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Ontology: From Philosophy to
Engineering
Barry Smith
August 26, 2013
Part One: Introduction
Part Two: An Oil and Gas Industry Case Study
Part Three: How to Do It Right
Part Four: Massively Planned Social Agency
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Ontology (Philosophy)
“Ontology” a synonym for “Metaphysics”
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The theory of being as being
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Ontology (Engineering)
Ontologies are standardized classification systems which enable data from different sources to be combined
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National Center for Biomedical Ontology
$35.8 mill. NIH Roadmap Center
founded 2005
Stanford Medical Informatics
The Mayo Clinic
University at Buffalo Department of Philosophy
national center for
ontological research
founded October 2005
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established to:• advance ontology standards and principles• advance ontology education• develop measures of quality for ontologies and
to establish best practiceshttp://ncor.us
Main activities:• initiated Ontology for the Intelligence Community
(OIC) series: http://ncor.us/OICseries• ontology contributions to Army Net-Centric Data
Strategy
NCOR
Examples of Ontology Projects funded by National Institutes of Health
NIH / NHGRI GO: Gene Ontology
NIH / NIGMS PRO: Protein Ontology
NIH / NIAID IDO: Infectious Disease Ontology
NIH / NIAID Major Histocompatilibity Complex (MHC) Ontology
NIH / NHGRI SO: Sequence Ontology
NIH / NLM FMA: Foundational Model of Anatomy
NIH / NHGRI CL: Cell Ontology
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How Siri Works – Interview with Tom Gruber, CTO of SIRI
January 26th, 2010
Nova Spivack: Siri seems smart, at least about the kinds of tasks it was designed for. How is the knowledge represented in Siri – is it an ontology or something else?
Tom Gruber: Siri’s knowledge is represented in a unified modeling system that combines ontologies, inference networks, pattern matching agents, dictionaries, and dialog models. … Siri can look at what it knows and think about similarities and generalizations at a semantic level.
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Part Two: Oil and Gas Industry Case Study
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Ontology (Engineering) often marked by intellectual confusions, which lead to failures
Gruber: ‘For AI systems what “exists” is what can be represented’
Microsoft Healthvault: ‘An allergy episode is … a single unit of data that is recorded in Microsoft Healthvault’
www.acrc.unisa.edu.au
An Ontological Core for Conformance Checking in the Engineering LifecycleFOIS 2014
Andreas Jordan, Matt Selway, Georg Grossmann, Wolfgang Mayer, Markus Stumptner
University of South Australia
Advanced Computing Research Centre
Adelaide, South Australia
Industrial plants
Engineering Lifecycle
• Plant or Component
Engineering Conformance Checks
• Want to validate concrete systems– Components– Composed subsystems– Plant
• Operational behavior monitored over time– To do this requires passing data between the software
systems in different stages of the lifecycle
Document Management
Engineering CAD/CAE Systems
Process Modeling Systems
Planning and Dispatch Systems
Lab Information Management
Reconciliation System
Maintenance System
Historian System Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Environmental Monitoring System Data
Financial SystemData
HR SystemData
Production SystemData
Documents SystemData
Procedures SystemData
Planning SystemData
EHS SystemData
Maintenance SystemData
Supply SystemData
Enterprise ManagementProduction Management
Data Exchange in a Production Enterprise
• System Stability And Reliability Issues• No Single Version Of The Truth• System Maintenance Issues• Difficult Access To Multiple Systems/Applications
(courtesy of Emerson Process Management)
Prioritized Oil & Gas Use Cases
1 Information Handover from EPC to O/O
2 Recurring Engineering Updates to O&M
3 Field Changes to Plant/Facility Engineering
4 Online Product Data Library
5 Asset Configuration Updates
6 Preventive Maintenance Triggering
7 Condition-Based Maintenance Triggering
8 Early Warning Notifications
9 Incident Management/Accountability
10 Information Provisioning of O&M Systems
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ISO 15926 Design Information
Practical aspects
• After a decade, not all of the “Data Model” is used (about 45%)
• Concrete implementations institute auxiliary concepts to sideslip 4D nature
• Explicit entry of classification relationships means that these become prescriptive– If a pump deteriorates in use and moves outside its
design parameters, the model becomes inconsistent
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Data Model: a generic 4D model that can support all disciplines, supply chain company types and life cycle stages, regarding information about functional requirements, physical solutions, types of objects and individual objects as well as activities
ISO 15926 Part 2
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How Not to Build Useful Ontologies
ISO/FDIS 15926-2
Lifecycle integration of process plant data including oil and gas production facilities
Matthew West (Shell, Retd.)
