Open Skies for Africa: Implementing the Yamoussoukro Decision

8/9/2019 Open Skies for Africa: Implementing the Yamoussoukro Decision

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Ipfg Slkfs air OarkcoK`phf`fgtkge tbf

[o`iussiulri Dfckskig

Cborhfs F. Scbhu`jfrefr

D K Z F C T K I G S K G D F Q F H I ^ @ F G T

Kgarostructurf


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Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco

K`phf`fgtkge tbf [o`iussiulri DfckskigCborhfs F. Scbhu`jfrefr


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:>?> Tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Jogl air Zfcigstructkig ogd Dfvfhip`fgt / Tbf Uirhd Jogl

?2?2 B Strfft, GUUosbkgetig, DC :>433Tfhfpbigf :>:-453-?>>>Kgtfrgft www.wirhdjogl.ireF-òkh affdjoclNwirhdjogl.ire

Ohh rkebts rfsfrvfd.

? : 3 4 == ?3 ?: ?? ?>

Tbks vihu`f ks o priduct ia tbf stoaa ia tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Jogl air Zfcigstructkig ogdDfvfhip`fgt / Tbf Uirhd Jogl. Tbf akgdkges, kgtfrprftotkigs, ogd cigchuskigs fxprfssfd kg tbksvihu`f di git gfcfssorkhy rfahfct tbf vkfws ia tbf Fxfcutkvf Dkrfctirs ia Tbf Uirhd Jogl ir tbf

eivfrg`fgts tbfy rfprfsfgt.

Tbf Uirhd Jogl difs git euorogtff tbf occurocy ia tbf doto kgchudfd kg tbks wirl. Tbf jiugd-orkfs, cihirs, dfgi`kgotkigs, ogd itbfr kgairòtkig sbiwg ig ogy òp kg tbks wirl di git k`phyogy mude`fgt ig tbf port ia Tbf Uirhd Jogl cigcfrgkge tbf hfeoh stotus ia ogy tfrrktiry ir tbffgdirsf`fgt ir occfptogcf ia sucb jiugdorkfs.

Zkebts ogd ^fr`ksskigs

Tbf òtfrkoh kg tbks pujhkcotkig ks cipyrkebtfd. Cipykge ogd/ir trogs`kttkge pirtkigs ir ohh ia tbkswirl wktbiut pfr`ksskig òy jf o vkihotkig ia opphkcojhf how. Tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Jogl airZfcigstructkig ogd Dfvfhip`fgt / Tbf Uirhd Jogl fgciuroefs dkssf`kgotkig ia kts wirl ogd wkhh

giròhhy erogt pfr`ksskig ti rfpriducf pirtkigs ia tbf wirl pri`pthy.Air pfr`ksskig ti pbiticipy ir rfprkgt ogy port ia tbks wirl, phfosf sfgd o rfqufst wktb ci`phftfkgairòtkig ti tbf Cipyrkebt Chforogcf Cfgtfr Kgc., ::: Zisfwiid Drkvf, Dogvfrs, @O >?;:3,VSO< tfhfpbigf= ;52-56>-24>>< aox= ;52-56>-445>< Kgtfrgft= www.cipyrkebt.ci`.

Ohh itbfr qufrkfs ig rkebts ogd hkcfgsfs, kgchudkge sujskdkory rkebts, sbiuhd jf oddrfssfd ti tbfIaakcf ia tbf ûjhksbfr, Tbf Uirhd Jogl, ?2?2 B Strfft GU, Uosbkgetig, DC :>433, VSO< aox=:>:-6::-:4::< f-òkh= pujrkebtsNwirhdjogl.ire.

KSJG= ;52->-2:?3-2:>6-;fKSJG= ;52->-2:?3-2:>1-1DIK= ?>.?6;1/;52->-2:?3-2:>6-;

Civfr pbiti= Cborhfs F. Scbhu`jfrefr.

Cotohiekge-kg-ûjhkcotkig doto ks ovokhojhf ari` tbf Hkjrory ia Cigerfss.


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Tbks jiil ks dfdkcotfd ti tbf `ogy Oarkcog `fg ogd wi`fg wbi, fvfry

doy, auhakhh tbfkr dutkfs os pkhits ogd ahkebt ottfgdogts ti tbf jfst ia tbfkr

ojkhktkfs ti fgsurf soaf okr trovfh, wbkhf si`ftk`fs aockge dkaakcuht ogd fxcfp-

tkigoh cbohhfgefs.


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Airfwird xk

Oclgiwhfde fgts xkkk

Ojiut tbf Outbir xv

Ojjrfvkotkigs xvkk

Cboptfr ? Kgtriductkig ?

Gitfs 5

Cboptfr : Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ;

Tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig ;Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ?>Tbf Ojumo Trfoty ogd Kts Fgtry kgti Aircf ?1Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig :>Cigchuskig :5

Gitfs :5

Cboptfr 3 Stotus _ui ia tbf K`phf`fgtotkig ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig :;

îhkcy K`phf`fgtotkig 3?

