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GUIDELINES

FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS

FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE

ONION and SHALLOTAllium cepa L

Allium cepa var. ascalonicum L.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Subject of these Guidelines .3

II. Material Required .3

III. Conduct of Tests .3

IV. Methods and Observations .3-4

V. Grouping of Varieties .4

VI. Characteristics and Symbols .4

VII. Table of Characteristics ...5-13

VIII. Explanations on the Table of Characteristics .14-19

IX. Literature .20-21X. Technical Questionnaire .22-26

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I. Subject of these Guidelines

These Test Guidelines apply to all seed and vegetatively propagated varieties of onion (Alliumcepa L.) and multiplier onion or shallot (A. cepa var. ascalonicum)

II. Material Required

1. The Plant Variety Protection Office (PVPO) decides where and in what quantity andquality the plant material required for testing the variety is to be delivered. Applicants submitting materialoutside the Philippines must make sure all customs formalities are complied with. The minimum quantity ofplant material or seed to be supplied by the applicant in one or several samples should be:

(a) Seed propagated varieties: 30g of seed(b) Vegetatively propagated varieties: 500 bulblets or sets

The seeds submitted for testing must have at least 90% germination, utmost 10% moisturecontent and 99% purity.

2. The seed and plant material must not have undergone any treatment unless the PVPOrequires such treatment. If it has been treated, full details of the treatment must be given.

III. Conduct of Tests

2. A minimum of two tests will be required and these be conducted during the dry season atone place. If any important characteristics of the variety cannot be seen at that place, the variety may betested at an additional location.

3. The tests should be carried out under conditions ensuring normal growth. The size of theplots should be 1 x 5 m. or 10 sq. m. for the two replications following 20 cm x 20 cm planting distance.Each test should include a total of 250 plants. Separate plots for observation and for measuring can only beused if they have been subject to similar environmental conditions.

4. Additional tests for special purposes may be established.IV. Methods and Observations

1. All observations determined by measurement or counting should be made on 60 plants orparts taken from each of 60 plants.

2. For the assessment of uniformity of vegetatively propagated varieties, a populationstandard of 1% with an acceptance probability of at least 95% should be applied. In the case of a samplesize of 100 plants the maximum number of off-types allowed would be 3.

3. For the assessment of uniformity of open-pollinated and hybrid varieties relative uniformitystandards should be applied.

4. All observations on the leaf and the foliage should be made on the fifth leaf stage.

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5. All observations on the bulb should be made at harvest maturity.V. Grouping of Varieties

1. The collection of varieties to be grown should be divided into groups to facilitate theassessment of distinctness. Characteristics which are suitable for growing purposes are those which areknow from experience not to vary, or to vary only slightly, within a variety. Their various stage of expressionshould be fairly distributed throughout the collection.

2. It is recommended that the following characteristics will be used for grouping varieties:(a) Bulb: splitting into bulblets (with dry skin around each bulblet) (characteristic 10)(b) Bulb/Bulblet: general shape (in longitudinal section) (characteristic 18)(c) Bulb/Bulblet: basic color for dry skin ( characteristic 23)

VI. Characteristics and Symbols

1. To assess distinctness, uniformity and stability, the characteristics and their states asgiven in the Table of Characteristics should be used. The name of each example variety is followed by anabbreviation indicating whether the variety is an onion (O) or a shallot (S).

2. Notes (numbers), for purposes of electronic data processing, are given opposite the statesof expression for each characteristic.

3. Legend:(*) Characteristics that should be used on all varieties in every growing period overwhich the examinations are made and always be included in the variety descriptions,except when the state of expression of a preceding characteristics or regionalenvironmental conditions render this impossible.

(+) See Explanations on the Table of Characteristics in Chapter VIII.

(1) The optimum stage of development for the assessment of each characteristicis indicated by a number in the second column. The stages of development denotedby each number are described at the end of the Chapter VIII.

(2) Type of example variety: O = Onion, S = Shallot.

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VII. Table of Characteristics

TraitNo.