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Heh ! Let’s reinvent the wheel
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2006 NIST Upper Ontology Summit
March 14-15, 2006,Gaithersburg, MD
ISO 15926 proposed for general use as an upper level ontology – for ‘integrating diverse information systems’ and ‘integrating [and] analyzing mid-level ontologies’ without restriction.
Matthew West, “ISO 15926 – Integration of Lifecycle Data” http://ontolog.cim3.net /file/work/UpperOntologySummit/UO-Summit-Meeting_20050315/UOS--west_ 20060315.ppt
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General Defects in Ontology Documentation
many ontology authors do not take account of the fact that expressions such as ‘data’, ‘instance’, ‘entity’, ‘object’, ‘represent’, ‘model’ etc., are used in different ways by different (database, programmer, general user) communities.
How to avoid creating puddings out of such abstract nouns?
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The importance of consensus-based uptake
An ontology is like a telephone network: it is designed to support exchange of information.
Its value depends on the number of users who agree to adopt and to help maintain this common network
Thus it depends also on the existence of a straightforward learning path for new users, and of clear and easily accessible documentation.
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The importance of consensus-based uptake
is even greater in the case of an upper level ontology
which is designed to support exchange of information about all subjects
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First Great Mystery
Of the 201 terms included in the ISO 15926 upper-level ontology, 88 are of the form ‘class of X’, for example:
class_of_composite_materialclass_of_compoundclass_of_dimension_for_shape class_of_featureclass_of_feature_whole_partclass_of_functional_objectclass_of_inanimate_physical_objectclass_of_indirect_connection
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Definition of ‘class’
A <class> is a <thing> that is an understanding of the nature of things and that divides things into those which are members of the class and those which are not according to one or more criteria.
Example: ‘Centrifugal pump is a <class>’.
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‘class_of_ relationship_with_related_end_1’
DEFINITION: a <class_of_ relationship> where a particular <thing> is related in the <class_of_relationship>, rather than the members of a <class>. The related <thing> plays the <role_ and_domain> indicated by the class_of_end_1 attribute.
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‘class_of_cause_of_beginning_of_class_of_individual’
DEFINITION: A <class_of_relationship> that indicates that a member of a <class_of_activity> causes the beginning of a member of a <class_of_individual>.
How does a class ‘indicate’?
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‘class_of_cause_of_beginning_of_class_of_individual’
DEFINITION: a <class_of_relationship> that indicates that a member of a <class_of_activity> causes the beginning of a member of a <class_of_individual>.
The term ‘class_of_cause_of_beginning_of_class_of_individua’ indicates that we are to focus on the causes of beginnings of classes.
The definition seems to be about the causes of the beginnings of individuals
But ISO 15926 elsewhere tells us that classes do not have beginnings,
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<class_of_class_of_composition>
DEFINITION: a <class_of_class_of_ relationship> whose members are instances of <class_of_composition>. It indicates that a member of a member of the class_of_class_of_part is a part of a member of an instance of the class_of_class_of_whole,
EXAMPLE: Toxicity description is a class_of_class_of_part of a material data sheet, where the description “has carcinogenic components” is a class_of_part on the Mogas Material Safety Data Sheet, and copy #5 of the Mogas Material Safety Data Sheet has “has carcinogenic components” as a part.
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Believe me, this is not the best way to deal with part-whole relations in an
ontology
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Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Interlobar recess
Interlobar recess
Mesothelium of Pleura
Mesothelium of Pleura
Pleura(Wall of Sac)
Pleura(Wall of Sac)
VisceralPleura
VisceralPleura
Pleural SacPleural Sac
Parietal Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Anatomical SpaceAnatomical Space
OrganCavityOrganCavity
Serous SacCavity
Serous SacCavity
AnatomicalStructure
AnatomicalStructure
OrganOrgan
Serous SacSerous Sac
MediastinalPleura
MediastinalPleura
TissueTissue
Organ PartOrgan Part
Organ Subdivision
Organ Subdivision
Organ Component
Organ Component
Organ CavitySubdivision
Organ CavitySubdivision
Serous SacCavity
Subdivision
Serous SacCavity
Subdivision
part
_of
is_a
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Det Norske Veritas*http://projects.dnv.com/reference_data/RD7Browser/
*Norwegian Truth
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What the oil and gas industry tells me
The ‘upper ontology’ of ISO 15926 is hardly used
The lower branches of ISO 15926 are useful as a controlled vocabulary (because what came before was so bad) – these lower levels deal
with pump, flange, valve,
Part Three: How to Do It Right
Basic Formal Ontology (upper level architecture
Domain Ontologies built downwards by SMEs collaborating to create stable reference modules
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OBO Foundry approach extended into other domains
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NIF Standard Neuroscience Information Framework
IDO Consortium Infectious Disease Ontology
cROP Common Reference Ontologies for Plants
MilPortal.org Military Ontology
AIRS Ontology Suite
Intelligence Ontology Suite
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Planned
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Finance Ontology Suite (FIBO)
Institutions and Organizations Ontology Suite
Document and Document Control Ontology Suite
Planning Ontology Suite (AFRL)
Massively Planned Social Agency
