 1 : 15, ifwe maydraw his conclu-

sion

from

the

weights

of

the

gold

coins

which

seem to

belong

to this

period

these

are

90

and

45

grains,

respectively

qual

to

1350 and

675

grains,

.e.

100,

and

50

litrse

r 2

and

1

dekadrachms.28

These

pieces

are of

very great

beauty;

the

larger

of

the two has

ZYPAKOZION,

the

last

example

of

O

for

2.

Obv. Head

of

Arethusa

?)

left Rev.

Herakles and

the lion.

Probably

by

Kimon,

as

the

British

Museum

specimenhas the portion f a signaturewhich has been

read

Kl.29

(Pl.

IV.

1.)

The

50

litra

piece,

Obv.

Young

male

head

(Anapos

?)

;

Rev.

Free

horse;

has

on both

ides

ZYPAKOZIiiN.

The

type

is

more

appropriate

o

the

Democracy

than

to the

tyranny

of

Dionysios;

possibly

the

dies

were

engraved

shortly

efore

his

accession,

but as

it

has

the

1

it is

not

likely

to

be

much

earlier

than

b.c.

406.

(Pl.

IV.

2.)

The

silver

coins of the

reigns

of

Dionysios

and his

successors are doubtlessthe most

splendid

specimens

of

the

numismatic rt

which

exist,

for

uxury

f

style

and

28

A

gold

coin,

Obv.,

Head of

Arethusa

Rev.,

Herakles

nd

the

ion s

engraved

n the

Annuaire

e

Numismatique,

ome

ii.,

1868,

Pl.

iii.,

from

he Grau

ollection,

aving

wo

globules,

marks f

value,

n

the

bverse.

These

take

o

represent

wo

dekadrachms.

29

he

specimen

n

theParis

cabinet

as

EY

and

s

probably

by

Eveenetos. We

may

therefore

n

this

round

easonably

place

these

two

coins

n

the

second

period,

which

heir

tylealonewouldustify.



23/111

ON

THE

COINSOF

SYRACUSE.

21

delicacy

of work.

They

do

not, however,

xhibit that

purity

and

simplicity

which

characterize

he

best

art

of

Hellas and Ionia.30

The

engravers'

names

which

occur

most

frequently pon

the

obverses are

Evsenetos,

Eu-

kleides,

Kimon,

and

Parme . .

.

The

first

wo of

these

are

often

ombinedwith

reverses

y

Eumenos.

Eukleides

and Kimon excelled n therepresentationf thefull-face.

The head of

Pallas

by

Eukleides

(Pl.

IV.

]0),

and

that

of

Arethusa

by

Kimon

(Pl.

IV.

9),

are now

ustly

elebrated,

especially

the

latter,

while the former

ppears

to

have

been so

great

a

favourite t the

time

as to

have been

adopted

for the

drachms

nd

half-drachms

f

this

period,

the

reverses

of which

are,

respectively,

eukaspis,

and

quadriga.

(Pl.

Y.

6,

7.)

The

litrse ear

more

resemblance

to the

works of Kimon

or

Parme .

. .

(Pl.

V.

9,

10.)

There is also a drachm f

peculiar

style,

he reverseof

which

s

signed

by

Kimon.

(Pl.

V.

8.)

The

hemilitrse,

or

half-obols,

hich

eem

to fall

into this

period,

have

on

the reverse

a

wheel,

generally

with

two

dolphins

n

the

lower

quarters,

type

which

s

reproduced

n

the

copper.

(Pl.

V.

11,

14.)

There

is also

a

quarter-litra,

r

trias,

equal

to three

ounces

of

copper,

wt.

2*8

grains,

with

a

cuttle-fish

n

the

reverse,

s on

the

litrse,

ut

surrounded

by three globulesto designate ts value. (Pl. V. 12.)

This

small

silver

piece may

have

supplanted

he

copper

triantes

with

marks

of value

described

on

p.

15.

(PL

III.

7.)

The

dekadrachms

of

this

period

are

numerous,

but

seem

to

be

all the works f

the two

artists

vsenetos

nd

Kimon,

although they

are not all

signed.

(Pl.

IV.

3,

6,

7.)

30

K.

S.

Poole,

Num.

Chron.,

N.S.,

vol.

v.

p.

286.

"On

GreekCoins s illustratingreekArt."



24/111

22 NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

The reverses of

the

silver exhibit

great variety

of

detail. Those

by

Eumenos

and Evsenetos

may

be

known

by

their

style.

The work

of the former

s characterized

by

its

stiffness,

nd

by

a

certain

roughness

of execution

(cf.

Pl. III.

12)

;

that

of

the

atter

by

an

almost

gem-like

minuteness

f

work,

which

pproaches

o

hardness.31

PI.

