Date post: | 09-May-2015 |
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Technology |
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What happens if…?
▉ A significant share of "public-service information" (PSI) has become available for access and re-use, in machine-readable format
▉ What consequences on▋ The daily lives of citizens and firms?▋ Public agencies and public policy-making?▋ Innovation and growth?▋ Democracy and public spirit?
▉ Are there ways of managing Open Public Data that produce different sets of consequences?▋ Consider this the beginning of an ongoing discussion…
The dominant story
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free… … Reused by a broad
diversity of actors, producing…
… Reused by a broad diversity of actors,
producing…
Transparency and accountability
Transparency and accountability
New / improved services
New / improved services
New knowledgeand insights
New knowledgeand insights Citizen empowermentCitizen empowerment
▋ Less corruption▋ Better use of public
resources▋ Less duplication in
public IT investments▋ Better policy impact
evaluation▋ More trust in
government
▋ Better services forthe end-users
▋ Better quality of life▋ Growth and
innovation▋ More efficient
public agencies
▋ Scientificadvancement
▋ Data activists &media join forces inexposing failures
▋ Better policy impactevaluation, betterpublic decisions inthe future
▋ Self-confidence▋ Social trust▋ Better data thru
citizen feedback▋ Democratic
participation▋ Service co-design
and co-production
But isn't this story just as likely?
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free… … Reused by a broad
diversity of actors, producing…
… Reused by a broad diversity of actors,
producing…
Transparency before accountability
Transparency before accountability
Privately-supplied public services
Privately-supplied public services
Dubious, unsharednew knowledge
Dubious, unsharednew knowledge
Citizenfrustration
Citizenfrustration
▋ Endless discussionon individualspending decision
▋ Court trials▋ Privacy breakdown▋ Less trust in
government
▋ Better services foraffluent or community-bound end-users
▋ Gvt. barred fromreusing its own data
▋ Privatization ofspecialized publicdata producers
▋ Less public data
▋ Data-based researchinfluenced byfunders' agendas
▋ Incentive for datafalsification
▋ Highly unequal powerto interpret data
▋ Fragmentation ofdeliberative space
▋ Data empower the empowered: lobbies and corporations
▋ Increase inequality,both in terms of service quality and power distribution
▋ Less social trust &participation
What causes the difference?
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free… … Reused by a broad
diversity of actors, producing…
… Reused by a broad diversity of actors,
producing…
Transparency before accountability
Transparency before accountability
Privately-supplied public services
Privately-supplied public services
Unbeneficialnew knowledge
Unbeneficialnew knowledge
Citizenfrustration
Citizenfrustration
Transparency and accountability
Transparency and accountability
New / improved public services
New / improved public services
New knowledgeand insights
New knowledgeand insights
Citizen empowermentCitizen empowerment
??
Are there other scenarios?
How & Why do they differ from one another?
Does this also sound plausible?
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free… … Reused by a rather
small number of actors, producing…
… Reused by a rather small number of actors,
producing…
Issue-basedtransparencyIssue-based
transparencyUseful, but anecdotal
servicesUseful, but anecdotal
servicesNot very significant knowledge product°Not very significant knowledge product°
Citizenindifference
Citizenindifference
▋ Lobbies and activistsexpose what theysee fit, ignore rest
▋ Most other dataremain little used
▋ Untrust ingovernment spreadsto lobbies, geeksand techno-activists
▋ Most applicationscreated for fun andnot maintained
▋ Most good servicesdon't scale orspread beyond"niches"
▋ Low demand fordata
▋ Ability to drawmeaning out of dataremains rare
▋ Spectacular dataviz,scant production ofusable knowledge
▋ Highly divergentinterpretations ofsame data
▋ Data empower the empowered: lobbies and corporations
▋ Crowdsourcing peters out afterinitial successes
▋ Data not seen as a means to take backpower / autonomy
Write your story
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
Large sets of PSI released, raw,mostly free…
(Democracy)(Democracy) (Services)(Services) (Knowledge)(Knowledge) (Citizens)(Citizens)
▋ … ▋ … ▋ … ▋ …
What do we know?What do we know we don't know?
Driving forces of PSI opening
EconomicEconomic InstitutionalInstitutional
TechnologicalTechnological SocietalSocietal
▋ Liberalization▋ Growth found in
service-basedinnovation
▋ "Information wantsto be free"
▋ Lack of money▋ Achieve more with
less, produce non-taxrevenues
▋ Transparency &participation drive
▋ Web of data▋ Semantic web▋ Web 2.0▋ Open source▋ Damanining▋ Dataviz
▋ Complexity▋ Demand for
participation &empowerment
▋ Consumerism▋ Low trust in
institutions
OpenPublic-Service
Information(PSI)
OpenPublic-Service
Information(PSI)
Tensions and uncertainties
Government as facilitator / as service
provider
Government as facilitator / as service
provider
Government as primary data source / re-user or
data
Government as primary data source / re-user or
data
Transparency /Privacy
Transparency /Privacy
Transparency /Ability to makebold decisions
Transparency /Ability to makebold decisions
Financing of public agencies whose job is to
produce data
Financing of public agencies whose job is to
produce data
Privatization of services / Data
openness
Privatization of services / Data
openness
Empowering the empowered / the disenfranchised
Empowering the empowered / the disenfranchised
Empowering the public / Empowering corporations
Empowering the public / Empowering corporations
Creating trust /Destroying trustCreating trust /Destroying trust
……
Divergence about the meaning of data
Divergence about the meaning of data
Power in establishing data structure,
categories, granularity
Power in establishing data structure,
categories, granularity
Incentive for data falsification, vandalism,
etc.
Incentive for data falsification, vandalism,
etc.
Distribution of abilityto effectively use
data
Distribution of abilityto effectively use
data
……
What levers do we have in hand?
A few building blocks
DataData
Mappingdata
Referencedocs
End-userinfo
"Grey"docs
Observationdata
Productiondata Financial
data
Directorydata
ActorsActors
ITbusinesses
GovernmentLocalgovts.
Publicservices
Otherbusinesses
Research
Citizens
Media
UsesUses
RevealFacts
Produceinformation
ProvideInterfaces
Create newservices
Improveservices
OutcomesOutcomes
Improvedservices
Transparency,accountability
Efficiency,productivity
Newknowledge
Innovativeservices
Servicecoproduction
Democraticparticipation
Citizenempowerment
NGOs
<Special thanks to Tim Davies, Practical Participation>
Identifying levers
Internal(directly related to PSI access
policies)
Internal(directly related to PSI access
policies)
▋ Release conditions (price,licensing)
▋ Transferability of release licenses to derivative uses
▋ Data (re-)use capacity within the public sector
▋ Public-sector funding, eg. of specialized informationproducing agencies
▋ Data re-use ecosystem▋ …
External(No direct lever)
External(No direct lever)
▋ Distribution of ability to understand and re-use PSI
▋ Ability to generate meaningful, shared public debate based on data
▋ Relative importance of transparency uses / service-oriented uses
▋ Level of service creation and improvement
▋ Level of user involvement in the design and provision of these services
▋ …
Political(can become levers
if we so choose)
Political(can become levers
if we so choose)
▋ Promotion of a "culture of data"
▋ Specific actions against "data divide"
▋ Extension of open data to some private data
▋ Data crowdsourcing▋ Hard thinking on
"transparency" PSI▋ Specific public regulatory
and proactive roles on PSI▋ …
Open Data in France
Local communities in the lead