Characteristic Description/Category

Reference(Example) Varieties

ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

few 3

Medium Red Creole, RedPing, YellowGranex, Red

Pinoy, Nueventa

5

1.(*) Plant: number of leavesper pseudostem

Many Tanduyong,Batanes, Farmers

Batanes

7

Erect Red Pinoy,Nueventa Tanduyong,Batanes, FarmersBatanes,

1

semi-erect Red Creole, RedPing

2

2(*) Foliage: orientation

horizontal 3

absent Tanduyong,Batanes, Farmers

Batanes

1

medium Red Creole,

Red Ping

5

3(*)

Foliage: waxiness

Strong Red Pinoy,Nueventa

9

Light 3

medium Batanes Red,Tanduyong,

Farmers Batanes

5

4.(*)

Foliage: green color

Dark Red Pinoy, RedCreole, Red Pinoy,

Nueventa

7

absent or veryweak

Tanduyong,Batanes

1

weak Red Pinoy, YellowGranex

Farmers Batanes 3

5.(* ) (+)

Foliage: cranking

medium Red Creole, RedPinoy, Nueventa

5

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

Strong 7

very strong 9

very short 1

short Red Pinoy 3

Medium Red Creole, RedPinoy, Nueventa

5

long Yellow Granex 7

6.1 Onion varieties only:Leaf: length

very long 9

very short 1

short Tanduyong 3

medium Batanes, FarmersBatanes

5

long 7

6.2 Shallot varieties only:Leaf: length

very long 9

Small Red Pinoy 3


5

7.1(*)

Onion varieties only:Leaf: diameter

large Yellow Granex 7

Small Tanduyong,Farmers Batanes

3

medium Batanes Red 5

7.2(*)

Shallot varieties only:Leaf: diameter

Large 7

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

Short Red Pinoy 3


5

8.(+)

Onion varieties only:Pseudostem: length (up

to highest green leaf)

long Yellow Granex 7

Small Red Pinoy, RedPinoy, Nueventa

3

medium Red Creole 5

9.(+)

Onion varieties only:Pseudostem: diameter(at midpoint of length)

Large Yellow Granex 7

Absent Yellow Granex,Red Pinoy,Nueventa

110.a(*) (+)

Bulb:splitting into bulblet(with dry skinaround each bulblet)

present Red Pinoy 9

Absent Yellow Granex 110.b(*)

Bulb: internal split

present Red Creole, RedPinoy, Red Pinoy,

Nueventa

9

weak (1-2) 3

medium (3-4) Batanes Red 5

11

(*)

Shallot varieties only:

Bulb: degree of splittinginto bulblet

strong ( morethan 5)

Tanduyong 7

Small Red Pinoy 3

medium Red Creole 5

12.a(*)

Onion varieties only:Bulb: size


Small Sibuyas Tagalog 3

medium Tanduyong 5

12.b(*)

Shallot varieties grownfrom bulblets only:Bulblet: size

large Batanes 7

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

short Red Pinoy 3


5

13.a(*)

Onion varieties only: bulbPolar diameter

tall Yellow Granex 7

short Sibuyas Tagalog 3

medium Batanes 5

13.b(*)

Shallot varieties grownfrom bulblets only:Bulblet: polar diameter

tall Tanduyong 7

small Red Pinoy 3


5

14.a(*)

Onion varieties only:Bulb: equatorial diameter


small Sibuyas Tagalog,Farmers Batanes

3

medium Tanduyong 5

14.b(*)

Shallot varieties grownfrom bulblet only: Bulblet:equatorial diameter

large Batanes 7

small Red Pinoy 3


5

15.a(*)

Onion varieties only:Bulb:ratioheight/diameter


small Sibuyas Tagalog,Farmers Batanes

3

medium Batanes 5

15.b(*)

Shallot varieties fromBulblet only: Bulblet:

Ratio height/diameter

large Tanduyong 7

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

towards apex 1

at middle Red Creole,Yellow Granex

2

16(*) (+)

Bulb/Bulblet: position ofmaximum diameter

towards base Red Pinoy, RedPinoy, Nueventa

3

narrow Red Pinoy,Nueventa

Farmers Batanes 3

medium Red Creole 5

17(+)

Bulb/Bulblet: width ofneck

broad Yellow Granex 7

elliptic 1

ovate 2

broad elliptic 3

circular Yellow Granex 4

broad ovate Red Creole 5

broad obovate 6

rhombic 7

transverseelliptic

Red Pinoy 8

18(*) (+)

Bulb/Bulblet: generalshape (in longitudinalsection)

transversenarrow elliptic

9

flat 1

slightly raised Red Creole, Red

Pinoy

2

rounded Yellow Granex 3

slightly sloping 4

19.(*) (+)