III. 13, Rev.,and Pl. IV. 4, Rev.)

The

pieces

which

seem

to

belong

to

the

close

of

this

period

do not bear artists'

ignatures.

The head

upon

some of them

resembles hat

of Artemis n

the

electrum

coin

with

Z2TEIPA,

described n the

next

section.

(Cf.

Pl.

Y. 5 with

Pl.

VI.

1.)

It can

hardly

be

Artemis,

however,

n

this

instance,

as

she

has

no

quiver

at her

back,

but

is

probably

Arethusa.

There

is

also

a

head

of

Persephone

crowned

with

corn,

and

with

hair

falling

over her

shoulders,

which is

certainly

rather late in

style

Pl.

V.

4)

;

also a

remarkable oin with

ZYPAKO-

ZI2N,

retrograde,

nd a

female

head, left,

igned

M;

in

the

exergue

of

this

piece

is a

bull devoured

by

a

lion,

the

well-known

ype

of Akanthos.

(Pl.

V.

3.)

Whether

the

peculiarity

n

the

style

of

this

piece,

so

different

from

the other

tetradrachms

f

Syracuse,

is

due to

its

being

the workof

a

nativeof

Greece

proper

or

Asia

Minor,32r onlyto its being some ten or twentyyears

later,

t is

impossible

o

say.

During

the

reigns

of

Dionysios

and

his

successors,

he

O

(with

the

single

exception

of

the

gold

piece

of

100

31

he

apparent

ommemoration

f

success

at

Olympia

n

these

reverses,

y Dionysios

.,

who

sustained

defeat,

as

been

ustified

n

Mr.

Poole's

paper,

On

the

use of

he

Coins

f

Eamarina

n

llustration

f the

4th

and 5th

Olympian

des

of

Pindar,"

.

11.

32

. S.

Poole

(Num.

Chron.,

N.S.,

vol.

iv.

p.

246) says

that t s unmistakablyf onianwork.



25/111

ON

THE COINS F SYRACUSE.

23

litrse)

s

never

used

for

fl

; XYPAKOZIOZ,

occasionally

found n

place

of

ZYPAKOZI1N,

being

of

course

no

exception

o

the rule.

The

successors f

Dionysios

were

Dionysios

I.,

367

356;

Dion,

356

353;

Kallippos,

353-

352;

Hipparinos,

352

350.

Interval,

350

-

344.

It is probable hatnearly ll the extant oinsare to be

attributed

o the

reigns

of the

two

Dionysii

and

Dion.

The

nine

years

which

follow

the assassination

of

the

latter

were a

continual

scene

of

anarchy

and

disorder,

during

which

it

is

not

likely

that

much

money

was

issued.

The

copper,

which

from

analogy

of

style

and

type,

would

attribute to

the

Dionysian

dynasty,

are the

following

1. Obv. Head of

Arethusa

?),

hair n

sphendone.

Rev

Incuse

square,

ividednto

our

uarters,

ith

star

in

thecentre.

M.

*65.

(Pl.

Y.

13.)

(Cf.

the

mall

old

oinsdescribed n

p.

17.)

2.

Obv Similar

ead.

Rev

ZYPA-

Wheel,

n

two

uarters

f

which,

olphins.

M. -6.

(Pl.

Y.

14.)

(Cf.

the

half-obols

n

silver,

.

21.)

8. Obv Similar.

Rev

Cuttle-fish

r

sepia.

M.

*6

*5.

(Pl.

V.

15.)

(Cf.

litr

nd

trias

n

silver,

.

21.)

4. Obv.

Similar.

Rev.-HY PA-

Trident.

M.

*45.

(Pl.

V.

16.)

These

are,

I

believe,

only

money

of

account,

but as

they

bear no

marks

of

value,

it is

impossible

o

say

what

they

may

represent.



26/111

24

NUMISMATICHRONICLE.

VIL

TIME OF

TIMOLEON

AND

THE RESTORED

DEMOCRACY,

B.C.

844-317.

The

period

which

intervened

between the death

of

Dion and

the invitation

ent

to Corinth

which resulted

in

the mission of

Timoleon,

was one

of

unexampled

misery hroughout icily. Plato,

in one of his

epistles,

says

that under he distraction

nd

desolation

which

pre-

vailed,

even the

Hellenic

race

and

language

were

likely

to

perish

in the island.83

Driven

to

despair,

the

Syra-

cusans at

length

nvoked

the aid

of

their

mother-city,

Corinth,

which

avourably

eceived

heir

rayers,

nd

chose

Timoleon,

a

man

of devoted

patriotism,

nd

animated

with an

intense

ove

of

liberty,

nd a

hatred f

tyrannical

institutions,

o

conduct

an

expedition

for

the relief of

Syracuse.

