“Only Thing To Fear”

- America tired of Hoover

-1932 Inauguration Speech

“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself”

-Public Relations

-Fireside Chats

FDR spoke by radio to America on a regular basis

Calmed their fears

In 1932, the presidential election showed that Americans were clearly ready for a change.

“Only Thing To Fear”

- Lame-duck period

Hoover tried to initiate some of Roosevelt’s plans

met by stubbornness and resistance.

FDR accused of letting the depression worsen so that he could emerge as an even more shining savior.

- 20th Amendment

Lame duck period to 6 weeks (January, not March inauguration )

A Call to Action-Progressive programs

Experiment with solutions

Relief, Recovery, Reform

-Group Effort

Eleanor Roosevelt

More political first lady

Brain Trust

Intellectuals who helped FDR develop policies

Frances Perkins

Secretary of Labor

1st woman to hold cabinet position

-1st 100 Days

March-June 1933

The Roosevelt administration

implemented programs to provide relief to farmers. It

also aided other workers and provided for

stimulating economic recovery. What do you think

the cartoonist means by Roosevelt’s remark

concerning New Deal remedies?

Eleanor Roosevelt

A niece of Teddy Roosevelt and a distant cousin of Franklin, Eleanor lost her parents at an early age and was raised by a

strict grandmother.

As First Lady, she often urged the president to take stands on controversial issues. She became known for speaking out

against economic and social injustice. In presenting a booklet on human rights to the UN in 1958 she said, “Where after all

do human rights begin?... [In] the world of the individual person: the neighborhood…the school…the factory, farm or

office where he works.”

African Americans

-Mary McLeod Bethune

friend of Eleanor Roosevelt

established “Black Cabinet”

Advised President on education

-Concert of Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial

-Roosevelt never fully committed to civil rights

-African Americans came to support the Democratic Party

When the Daughters of the American Revolution chose not to allow Anderson to perform in their

concert hall Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform at the

Lincoln Memorial

First New Deal

-Deficit spending

Spending money country does not have (Keynesianism)

-Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 – FDR Controls the banks

Bank Holiday closed all banks to prevent withdrawals

Reopened sound banks-those unable to repay debts stayed closed

-Off of the gold standard

controlled inflation

Congress to buy gold at increasingly higher prices (1 oz. = $35 v. $21 oz.)

Alphabet Soup - Banking

-FDIC

Federal Depositors Insurance Corporation

federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $100,000

-SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulate stock market

-Federal Securities Act

Truth in Securities Act

required promoters to give sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds.

Alphabet Soup - Jobs

-PWA

Public Works Administration

Money given to states to create construction jobs

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief

Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes

projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways

Grand Coulee Dam

- CWA

The Civil Works Administration

provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. frivolous - “boondoggling”)

-WPA

Works Progress Administration

provided jobs for unskilled workers, built many government buildings

-TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority

flood control

hydroelectricity

-CCC

Civilian Conservation Corp

young men age 18-25

Built roads, parks

Alphabet Soup - Jobs

Alphabet Soup - Labor

-Fair Labor Standards Act

Minimum Wage – 40 cents/hr.

44 hr max/week

ended child labor

-NLRA

National Labor Relations Act/ Wagner Act

monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who join unions

CIO

Committee for Industrial Organization

Unskilled laborers unions

Formed by - John L. Lewis, the boss of the United Mine Workers

Within the ranks of the AF of L

The CIO later left the AF of L and became Congress of Industrial Organizations

Alphabet Soup - Labor

- NRANational Recovery Administration most complicated of the programsdesigned to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. maximum hours minimum wagesmore rights for labor union members

choose their ownrepresentatives

in bargaining

Alphabet Soup - Labor

- NRA The Philadelphia

Eagles were named after NRA

shot down by the Supreme Court.

Alphabet Soup - Labor

- Dust Bowl

Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma

forced many farmers to migrate west

inspired Steinbeck’s classic The Grapes of Wrath.

The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.

Resettlement Administration - removed near-farmless farmers to better land.

Alphabet Soup - Agriculture

Alphabet Soup - Agriculture

- AAA Agricultural Adjustment

Act millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages

- Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years

voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court

- HOLC

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation

refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes

- FHA

Federal Housing Administration

small loans to householders

It was one of the “alphabetical” agencies to outlast the age of Roosevelt.

- USHA

Housing Authority

lend money to states orcommunities for low-cost construction

1st time slum areas stopped growing.

Alphabet Soup - Housing

Alphabet Soup – Seniors

-SSA

Social Security Act

> 65 get retirement income

- Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (the Indian “New Deal”)

John Collier - Commissioner of Indian Affairs

sought to reverse forced-assimilation

encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions

Not all Indians liked it (200 did).

Alphabet Soup – Indians

Not Enough Help

-By 1935 the economy has still not recovered

Depression not over yet

-there is enough relief to keep people from starving

-some people start to demand more action

“Eighteen million Americans are so poor of this world’s goods

that they are on relief”

New Deal Critics-Father Charles Coughlin

heavy taxes on the rich to provide income for all

guaranteed annual income

-Huey Long

“Every man a King”

guaranteed income ($5000), home and college for all

“Share Our Wealth” Plan

Limit income to <$1,000,000

- Dr. Francis E. Townsend

each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month

guaranteed seniors income

“We owe debts in America today, public and private,

amounting to $252 billion. That means that every child is

born with a $2000 debt around his neck… We propose that children shall be born in

a land of opportunity, guaranteed a home, food,

clothes, and other things that make for living, including the

right to education.”-- Huey Long

Court Packing

-Several New Deal programs ruled unconstitutional

AAA, NRA

-Roosevelt proposed adding new justices

-seen as a threat to checks and balances

- Alfred M. Landon

run against FDR

weak on the radio and weaker in personal campaigning

favored parts ofFDR’s New Deal

- Roosevelt won

landslide- 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8

FDR won primarily because he appealed to the “forgotten man”

1936 Election

End of the New Deal

-”I see 1/3 of a nation ill -housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished”-FDR 1937

-by 1937, some recovery so gov’t pulls back programs and depression returns

-opposition grows to continued gov’t control-not solving the depression

-international affairs begin to take precedence

-New deal has great legacy

WWII Ends the Great Depression

What is this political cartoon saying about the New Deal and

its affect on America?