Onion varieties only:Bulb: shape of top (as for18) Depressed

strongly sloping Red Pinoy,Nueventa

5

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

recessed 1

flat Red Pinoy, Farmers Batanes 2

round Yellow Granex,Red Creole

3

weakly tapered Red Pinoy,Nueventa

4

20.(*) (+)

Bulb/Bulblet: shape ofbase (as for 18)

strongly tapered 5

weak Yellow Granex 3

medium Red Creole, Farmers Batanes 5

21. Bulb/Bulblet: adherenceof dry skin after harvest

strong Red Pinoy, RedPinoy, Nueventa

7

thin Yellow Granex 3

medium Red Creole 5

22. Bulb/Bulblet: thickness ofdry skin

thick Red Pinoy,Nueventa

Farmers Batanes 7

white 1

gray 2

green 3

yellow Yellow Granex 4

brown Farmers Batanes 5

pink 6

23.(*)

Bulb/Bulblet: basic colorof dry skin

red Red Creole, RedPinoy,

Nueventa

7

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

very low 1

low Yellow Granex 3

medium 5

high Red Creole, RedPing,

Red Pinoy,Nueventa

Farmers Batanes 7

28.(+)

Bulb/Bulblet: dry mattercontent

very high 9

absent or veryweak

Yellow Granex,Red Pinoy,Nueventa

1

weak Red Pinoy, RedCreole

3

medium 5

strong 7

29. Onion: tendency to bolt

very strong 9

early Yellow Granex 3

medium Red Pinoy, RedCreole

5

30. Onion varieties only: timeof beginning of bolting

late Red Pinoy,Nueventa

7

early Yellow Granex.Nueventa

3

medium Red Pinoy, RedCreole, 5

31.a Onion varieties only: timeof harvest maturity

late 7

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TraitNo.



ONION SHALLOT

Note/Remarks

early Australia, FarmersBatanes

3

medium Tanduyong 5

31.b Shallot varieties only:time of harvest maturity

late Batanes 7

early Batanes 3

medium Tanduyong 5

32.(*)

Time of sprouting duringstorage

late Red Pinoy, ,Nueventa

Farmers Batanes 7

33. Reaction to Pestsusceptible Red Pinoy,

NueventaFarmers Batanes33.1. Purple blotch

resistant 6 S (Sumenep)

susceptible Red Pinoy,Nueventa

Farmers Batanes33.2. Cercospora leaf spot

resistant


Farmers Batanes33.3. Bulb rot

resistant


Farmers Batanes33.4. Anthracnose

resistant


Farmers Batanes33.5 Nematode

resistant

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VIII. Explanations on the Table of Characteristics

Trait No. 5: Foliage: cranking

Trait No. 8 and 9 Onion varieties only: pseudostem: length (up to highest green leaf) (8) and diameter (atmidpoint of length) (9)

Trait No. 10 Bulb: splitting into bulblets (with dry skin around each bulblet)

1

absentor

very weak

3

weak

5

medium

7

strong

9

very strong

1

absent

9

present

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Trait No. 16: Bulb/Bulblet: position of maximum diameter

Trait No. 17: Bulb/Bulblet: width of neck

Trait No. 18: Bulb/Bulblet: general shape ( in longitudinal section)

1towards apex

2at middle

3towards base

1

very narrow

3

narrow

5

medium

7

broad

9

very broad

1elliptic

2ovate

3broadelliptic

4

circular5

broadovate

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Ad. 19: Onion varieties only: Bulb: shape of top (as for 18)

Ad. 20: Bulb/Bulblet: shape of base (as for 18)

6broad

obovate

7

rhombic

8tranverse

elliptic

9tranverse

narrow elliptic

2

flat

1depressed

3slightlyraised

4rounded

5slightlysloping

6stronglysloping

1

recessed

2

flat

3

round

4

weaklytapered

5

stronglytapered

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Ad. 27: Bulb/Bulblet: number of axes

T he number of axes should be assessed when the bulb/bulblet has completely died back andbefore there is any sprouting. The bulb or bulblet should be cut in transverse section, starting at the widestpoint and make further cuts towards the base of the bulb/bulblet, until there is consistency in the number of

axes. Each axis appears as a point, often greenish in color surrounded by tissue rings.