• Part Four
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Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems
• Intelligent buildings • Weather, Climate• Energy, sustainability• Sensor data• Heating and cooling, combustion• Materials• Pollutants, toxins
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The meshing of actions of large numbers of people in
is made possible by an intermeshing of documents
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Orchestal score with
staves
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52Hector Berlioz, Le corsaire, Overture, H 101
The actions of the players in an orchestral performance
• are intermeshed through the sets of intermeshed documents we call orchestral scores
• scores are sets of instructions for playing• scores generate intermeshed obligations to
play in a certain way
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Scores bring it about that specific obligation series are distributed across large groups
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scores and subscoresplans and subplans
which also allow training (rehearsal)
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Modularity of Orchestral Score
Laws allow intermeshing too• systems of intermeshed obligations• systems of intermeshed plans • systems of intermeshed instructions• system of intermeshed authorities
which in turn allow• conception of ever more complex intermeshed plans
through reliance on shared commitments and on development of intermeshed expertise
• excution of these plans through shared agency• investment in human and physical capital
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Directions of fit
• world-to-document: a plan is formulated to change the world (to make it conform to the mind of the planner …)
• document-to-world: an assertion is about something in the world
• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-mind: I say “I promise to pay you $100 dollars” and thereby make it true that I promise to pay you $100 dollars
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what begins as a plan, ends as a record
what makes the record true is: the journey you took
Blueprint
what begins as a plan
ends as a record • of process• of product
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Blueprint associated with multiple series of documents with deontic powers
chain of commitments from order to blueprint creation to acceptance of
blueprint to process of building in
accordance with blueprint
to acceptance of finished building 61
Plans will be modified along the way
physical changes to the building to meet building codes
changes in materials/supplierschanges in allowed physical
processeschanges in administrative
(approval) processesbills and receipts for fees paid
for approvals and certificates
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Documents with different directions of fit become intermeshed through being
stapled together over time
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How create intelligent urban planning
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Robert Moses’ Richmond Parkway Interchange, Staten Island
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Urban PlanningPolice, Public Safety
Local Government
Sanitation, Sewers, Cemeteries
Entertainment
Garbage Removal
Housing, Building Codes, Zoning
Employment
Parks, Zoos
Light, Fresh Air
Primary and Secondary Education
Public Health
Doctors, Hospitals
Streets and Roads, Public Transport
Regional and National PlanningMilitary
Agriculture
Regional and National Government
Housing Supply
Food Supply
Water Supply
Trade, Commerce
Tertiary Education
Scientific Research
Major Arteries, Airports
Tourism
Environmental Protection
Plans have document-to-world directions of fit
Plans, here, must be mediated by documented-guided actions of
persons and groups with authority
But what are the juridictions here?
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Urban PlanningPolice, Public Safety
Local Government
Sanitation, Sewers, Cemeteries
Entertainment
Garbage Removal
Housing, Building Codes, Zoning
Employment
Parks, Zoos
Light, Fresh Air
Primary and Secondary Education
Public Health
Doctors, Hospitals
Streets and Roads, Public Transport
Regional and National PlanningMilitary
Agriculture
Regional and National Government
Housing Supply
Food Supply
Water Supply
Trade, Commerce
Tertiary Education
Scientific Research
Major Arteries, Airports
Tourism
Environmental Protection
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Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems
• Intelligent buildings • Weather, Climate• Heating and cooling, combustion• Materials• Pollutants, toxins
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Industrial Foundations Classes
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• IfcRelationship[edit]• IfcRelationship captures relationships among
objects. There are five fundamental relationship types: composition, assignment, connectivity, association, and definition.
• IfcRelDecomposes captures a whole-part relationship having exclusive containment such as subdividing a building into floors and rooms or a wall into studs and sheathing.
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importing BFO
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http://x.co/5Gwqf
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http://x.co/5GwuR
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Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry
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John’s temperature: June 4, 1952
Parts of the graph•a label indicating the target of measurement, here: Ringo•a label indicating the quality that is being measured, here: temperature •a time axis with associated actual time values and a measurement unit•a second, orthogonal axis with associated measurement values, here degrees Celsius•a set of graph entries (points on the graph)•a rectangular graph background (the two-dimensional shaded area demarcated by the two axes)•a continuous line connecting the graph entries, which we refer to as the graph line•rest: smoothing, error, slope, area under curve …
an information content entity