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CEA - Carcinoemboryonic antigen
FP- Alpha-fetoprotein
These are fetal cell attributes that indicate undifferentiated
The rate of proliferation is the same as the rate of the tissue that the cancer
derives from.
Tissues such as; bone marrow, hair follicles and epithelial lining of GI have
a rapid cell proliferation while other tissues such as myocardium and cartilage cell proliferation is slow
1. The cell will die (apoptosis=cell suicide)
2. The cell will repair itself3. The cell will survive and replicate the mutated DNA
in daughter cells
Chemical carcinogen: smoking and asbestos
Radiation carcinogen: atomic bomb and the sun
Viral carcinogen: Mono
1. Rapid proliferation causes mechanical pressure leading to penetration of surrounding tissues
2. Metalloproteinase enzymes are produced by some cancer cells; they destroy the basement membrane of not only the tumor itself, but also
surrounding lymph, blood vessels, muscles, nerves and most epithelial boundaries
3. Tumor cells detach and travel to distal organ sites by blood and lymph
Hematogenous involves spreading through blood via
metalloproteinase, skip metastasis happens when the tumor cells
bypass regional lymph nodes to travel to distant lymph nodes
where it creates a similar enviroment as the primary cancer
site
BRAC 1&2 are tumor supressor genes for breast
cancer, when there are alterations with the BRAC tumor suppressor genes,
cancer is at a greater risk to develop
TAA are tumor-associated antigens, it is an antigen on
the surface of cancer cells that are a result of malignant
transformation. This antigen elicits a response of the
immune system
Where do carcinomas originate from?
Where do sarcomas originate from?
Where do lymphomas and leukemias originate from?
Carcinomas originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucus
membrane lining of resp. tract, GI tract and GU tract)
Sarcomas originate from embryonal mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone and fat)
Leukemia and lymphomias originiate from the hematopoietic system
Goals for treatment are driven by the presentation of disease and patient factors, what type of treatments are determined
by patient factors?
Cure: eradicate cancerControl: put into remission
Palliation: provides relief from symptoms and improves
quality of life
Infusing through the spinal column, it is important for
administering chemothearpy to the brain, since it can
bypass the blood/brain barrier
What are two IV infusion routes for chemotherapy,
which one is considered to be the better of the both when it comes to long term therapy?
PIC line and CVADCVADs such as tunneled catheters, peripherally inserted central catheter and ports are more beneficial for long term use because it can be used for continuous infusion, you are able to adiminister other products through the line and there is a decrease in
extravasation injury
Be cautious with chemotherapy agents because they can be;
1. Vesicants2. Irritants
3. Extravasation4. Acute toxicity
Teletherapy is external and is not radioactive, whereas
brachytherapy is internal and is radioactive
Nadir is the time in which the patient reaches the lowest
blood cell count, generally 7-10 days after treatment is
initiated
Biologic therapy consists of agents that modify the
relationship between the host and the tumor by altering the biologic response of the thost
to the tumor cells
1. Direct anti-tumor effects2. Augment host immune
system3. Interfere with cancer
cell’s ability to metastasize or differentiate
Targeted therapy interferes with cancer growth by
targeting specific cellular receptors and pathways that are important in tumor growth
Chemotherapy not only kills cancer cells but also healthy
normal cells, whereas targeted therapy has the affect
of killing the cancer cells without harming normal cells
Asses for s/s of fever, determine the etiology through UA/cultures, Chest X-ray and blood test as well as a CBC to determine the severity of the
neutropenia?
Tylenol can mask s/s of fever, at times fever can be the only
and first sign of infection. If infection continues without attention there is a risk for
septic shock
Third space syndrome is a shift of fluid volume from
vascular space to interstitial space, s/s include
hypovolemia, hypotension, tachycardia and decreased
urine output. Treatment is with fluids and electrolytes