With

a small

force,

ut

claiming

the

special

protection

of Demeter

and

Persephone,

he

sailed

to

Italy;

the

sacred

trireme,

n her

voyage

by

night

across

the sea

from

Corcyra,

eing

illumined

by

a

blaze

of

light

from

heaven,

while a

burning

orch

on

high

ran

along

with

the

ship

and

guided

the

pilot

to

his

destination.84

After some

delay

at

Rhegium,

Timoleon

effected

landing

in

Sicily,

at Tauromenium. His

first

great

success was at Adranum,where,bythe

help

of the

god

Adranos,

he

surprised

nd

defeated he

troops

f

Hiketas.

He soon

after succeeded

in

obtaining possession

of

Syracuse,

together

with

the

person

of

Dionysios,

who,

although

not

master of the

rest of

the

city,

still

held

Ortygia.

Timoleon,

after

shipping

Dionysios

pff

to

33

Plato,Epitol,

iii.

p.

358

F.

34

Grote,

Part ii. ch.

85;

Plutarch,

imoleon,

.

8; Diod.,

xvi, 6.



27/111

ON

THE

COTKS

F

SYRACUSE.

25

Corinth,

and after

demolishing

the

stronghold

of

the

tyrants

n

Ortygia,

nd

erecting

upon

its site courts of

justice,

proceeded

o recall

all

who

had

been

exiled,

nd to

invite

new colonists

to settle

at

Syracuse.

The total

number

of

immigrants

o the

city

in

its

renovated

freedomwas

not ess

than

60,00o.86

Concerning

he

state

of affairs t Syracuse at this time, Grote remarks:

"

Nothing

can be

more

mortifying

han

to

find

urselves

without nformations to

the

manner n

which

Timoleon

dealt

withthis

arge

nflux

*

*

The

land

of

Syracuse

s

said to have

been

distributed,

nd the

houses

to

have been

sold

for

,000

talents

the

arge

um

of

230,

00.86

A

right

of

preemption

as

allowed

to the

Syracusan

exiles

for

e-

purchasing

he houses

formerly

heir

own. As the

houses

were

old,

and that too for considerable

rice,

o we

may

presume

that the lands were sold

also,

and that the

incoming

ettlers

did

not

receive

heir

ots

gratuitously.

But how

they

were

sold,

or how much

of

the

territory

was

sold,

we are left n

ignorance.

It

is

certain,

however,

that the effect f

this new

mmigration

as not

only

to

renew

he

force and

population

f

Syracuse,

but

also

to

furnish

eliefto

the extreme

poverty

f the

antecedent

residents.

A

great

deal

of new

money

must

thus

have

beenbroughtn."

37

The

democratical

onstitution nd

laws

established

by

Diokles about

seventy ears

beforewere

again

put

into

force,

with

modifications ecessitated

by

the

state of

the

times. We

possess

no details of these

reforms;

but

we

may

be

quite

sure that uch

a redistribution

f

property

s

that

above-mentioned ould

render

necessary

n

extensive

35

Plutarch, imoleon,

ap.

28.

36

alents f

silver,

otof

gold,

re to be

understood.

37Grote, art i. ch. 85.

VOL.

XIV.

N.S.

E



28/111

26

NUMISMATICHRONICLE.

issue of

money

of all

sorts,

nd,

probably,

he

adoption

f

some

device to facilitate

the

payment

of

debts,

and

so

relieve he extreme

overty

f the nhabitants.

That

a

measure of

this kind

was

resorted

to,

may

be

inferred rom

the

large

issue of electrum

coins,

which

mus be attributed

o

this

period,

oth

on account

of

their

styl,which s distinctlyaterthan thatofthegoldofthe

fine

period

described

above,

and

because

it is difficulto

conceive

he

possibility

f

a

simultaneous ssue

of

coins

n

pure

gold

and in

electrum

by

the same

city.

The metal

of which

hese

coins are

composed,

f

we

may judge

from

the

great

differences

n

their

olour,

varies much but

the

average

is

probably

about four-fifths

old

to one-fifth

silver.38

Now it

is

probable

that the

ancientrelation f

gold

to silver

t

Syracuse,

s

elsewhere,

was

much modified

by

the

discovery

f the

gold-mines

f Macedn

by

Philip

(

in

b.c.

356,

which

are

said

to have

yielded

as

much

as

1,000

talents

year,

or more

than

3,000,000.

Such

an

influx

f

gold

into

Europe,

where

it had

previously

een

very

carce,

would

naturally

bring

down the value

of

gold

as

compared

with

ilver.

When,

some

years

ater,

pure

gold

coinage

was

returned

to

in

Syracuse,

we

find

the

ttic

weight

adopted

for

gold,

and,

as we

shall see

here-

after, relation of 1 : 12. We maythereforeeasonably

suppose

gold

to have fallen to

this

rate n

consequence

f

the

discovery

f

the Macedonian

gold-mines.

