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Water
One of Our Basic Needs
1. What are the concerns about water quantity?
2. What are the concerns about water quality?
Water
How much fresh water is available?
Understand the water cycle (components and flow)
Understand where we our fresh water comes from
Major Points
What percent of the Earth’s water is fresh water?
Water – Salt or Fresh?
Fresh Water – 2.4%
Salt water – 97.6%
Fresh Water
ocean
fresh
What percent of fresh water is:
◦Groundwater?
◦Surface water?
◦Ice & snow?
Fresh Water
Fresh, surface water – 0.8%
Groundwater – 12%
Ice and snow – 87.2%
Fresh Water
ice & snow
groundwater
fresh, surface water
Question: Where is the earth’s fresh, surface water found?
1. Liquid fresh (surface) water is found in: Atmosphere Ground water (soil moisture) Lakes & reservoirs Moisture in plants and animals Rivers and streams Wetlands
3. Rank these 6 fresh water sources (above) The most fresh water (1) to the one that has the
least fresh water (6) Estimate the percentage of each of the 6 sources
Liquid Fresh Surface Water
Lakes & reservoirs - 45.7% Ground water - 23.8% Moisture in plants and animals - 23.8%
Atmosphere - 4.8% Rivers and streams - 1.6 % Wetlands - 1.3%
Liquid Fresh Surface Water(where & how much?)
What are the major components of the water cycle?
The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle
Runoff
Condensation
Infiltration
Precipitation Evaporation
Transpiration
Groundwater
What is a watershed? Why do we discuss/study/use the term
watershed?
Watershed
Watershed - an area or region of land that drains into a lake, stream or river. ◦ Ridges of higher land on the ground separate
watersheds from each other. The quantity and quality of water in
streams, rivers, or lakes are dependent on what happens in its watershed.
Watershed
Indiana Watersheds
*
* Kankakee watershed, draining to IL River (straightened to drain wetlands for crops)
Where the water goes.
What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water?
Indiana Water Use
What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water?
40% of Indiana households drink surface water.
60% of Indiana households use ground water, including everyone who uses a well.
Public water systems use both ground and surface water, depending on where they are located and what is available.
Indiana Water Use
Where do wells pull water from?
What type of geologic formations are used (2 most prominent)?
18
Wells
Wells draw water from aquifers that hold water
The two prominent types of geologic formations used:
◦ Sand or sand & gravel formation that stores water in the spaces between particles
◦ Rock formation that stores water in fissures or cracks and joints
19
Wells pull water from aquifers
Aquifers can be unconfined or
confined
20
How can wells become contaminated? What can you do to protect your well?
Wells
Potential Sources of Well Contamination
23
Protecting Your Well
Well
Zone of Exclusion
Zone of Management
Well
Source Typical required
separation distances
Septic tank and absorption field 50 - 100 ftAbove-ground storage tanks with secondary containment (increase separation distance for tanks without secondary containment)
10 ft
Manure storage or application area 200 ftPesticide mixing or loading area 100 ft
Landfill, garbage dump 200 ftExisting properly constructed well or properly sealed abandoned well 10 ft
Surface water (streams, lakes, ponds) 25 ft
Any structure 10 ft
Outer boundary of any road 20 ft
Property boundary 15 ft24
Potential Sources of Well Contamination
Protect the well casing Inspect the casing and cap regularlyKeep well records and know where they areProtect the well from contaminantsLandscape around the well to protect it from
lawn mowers and other equipmentFollow all manufacturer maintenance
recommendationsWell life span is usually 20 to 30 years
25
Well Maintenance & Life Span
How did the 2012 drought affect you/your family/friends water supply?
Drought
The January-July period was the warmest first seven months of any year on record for the contiguous United States. The national temperature of 56.4°F was 4.3°F above the long-term average.
More than 40,000 daily heat records were broken during the six hottest months.
The first seven months of 2012 were drier than average, ranking as 15th driest January-July on record.
Across the U.S.
The hot, dry summer followed a warm winter. In many Western river basins, snowpack — the lifeblood of rivers and essential for irrigation — was a fraction of the historical average.
Not even the stereotypically wet Southeast was spared. Central Georgia is mired in its second historic drought in the last five years, and the Flint River, vital for the state’s agricultural corridor, is seeing its lowest July flows ever.
Across the U.S.
Instruments on NASA’s Terra satellite compare plant growth in the first part of July to average conditions over the last decade. Green areas show vigorous growth, whereas brown areas indicate stunted crops.
(Image courtesy NASA)
Hydrologic Demands
When the demands on a hydrologic system increase — when cities grow, when farming becomes more intensive and when water withdrawals increase— the consequences of heat and cloudless summer months are magnified.
In other words, a moderate dry period may now produce more serious effects than it would have in the past. A city of 100,000, for instance, is much more vulnerable than a city of 40,000, if water-use behaviors remain the same.
Dr. Jane Frankenberger YouTube video
What can this drought teach us?
