Online – animated web site

http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U5Storyboard.htm

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Take notes here

Summary – one summary at the end

Questions

“Cornell Style”

Chapter 12

DNA

Function of DNA: Stores genetic information.Tells a cell what to do.“instructions”, “directions”, “recipe”

Structure: Double helix made of nucleotides

Nucleotide made of 3 parts.1. 5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose)2. Phosphate group

3. Base

Bases:Purines PyrimidinesAdenine ThymineGuanine Cytosine

hydrogen bonds

“GCAT”

1. DNA unzips

2. Base pairs attach

3. 1/2 old & 1/2 new

“to copy”

DNA replication

C AT G

C

C A AG G

GG A C TTT C

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

C GATDNA nucleotides

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G

C

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G G

C C

covalent bond formedcatalyzed by DNA polymerase

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G AG

C TC

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G AG C

C TC G

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G A TG C

C T AC G

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G A TG C T

C T AC G A

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G A TG C T C

C T AC G A G

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G A TG C T TC

C T AC G A AG

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

one strand acts as template for a new one

G A TG C T T CC

C T AC G A A GG

DNA replication

C AT GC A AG G

CGG A C TTT C

“semiconservative” replication

G A TG C T T CC

C T AC G A A GG

old strand

old strand

new strand

new strand

RNA

Function: To move genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Structure: Made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)

3 Types of RNA1. “messenger” mRNA – transcribes DNA’s

message2. “ribosomal” rRNA – translates the mRNA3. “transfer” tRNA – carries amino acids

Difference between RNA & DNA

1. The sugar is Ribose in RNA

2. RNA is single stranded

3. RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine

DNA

G

C

T

A

RNA

C

G

A

U

(Protein Synthesis)1. mRNA is transcribed from DNA

2. mRNA leaves nucleus

3. mRNA travels to a ribosome

4. the ribosome (rRNA) translates the mRNA

5. tRNA brings the correct amino acid

6. the amino acids link together to form a protein

“To Make”

Nuclear membrane

tRNA

Amino acid

ProteinCell membrane Ribosome

1

2

3

4

5

6

C AT G

C

C A AG G

GG A C TTT C

info.DNA strand

C AT G

C

C A AG G

GG A C TTT C

info.DNA strand

code foran amino acid

C AT G

C

C A AG G

GG A C TTT C

info.DNA strand

code foranother amino acid

transcription

CGG A C TTT C

CU A

G

info.DNA strand

RNA nucleotides

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC

info.DNA strand

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC

info.DNA strand

C

covalent bond formedcatalyzed by RNA polymerase

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U

info.DNA strand

C

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U G

info.DNA strand

C

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U G

info.DNA strand

C A

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U G

info.DNA strand

C AA

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U G

info.DNA strand

C GAA

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U AG

info.DNA strand

C GAA

transcription

CGG A C TTT C

info.DNA strand

C U AGC GGAA

transcription

CGG A C TTT CC U AG

info.DNA strand

C GGAA

part ofmessenger RNA

mRNA

C U AGC GGAA

Every 3 bases is a code “CODON” for an amino acid.

Codon CodonCodon

How does the tRNA know what amino acid to bring?

It uses the genetic code table.

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

C U AGC GGAA

site onribosome

codon

mRNA

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

C U AGC GGAAAGG

proline

mRNA

tRNA

amino acid

codon

anticodon

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

C U AGC GGAAAGG

proline

UUC

glutamate

mRNA

C U AGC GGAAAGG

proline

UUC

glutamate

peptide bond forms

mRNA

C U AGC GGAAAGG

proline

UUC

glutamate

tRNA released

mRNA

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

C U AGC GGAA

proline

UUC

glutamate

CUC

glutamate

C U AGC GGAA

proline

UUC

glutamate

CUC

glutamate

Protein

Termination of protein synthesis

3 STOP codonsprotein released

1stBase

the genetic code

2nd Base

3rdBase

U C A G

phenylalanine

phenylalanine

leucineleucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

isoleucine

methionine

valinevaline

valine

valine

serine

serine

serine

serine

proline

proline

proline

proline

threonine

threonine

threonine

threonine

alaninealanine

alanine

alanine

tyrosine

tyrosine

STOP

STOP

histidine

histidine

glutamine

glutamine

asparagine

asparagine

lysine

lysine

aspartateaspartate

glutamate

glutamate

cysteine

cysteine

STOP

tryptophan

U

C

A

G

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

arginine

serine

serine

glycineglycine

glycine

glycine

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G

U

C

A

G