Date post: | 20-Dec-2014 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | biomedcentral |
View: | 838 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Open access publishing and open access data sharing
for malaria research and control
Bob Snow
Head Malaria Public Health & Epidemiology Group, KEMRI, NairobiDirector of the Malaria Atlas Project
Professor of Tropical Public Health, University of Oxford
1994 Moved to Nairobi Wellcome, Malaria Public health Group Trust-KEMRI-University Oxford Collaboration
2000 Worked with Ministry of Health to establish a National Malaria Strategy
2005 Established Malaria Atlas Project
1984 Joined Medical Research Council, Farafenni, The Gambia
1989 Moved to Kilifi District Hospital, Wellcome Trust-KEMRI-University Oxford Collaboration
Of course there have been changes…1989 2004-5
The internet
PDF libraries linked to shared endnote
PubMed online
Hinari
Open Access
• Biomedical research results are privately owned and sold only to those who can afford it
• Publishers make huge profits by restricting access
• Medical research results should be considered a global public good (most is funded by the public)?
The problem
The private ownership of research resultsGavin Yamey former editor PLoS Medicine
• You write the research paper
• You give your work to publishers, you hand over copyright to them, they sell it to wealthy readers
• A high profile drug trial can earn a journal $1m in reprint sales ($5 billion per year industry)
• A tiny fraction of the intended audience reads your work
• Owned by 4 multinational companies (“information arms race”)
The work has just been published, so he goes online:
2006 made it a requirement of all Trust funded work to be made available on-line not later than 6 months after
publication
The director of the world's largest medical research charity receives notification from one of his funded investigators in Africa reporting exciting progress toward the development of a malaria vaccine
Access Denied
The solutionmake all research results freely available
online“It is now possible to share the results of medical research with anyone, anywhere, who could benefit from it. How could we not do it?”
Harold Varmus, Nobel Laureate, PLoS Co-founder
Chief Science Advisor to President Barack Obama
Open access: what do we mean?
• Free, unrestricted online access
• Users are licensed to download, print, copy, redistribute, and create derivative works (CC Attribution License)
• Author retains the copyright (not the publisher), i.e. right to be credited
• Papers are deposited immediately in a public database that allows sophisticated searches
Physicists doing it for years
2000 Biomed central2001 PLoS Medicine2002 Malaria Journal2003 PloS Biology2004 PLos Medicine2008 Parasites & vectors
? Lancet? NEJM? Trends in Parasitology? Transactions of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene? Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology? American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene? African Health Journals
…. Still relatively new c. 10 years
Most prestigious highest impact factor journals not OA (Lancet, NEJM, Nature) – must pay for OA
Old literature needs archiving and making available
Still dependent on internet speed and access still a N-S divide
There is now simply too much to read and digest, search engines and synthesis programmes much us less well read
Inadequate quality?
Still not perfect……….
Most prestigious highest impact factor journals not OA (Lancet, NEJM, Nature) – must pay for OA
Old literature needs archiving and making available
Still dependent on internet speed and access still a N-S divide
There is now simply too much to read and digest, search engines and synthesis programmes much us less well read
Inadequate quality?
Need to educate journalists and public – climate-gate
One step beyond – Open Access Data
Internet Rights Charter
“Scientific and social research that is produced with the support of
public funds should be freely available to all”
Three main steps
Data assembly from published and unpublished sources (including government/DHS sources)
Mathematical space-time modeling
Data archive for others
MBGW I map used circa 8000 data points
MAP I 2007 iterationGlobally
MBGWII being developed now 22,800 data points185% increase over last iteration55% of data post 2005Includes 15 national surveys; 5 of which we have been directly involved withMore data with time will reduce uncertainty and increase capacities to examine time-space cube of risk
MAP II 2010 iteration
Interpolated global stable endemic surface of P. falciparum parasite prevalence to 2007
Hay et al. PLoS Medicine, 2009
0.9 billion people in unstable risk1.38 billion people in stable risk
Repository of Open Access Data – Malaria Atlas Project
ROAD-MAP
R.O.A.D