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Reason for choosing pig housing system
Ethnicity of pig raiser Religion of pig raiser
Frequency of teacher service
Frequency of headman service
Frequency of pulic health officer service
Frequency of animal health officer service
Frequency of local pulic health volunteer serviceFrequency of local animal health volunteer service
Frequency of police service
Frequency of Heifer service
Frequency of district officer service
Frequency of sub-district officer service
Awareness of housing system
Objectives of raising pig
Revenue received from pig raising:Total revenue
Type of feed
Feed handling Waste management
Reasons for not using dewormingResponsible person for pig health check upDo you usually clean left over feed after feeding?Accessibility of rat in feed storageType of pig
What will you do with your sick pig DewormingFrequency of pig health check up
Formal education level of pig raiser
Recognition about rat danger
How often you clean pig place?
Gender of pig raiser
Understanding relationship of pig housing and Trichinosis
Trichinosis recognition
Experience in raising pig
Time spent for pig raising:Total time spent on career
Environment cleanlinessWildlife presenceRat abundance
Rat control
Wet garbage handling
Solid garbage handling
Place to slaughter pig
Carcasses left over handling after slaughtering a pig
Dead animal (cat,dog,rat,etc.) handling
Dead pig handling
Frequency of cleaning surrounding
Animal health practices
Source of information
Trichinosis risk in pig
Rearing practices
Benefit from headman
Benefit from teacher
Benefit from pulic health officer
Benefit from animal health officer
Benefit from local public health volunteer
Benefit from local animal health volunteer
Benefit from Heifer
Benefit from sub-district officer
Benefit from district officer
Ethnicity of food preparing person
Religion
Knowledge of danger of having raw/undercooked meat
Formal education of food preparing person
Source of fund
Investment in pig raising
Frequency of having meat (Carnivore/omnivore) in a year
Family welfare
Knowledge of food preparing person
Reasons describing eating habit
Gender of food preparing person
Occasions for killing pig
Raw/undercooked preference
Awareness of eating raw/undercooked meat
Frequency eating outside Place of eating outside
Risk of Eating Outside
Income level
Pig housing system
Benefit from police
Source of pig
Environment suitability for Trichinosis circulation
Source of meat
Benefit from private sector's and public sector services
Convenient products
Knowledge of pig raiser
Possibility of being infected Trichinosis in human
Food Safety Level
Meat Preparation
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Chalisa Kallayanamitra1 Chalermpol Samranpong4 Bruce A. Wilcox2 Parichat Saenna2 Veerasak Punyapornwithaya3 KhwanchaiKreausukon3 Pisit Leeahtam1 Manoj Potapohn1
1 Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, 2Global Health Asia, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 4Center for Agricultural Resource System Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University
One health approach to trichinellosis risk in borderland highlanders of northern Thailand
Project Background
In the highland areas in Northern Thailand culturally distinctive ethnic minorities reside scattered throughout the mountainous Thailand-Myanmar border region. These populations are seen as the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups amongst Thailand’s rural population. They largely depend upon agriculture for income and subsistence. Pig rearing continues to be an important source of food and serves for ritual use, with almost every family keeping pigs. Thus, pig health and production can have a substantial impact on their livelihoods. Previous studies have reported outbreaks of Trichinellosis in Northern Thailand. Yet none differentiate lowland from upland outbreaks though these ecosystems and their human socioeconomic and political circumstances are quite distinct.Our review of outbreak reports from the past 10 years (2003-2012) suggests that more than 90 percent of the outbreaks have occurred in the highlands with several major foci scattered throughout the borderland provinces.
Project Goal and Objectives
Project goal: To understand the transmission of Trichinellosis risk in the Borderland Highlanders as a basis for prevention and control measures.
Source: BOE Thailand (2003-2009)
Figure 1: Trichinellosis in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son During 2003-2012
Figure 2: Subsystems for Trichinellosis Risk Investigation Based on a One Health-Based Transdisciplinary Approach
Overall objective: To develop a transdisciplinary framework using a One Health approach. This framework considers interaction of highlanders with the pigs they grow and their environment as a single system. We identified four subsystems to investigate Trichinellosis risk;
• Animal husbandry • Food chain • Environment • Economy
Specific objectives:
• Recruit a multidisciplinary team and informants
• Develop an integrative framework
• Identify research methods and tools
• Implement a pilot study
Research Methodology Population: Two highlander villages, including one that experienced an outbreak.
• Huai Ma Fueang Village (experienced an outbreak): 118 Households • Huai Chan Si Village: 84 Households
Sampling design: Simple random selection • Huai Ma Fueang Village: 28 Households • Huai Chan Si Village: 26 Households
Data collection: Develop, test and conduct survey instrument • Household survey • Environment survey • Institution survey
Data analysis: We use a Bayesian Belief Network model of Trichinellosis risk developed by experts to explain relationship of the risk factors.
Figure 3: Visited Households in Huai Ma Fueang Village and Huai Chan Si Village for Collecting Pig Data
Animal Husbandry: A range of pig production modes were found, some associated with different levels of Trichinellosis risk. Those of lower risk bore higher costs in terms of capital and time. Food Chain: Our findings suggest that eating raw pork is part of important rituals and belief and likely not subject to behavioral modification. However, we found that most villagers were unaware of the association of raw pork consumption and Trichinellosis. A majority of villagers tend to feed their pig with animal parts left over. Environment: Due to time constraints, most of the villagers rarely or never remove waste and clean pig surroundings. Feed scraps attracts more rats and other animals producing a higher chance of exposure to reservoirs of Trichinella to pigs. Economy: Villagers generally considered investment in improved husbandry a low priority relative to competing livelihood needs.
Preliminary Results
A One Health-based transdisciplinary framework to understand highlander Trichinellosis risk can be developed and implemented that integrates animal husbandry, food-chain, environment and economy. These subsystems are entirely interdependent, and thus must be considered as an integrated whole when devising disease interventions. The preliminary results are being used as basis for expanding the research to include a component of participatory prevention and control measures aimed at reducing Trichinella transmission in the Borderland Highlander’s villages.
Conclusion and Discussion
Acknowledgements
ECONOMY/WELFARE
Figure 4: Trichinellosis Risk Framework
We gratefully acknowledge the administrative assistance of Ecohealth-One Health Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University; research funds from the EcoZD program of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI);
guidance and advice provided by Fred Unger (ILRI) and Jeff Gilbert (ILRI); veterinary technical advice from Jenny Steele (Tufts University), Karin Hamilton (University of Minnesota), Warangkhana Chaisowwong (CMU), Jan Hinrichs (FAO),
Wichak Tidchai (DLD Thailand), Pranee Rodtian (DLD Thailand);and field logistical assistance of Isaree Khreusirikul (Heifer International Thailand). We are especially indebted to the headmen of our two study villages, Abhinan Taotao and
Lisor Jalor. Field assistance was provided by Sinh Dang Xuan, Farong Xu, Vu Thi Thu Tra, Hataichanok Wasasiri, Suputsorn Chatsiriyingyong, Pornwimon Pata, Sarocha Sukrinprom, Chanakan Khumpilai, Bhurichaya Pholsote,
Pimchanok Muangchaimoon, Warinda Somrith (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CMU), Phiangkwaun Padeang, Phuttipong Pookjohn and Nonprabha Buranawut (Faculty of Economics, CMU); GIS and mapping support was provided by
Kongchak Jaidee, Global Health Asia, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University. We are also grateful for the travel support to the lead author provided by USAID RESPOND.
ENVIRONMENT
FOOD CHAIN
October 2012