Add. 28: Bulb/Bulblet: dry matter content

Dry matter content should be determined according to IV-I for 3 x 20 bulbs (e.g. one sample of 20bulbs from each plot). From these bulbs the dry skin should be prepared by cutting the bulbs into smallpieces of 1-5 mm size. A representative sample should be weighed directly after cutting ( we should beaware that the biodegradation of sugars and carbohydrates starts as soon as cells are damaged). Thesample should be dried for 2 hours at 1050C and then the temperature should be lowered to 650C during22 hours. Lowering of temperature is necessary to avoid caramelisation. The remaining weight should beassed after 24 hours. From these figures the dry matter content may be calculated. The dry matter content

could also be assessed by obtaining the total soluble solids (TSS) using a refractometer.

Ad. 35: Time of sprouting during storage

Care should be taken to exclude damaged bulbs. Storage temperature should be maintainedunder ambient condition.

Code for the Growth Stages 1: Seed to Bulb

Growth stage General description

Vegetative Cycle00 Dry

0 Germination

Seedling growth

10 Emerged seedling at loop stage15 Seedling with testa above ground and still attached to cotyledon20 Emergence of first true leaf25 Second true leaf stage30 Third leaf stage35 Fourth leaf stage40 Fifth leaf stage

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Plant Growth

45 Sixth leaf stage50 Seventh leaf stage-first leaf senescing55 Eighth leaf stage6065 Tenth leaf stage; second and third leaf senescing; early bulb development707580859095

100 Full expansion of leaves achieved; continued swelling of bulb

105 Beginning of foliage fall-over, weakening of false stem turgidity115 Leaves dry off; bulb size continues to increase; darkening of bulb scales120125130135 Bulb at harvestable maturity140145150 Complete die-back of foliage; bulb top seals over for dormancy

Reproductive Cycle

160.1 Start of sprouting in store swelling of root initials or emergenceof shoot at top of bulb

170.1180.1 Sprouted bulbs with emerging leaves190.1200.1 Splitting of outer skin210.1 Emergence of scape and underdeveloped spathe220.1 Scape elongation and swelling of middle230.1240.1 Swelling of spathe250.1 Splitting of spade260.1 Enlargement of umbel270.1 Opening of florets (where fertile)280.1 Pollination of florets290.1 Seed set swelling of pollinated ovaries300.1310.1320.1 Ripe seed in umbels330.1

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IX. Literature- BREWSTER, J. L., 1994: Crop Production Science in Horticulture 3: Onions and Other Vegetables

Alliums. CAB International.

- BREWSTER, J. L. and BARNES, A., 1981: A Comparison of Relative Growth Rates of DifferentIndividual Plants and Different Cultivars of Onion of Diverse Geographic Origin at Two Temperaturesand Two Light Intensities. Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 18, 589-604.

- BREWSTER, J. L., SALTER, P. J. and DARBY, R. J., 1977: Analysis of the Growth and Yield ofOver-wintered Onions. Journal of Horticulture Science Vol. 52, 335-346.

- CLARKE, A. E., JONES, H. A. and LITTLE, T. M., 1994: Inheritance of Bulb Colour in the Onion.Genetics 29, pp 569-575.

-EL-SHAFIE, M. W. and DAVIES, G. N., 1967: Inheritance of Bulb Color in the Onion (Allium cepa L.).Hilgardia Vol. 38, No. 17, 607-622.

- JONES, H. A., CLARKE, A. E. and STEVENSON, F. J., 1944: Studies in the Genetics of the Onion(Allium cepa L.). Proceedings of the American Society for Horticulture Science 44, pp 479-484.

- JONES, H. A. and MANN, L. K., 1963: onions and Their Allies: Botany, Cultivation and Utilisation.London, Leonard Hill.

- JONES, H. A. and PETERSON, C. E., 1952: Complementary Factors for Light-Red Bulb Colour inOnions. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticulture Science Vol. 59, 457.

- KAPPERT and RUDOLF, W., 1962: Zchtung von Gemse, Obst, Reben and Forstpflanzen. VerlagPaul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, pp 270-312.

- KUCKUCK, H. and KOBAKE, G., 1962, in ROEMER, T. and RUDOLF, W., 1962: Handbuch derPfanzen-Zchtung, Band VI. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg.

- MAGRUDER, R. and ALLARD, H. A., 1937: Bulb Formation in Some American and EuropeanVarieties of Onions as Affected by Length of Day. Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 54, Part No.10, 719-752.