Cigtfgts

vkk


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Ipfrotkigoh K`phf`fgtotkig 35Tbf Oarkcog Okr Trogspirt Kgdustry

ogd Hkjfrohkzotkig 4?Soafty ogd Sfcurkty Zfqukrf`fgts 4:K`phf`fgtotkig= Cigdktkig ^rfcfdfgt

ir Sujsfqufgt9 6:Gitfs 65

Cboptfr 4 Zfekigoh K`phf`fgtotkig ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig 1?

Girtb Oarkco 1:Ufst Oarkco 5:Cfgtroh Oarkco 21Siutbfrg ogd Fost Oarkco ;:Cigchuskig ??>Gitfs ??:

Cboptfr 6 K`poct ia Hkjfrohkzotkig ??6

Doto Siurcfs ogd @ftbidihiey ??6Efgfroh Troaakc Ogohysks ??;Efgfroh Ahfft Ogohysks ?:?Faafcts ia Hkjfrohkzotkig ig Troaakc ogd

Okr Corrkfrs jy Zfekig ?:4Cigchuskigs ?41Gitfs ?42

Cboptfr 1 Fcigi`kc Ospfcts ia HkjfrohkzkgeOkr Sfrvkcfs kg Oarkco ?4;

Fcigi`kc Jfgfakts ia tbf Okr Trogspirt Sfctir ?6>îtfgtkoh K`poct ia Hkjfrohkzkge ia Okr Trogspirt

Sfrvkcfs ?65Fcigi`kc Skegkakcogcf ia Hkjfrohkzkge Oarkcog

Okr Trogspirt Sfrvkcfs ?16Cigchuskig ?12Gitfs ?5>

Cboptfr 5 Cigchuskigs ogd îhkcy Zfci``fgdotkigs ?5?

Oppfgdkx O Ftbkipkog Okr Sfrvkcf Oerff`fgts

wktb Itbfr Oarkcog Stotfs ?55

vkkk Cigtfgts


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Oppfgdkx J Oarkcog Ciugtry Ivfrvkfw ia Okr Trogspirt

ogd tbf [o`iussiulri Dfckskig ?;?

Oppfgdkx C Soafty Zfvkfw ogd Zotkge ia Oarkcog Stotfs ?;;

Oppfgdkx D Ovkotkig Hows ogd Zfeuhotkigs Odiptfd

ogd Fgoctfd jy tbf Ufst Oarkcog

Fcigi`kc ogd @igftory Vgkig :>5

Zfafrfgcfs :?6

Kgdfx ::;

Jixfs

?.? Arffdi`s ia tbf Okr 43.? Dutkfs ogd Zfspigskjkhktkfs ia tbf @igktirkge Jidy 61

Tojhfs

3.? @omir Occkdfgts ia Oarkcog Corrkfrs IpfrotkgeUfstfrg-Jukht Okrcroat, Ictijfr ?;;2Mugf :>>2 46

3.: Occkdfgts ia Oarkcog Corrkfrs IpfrotkgeUfstfrg- ir Fostfrg-Jukht Ihdfr Okrcroat,Afjruory ?;;2Ictijfr :>>5 4;

3.3 _uohkty ogd ^rierfss ia Soafty Ivfrskebt jy ZFCsos ia :>>; 63

6.? Erodkge ia ZFCs ig Tbfkr Hkjfrohkzotkig

ia Okr Sfrvkcfs os ia 3> Mugf :>>; ?:>6.: Fstk otfd Gu`jfr ia Sfots ig Kgtfrgotkigoh Ahkebtswktbkg ogd jftwffg ZFCs, Sfhfctfd [fors ?:?

6.3 Kgtfrgotkigoh Ahkebts, ZFC Ckty okrs, Sfhfctfd [fors ?::6.4 Cbogefs kg Ahfft Ci`pisktkig jy ZFC, :>>?>5 ?:36.6 Ahfft Ogohysks, Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?:66.1 Cbogefs kg tbf Gu`jfr ia Sfots jy ZFC ?:16.5 Akatb Arffdi` Ahkebts jy Corrkfrs ia Focb ZFC,

Sfhfctfd [fors ?:5

6.2 Akatb Arffdi` Ahkebts jy Oarkcog Corrkfrs ia ItbfrZFCs, Sfhfctfd [fors ?:2

6.; Akatb Arffdi` Ahkebts jy Gig-Oarkcog Corrkfrs,Sfhfctfd [fors ?:2

6.?> Ahfft Ogohysks, Girtb Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?:;

Cigtfgts kx


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6.?? Ahfft Ogohysks, Ufst Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?3?6.?: Ahfft Ogohysks, Cfgtroh Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?366.?3 Iut ia Zfekig Corrkfrs ^rivkdkge Kgtrorfekigoh

Sfrvkcf kg CF@OC, :>>5 ?316.?4 Ahfft Ogohysks, Fost Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?326.?6 Ahfft Ogohysks, Siutbfrg Oarkco, Sfhfctfd [fors ?4?6.?1 Ahfft Fvihutkig ia @omir Siutb Oarkcog Corrkfrs,