100 silver

itrse,

ormerlyepresented

y

a

gold

piece

of 90

grains,

would,

therefore,

n

Timoleon's

time,

be

equal

to 112*5

grains;

and

50 litrse of

silver,

formerly

45

grains

of

gold,

would

now

be

56*25

grains,

nd

so

on.

I

conceive,

therefore,

hat

the

electrumcoins

issued at

this time were

accepted

as

gold,

and

that,

containing

s

38Mommsen,d.Blacas,Annexe . 9,

p.

286.



29/111

ON THE

COINSOF SYRACUSE.

27

they

did

about 20

per

cent, of

silver,

a

considerable

saving

was

thus

effected.

The

100 litra

piece,

formerly

90

grains,

would

be raised to

its

new

weight

of

112*5

grains

by

the

addition of

silver,

nstead

of

gold.

The

actual

weights

of the

specimens

of this electrum

coinage

in

the

British

Museum

are

somewhat

various,

somebeingslightly elowand othersslightly bovetheir

normal

weight.

This

may

be

owing

to

the

greater

r

less

proportion

f

pure

gold

contained

n

the

several

pieces.

M

Litrae Grs.

Wat

1

15

Actual t.

fATK

at

1 12

^Electmm^

100 1350

90 88*9

112

106-4

50

=

675

45

44-7-

41 56

25

58-4-53

30

=

405

27

None

33-75

32-8

25

=

337*5

22-5

None

28-12

28-6-27*3

20

=

270

18

18-1-17*7

22*5

None

121=

168-75

11-25

10-4

14-06

None

10= 135 9 8-8 11*25 11-10-8

(Note.

Gold

oins

f

7

and

22-5

rs.

lthough

hey

onot ccurt

Syracuse

uring

he

eriod

hen

old

was

15,

re ound

t

Gela

nd

Agrigentum.)

See

pp.

17,

8.)

We

have thus

pieces

in electrum

which

represent

00,

50,

30,

25,

and

10

litrse

of

silver,

of

the

following

types

39

39

t has been

only

after

much

onsideration

hat

I

have

ventured

o differrom

o

high

an

authority

s

Mommsen

s ta

thevalue

in

silverof

thevarious

yracusan

ieces

issued

n

electrum.He is ofopinionhat heproportionatealueofgold

to silver s

1

: 15 was

always

maintained

t

Syracuse Ed.

Blacas,

vol.

.

p.

132)

and,

passing

over

the

fact,

which

he

elsewhere dmits

Ib.,

p.

286),

that

some

of

the

oins

of

this

city

re

composed

f

electrum,

e treats

hem

ll

as

if

they

were f

pure

gold,

pparently

ontemporary,

nd

consequently

worth

n silver s

follows

Types.

Wt.gks.

R itoue.

Heads

of

Apollo

nd Artemis

oteira

10S

=

120

Head of

Arethusa

Rev.Herakles

nd

ion

90

=

100

Head

of

Apollo

Rev.

Tripod

51= 60

do.

Rev.

Lyre

28

=

82

Head ofHerakles Rev. ncuse quare,&c. 18 = 20



30/111

28

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

100 litr.

Obv.

Head

of

Apollo,

eft.

Rev

Head

ofArtemis

ith

1TEIPA.

El.

*7

wt. 106-4.

(Pl.

YI.

1.)

50

litr.

Obv.

Head

of

Apollo.

Rev

Tripod.

El. *6

wt. 58*4

58.

(PL

YI.

2,

8.)

80

litr.

Obv

Head

of

Zeus Eleutherios.

Rev.

Pegasos

with

(marks

fvalue= 3 Corin-

thian taters

r

dekalitra).

l.

*45

wt.

82*8.

(PL

YI.

4)

25

litr.

Obv

Head

of

Apollo.

Rev.

Lyre.

El.

-45;

wt. 28

6-

27*8.

(PL

YI.

5.)

10 litr.

Obv.

Female

head,

right.

Rev.

Cuttle-fish.

El. *8 wt.

11

10*8.

(PL

YI.

6.)

There

is

no coin

in electrum

which

represents

the

tetradrachm,

r 20

litrse

f silver and it is

probable

hat

for

some

time

after

the recolonisation

rom

Corinth,

he

tetradrachms

eased

to be

issued

at

Syracuse,

heir

place

being

supplied

by

the

Corinthian

tater or

dekalitron,

which

may

be

thus

described

Obv Head

of

Pallas,

in

plain

Corinthian

helmet,

with

neck-piece

and no

crest.

Rev.

ZYPAKOZI1N,

Pegasos. (Pl.

YI.

7.)

The

staters

of

this

type,

as

first

ntroduced

by

Timoleon,

may

be

distinguishedromater ssuesofsimilarpieces Pl. VIII.

5,

6;

IX.

11,

12) by

the

following

c

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On the chronological sequence of the coins of Syracuse / [Barclay V. Head]

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