Drought and the Water Supply
Water Consumers Worldwide
◦ There are three categories of water users: agricultural, domestic, and industrial.
◦ What percent % does agriculture use? ◦ What agricultural practice uses the most water?
Agriculture uses: ◦ 67% of water withdrawn (total amount removed
for any purpose) ◦ 85% of consumption (water withdrawn for human
use)
Water Consumers The agricultural practice that uses the most water
is irrigation (particularly inefficient methods)
History: 1988: Drought focused attention on need for
statewide plan to minimize impacts of a water shortage
1991: Indiana General Assembly enacted HB 1260 which required DNR to develop Water Shortage Plan
1994: Water Shortage Plan completed with input from Industry, Agriculture, Public Water Supplies, Municipalities, Environmental Groups, Government Agencies, etc.
Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan
July 10, 2012
Developed by a Task Force (as required by the state Senate Enrolled Act No. 369)
Suggested Model Ordinance
◦ Development of a “Water Management Strategy” by Local Unit of Government
◦ Adoption and Implementation of Ordinance for Effective Management of Water during Temporary Water Shortage
Development of Water Shortage Plan Web Page, www.in.gov/2423.htm
Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan
Increase public awareness of value of water
Increase public knowledge of wise water use
Provide economic incentives for desirable water management practices
Enhance sum of net benefits from water resources
Reduce frequency, duration, and severity of water shortages
Provide economic development consistent with water supply outlook
Water Management Strategies
Ecological protection is understood to be one of the recognized “beneficial uses” of water in the State.
Therefore, the Water Shortage Task Force recommends that the 80-Percent Flow Duration (Q80) stream discharge for the months of May through October be used as a trigger to initiate a local action process to protect aquatic and riparian habitat by monitoring minimum streamflow in surface waters during a shortage.
Baseline Steamflow Policy
First Priority is for domestic purposes described in IC 14-25-1-3
Second Priority is for the use of health and safety
Third Priority is for power production with contingency planning provisions
Fourth Priority is for industry and agriculture with contingency planning provisions
Fifth Priority is for power production, industry and agriculture without contingency planning provisions
Sixth Priority is for any other purpose
Water Use Priorities
Encourage the Legislature to establish a sustainable Water Planning Task Force to coordinate regional water supply and demand planning, and data collection efforts
Improve regional water conservation, allocation and management throughout Indiana
Protect public health and safety during water shortages
Task Force Recommendations
Implement policies and programs that encourage efficient use, including conservation of water in wet, normal, and dry years, and allocation during water shortage
Study the supply and demand by establishing water use databanks that are standardized and shared through metering and reporting requirements
Promote installation of accurate water metering devices at all withdrawal and/or end use points
Task Force Recommendations
Water Shortage Warning
July 17, 2012 To: Owners/Operators of Significant Water
Withdrawal Facilities Applicable to all counties in Indiana Issued by the Indiana Department of
Natural Resources and the Indiana Department of Homeland Security
Requested a voluntary reduction of current water use of 10-15%
Center-pivot sprinklers are commonly used in the High Plains
Large quantities of groundwater pumped from the Ogallala Aquifer allows these semiarid western lands to yield abundant harvests
Example: The Ogallala Aquifer
The Ogallala Aquifer Water is being extracted 100 times the
natural replacement rate (recharge) Water level in the aquifer dropping at the
rate of five feet per yearEight states draw water from the aquifer: • Colorado• Kansas• Nebraska • New Mexico• Oklahoma• South Dakota• Texas• Wyoming
The High Plains Underground Water Conservation District says that agriculture producers are drawing water from the Ogallala Aquifer at unsustainable rates
They predict that the aquifer will dry up within the next 30 years
Cotton producers said the Conservation District is using its report to justify regulations to restrict groundwater and aquifer usage
Ag producers said the report has been manipulated to take control of the resource, not to conserve it
Report, 2012
• Many major aquifers have reduced yields due to over-pumping
• Over-pumping also causes significant ground water quality issues
A Note about Bottled Water In 2004, Americans, on average, drank 24 gallons
of bottled water Consumption of bottled water is growing more
quickly than that of soft drinks and has more than doubled in the past decade
This year, Americans will spend around $9.8 billion on bottled water, according to the Beverage Marketing Corporation.
Ounce for ounce, it costs more than gasoline Bottled water costs 250 to 10,000 times more
than tap water. Globally, bottled water is now a $46 billion industry
FYI: bottled water industry
Why has bottled water become so popular?
“Companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi, with their Dasani and Aquafina bottled water products, spend millions of dollars on ads that depict fresh mountain springs and nature... when in fact both of these, like many other leading brands, use municipally treated tap water as the source.”
--National Resources Defense Council
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency Information available
◦ Name◦ Other counties sharing this watershed◦ Watersheds upstream◦ Watersheds downstream◦ Stream flow information◦ Impaired waters
Website: http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/
Surf Your Watershed
Surf Your Watershed Read the general instructions Complete the assignment Due: Wednesday, Aug. 28
Assignment