- MAGRUDER, R. et al, 1941: Descriptions and Types of Principal American Varieties of Onion. USDA,Miscellaneous Publication No. 435, Washington DC.

- MESSIAEN, C. M., COHAT, L., LEROUX, J. P., PICHON, M., BEYRIES, A., 1993: Les alliumalimentaires reproduits para voie vgtative. INRA Editions, Paris.

- MIDMORE, D. J., 1994, (Editor): International Symposium on Alliums for the Tropics. ActaHorticulturae, 358.

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- RABINOWITCH, H. D. and BREWSTER, J. L., 1990: Onions and Allied Crops. Vol. 1-3 CRC Press,Boca Raton.

- REIEMAN, G. H., 1931: Genetic Factors for Pigmentation in the Onion and Their Relation to DiseaseResistance. Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 42, No. 5, 251-278.

- SCULLY, N. J., PARKER, M. W. and BORTHWICK, H. A. 1945: Interaction of Nitrogen Nutrition andPhoto-period as Expressed in Bulbing and Flower Stalk Development of Onion. Botanical Gazette Vol.107, 52-61.

- SCWARTZ, H. F. and MOHAN, S. K., 1995 (Editors): Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases.The American Phytopathological Society, (ISBN: 0-89-54-170-1).

- WRIGHT, C. J. and SOBEIGH, W. Y., 1986: The Photo-periodic Regulation of Bulbing in Onions(Allium cepa L.), Effects of Irradiance. Journal of Horticulture Science Vol. 61, Part 3, 311-335.

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X. Technical Questionnaire

Reference Number(not to be filled in by the applicant)_____________________________

_____________________________

TECHNICAL QUESTIONNAIREto be completed in connection with an application for plant breeders rights

1. Species Allium cepaL.Allium escalonicumL.

(a) ONION ( )

(b) SHALLOT ( )

2. Applicant (Name and address)

3. Proposed denomination or breeders reference

4. Information on origin, maintenance and reproduction of the variety

4.1 Variety type

(a) open-pollinated ( )(b) single hybrid ( )

(c) three-way hybrid ( )(d) clone ( )

(e) other type (indicate what type) ( )

4.2 Other information

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5. Characteristics of the variety to be indicated ( the number in brackets refers to the correspondingcharacteristic in Test Guidelines; please mark the state of expression which best corresponds).

Characteristics Description/Category ExampleVarieties

Note

5.1(1) Plant: number of leaves perpseudostem few

medium

many

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

7 [ ]

5.2(4)

Foliage: green color light

medium

dark

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

7 [ ]

5.3a(10)

Bulb: splitting into bulblets(with dry skin around eachbulblet)

absent

present

1 [ ]

9 [ ]

5.3b Bulb: internal split absent

present

1 [ ]

9 [ ]

5.4.1(12.1)

Onion varieties only: Bulb: size small

medium

large

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

7 [ ]

5.4.2(12.2)

Shallow varieties grown fromblblets only: Bulblet: size

small

medium

large

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

7 [ ]

5.5(18)

Bulb/Bulblet: general shape (inlongitudinal section)

elliptic

ovate

broad elliptic

circular

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

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Characteristics Description/Category ExampleVarieties

Note

5.8(33)

Onion varieties only: Time ofharvest maturity

very early

early

medium

late

very late

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6. Similar varieties and differences between these varieties

Denomination ofsimilar variety

Characteristic in which thesimilar variety is different o)

State of expressionof similar variety

State of expression ofcandidate variety

______________

o) In the case of identical states of expressions of both varieties, please indicate the size of the difference.

7. Additional information which may help to distinguish the variety

7.1 Resistance to pests and diseases7.2 Special conditions for testing the variety

7.2.1 Day length conditions which favor full bulb development

(a) short day [ ]

(b) long day [ ]

7.2.2 Dry matter content

(a) low [ ]

(b) medium [ ]

(c) high [ ]

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7.2.3 Suitability for storage(a) none [ ]

(b) short term [ ]

(c) long term [ ]

7.3 Other information

8. Authorization for release

(a) Does the variety require prior authorization for release under legislation concerning the protectionof the environment, human and animal health?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

(b) Has such authorization been obtained?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If the answer to that question is yes, please attach a copy of such an authorization.

[end of document]

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