Sfhfctfd [fors ?4:6.?5 Ahfft Ogohysks, Kgdkog Icfog Kshogd Ciugtrkfs,

Sfhfctfd [fors ?46

O.? Jkhotfroh Okr Sfrvkcf Oerff`fgts Cigchudfdjy Ftbkipko wktb Itbfr Oarkcog Stotfsos ia Ictijfr :>>1 ?52

O.: Su``ory ia Kgtro-Oarkcog Jkhotfroh Okr SfrvkcfOerff`fgts Cigchudfd jy Ftbkipko kg Cigair`ktywktb tbf [o`iussiulri Dfckskig ogd OctuohZiutfs Ahiwg ?22

x Cigtfgts


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xk

Kt ekvfs `f ùcb phfosurf ti wrktf tbks airfwird air tbf pujhkcotkig iaDr. Cborhfs F. Scbhu`jfrefrs rfsforcb ig tbf k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf[oìussiulri Dfckskig. Dr. Scbhu`jfrefr, o scbihor ogd priafsskigohwbi bos òdf o skegkakcogt cigtrkjutkig ti ckvkh ovkotkig kg Oarkco tbriuebbks pisktkig ot tbf Uirhd Jogl, bos wrkttfg o pfgftrotkge jiil ig o suj-mfct tbot priaiugdhy oaafcts Oarkcog ovkotkig, oddrfsskge gu`frius kssufsogd privkdkge og k`prfsskvf spfctru` ia aocts ogd crfotkvf tbiuebts ig

tbf Dfckskigs currfgt ogd auturf rfhfvogcf.Dr. Scbhu`jfrefr ogohyzfs kg dfptb tbf òmir fhf`fgts ogd ijmfctkvfs

ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig, odiptfd jy tbf Oarkcog Vgkig stotfs kg?;;;, wbkcb cohhs air eroduoh trogsktkig tiword tbf ùhtkphf dfskegotkigia okrhkgfs< tbf arff erogt ia tbkrd, aiurtb, ogd akatb arffdi` troaakc rkebts>1, p. 35). Ekvfg o pitfgtkoh òrlft ia ìrf tbog ?: pfrcfgt ia tbf

wirhds pipuhotkig, Oarkcog okr troaakc ks fxpfctfd ti eriw ot 6.5 pfrcfgt,

pfr yfor, wbkcb ks cigskdfrojhy aostfr tbog tbf wirhd ovfroef ia 4.; pfrcfgt

(Jifkge Ci`pogy :>>1, p. 36). Biwfvfr, dfspktf strige fxpfctfd eriwtb,

kgtro-Oarkcog òrlfts kg portkcuhor orf stkhh tbkg ogd ìst rfekigs hocl otruf ci`pftktkvf fgvkrig`fgt.

^rkir ti eokgkge kgdfpfgdfgcf, ìst Oarkcog ciugtrkfs bod okr sfrvkcfs

tbot wfrf prkòrkhy josfd ig Furipfog rfhotkigsbkps ogd oerff`fgts. Ighy

kg tbf forhy ?;1>s, wbfg ògy cihigkfs jfco`f kgdfpfgdfgt ciugtrkfs, dkd

C B O ^ T F Z ?

Kgtriductkig


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Oarkcog stotfs jfekg ti gfeitkotf ogd cigchudf tbfkr iwg okr sfrvkcfs

oerff`fgts. Durkge tbot tk`f, ìst ia tbf gfwhy kgdfpfgdfgt Oarkcog

stotfs ohsi crfotfd tbfkr iwg, ìsthy eivfrg`fgt-iwgfd, gotkigoh okr cor-

rkfrs, ògy ia wbkcb aokhfd (Euttfry ?;;2).? @ist ia tbfsf Oarkcog

gotkigoh corrkfrs pursufd o juskgfss ìdfh tbot cigskstfd ia uskge pria-

ktojhf kgtfrgotkigoh riutfs ti ogd ari` tbf tfrrktirkfs ia tbfkr air`fr cihi-

gkoh òstfrs ti criss-sujskdkzf tbfkr cisthy, yft fxtfgskvf, di`fstkc riutf

gftwirls (Euttfry ?;;2, p. ?). Tbks iatfg rfsuhtfd kg tbf òkgtfgogcf ia

strkct jkhotfroh rfhotkigsbkps air kgtfrcigtkgfgtoh riutfs, wbfrf copockty

wos hk`ktfd ogd cigtrihhfd ti oxk`kzf priaktojkhkty. Eivfrg`fgts tfgdfd

ti vkfw tbf dfvfhip`fgt ia rfekigoh okr sfrvkcfs os sfcigdory, fspfckohhywbfg tbfy bod ti òkgtokg o cisthy di`fstkc gftwirl.

Gfvfrtbfhfss, aihhiwkge tbf kgtfrgotkigoh fxo`phf pfrtokgkge ot tbf

tk`f, kgtro-Oarkcog okr trogspirt sfrvkcfs ohsi jfco`f rfeuhotfd jy tbf tro-

dktkigoh aro`fwirl ia jkhotfroh okr sfrvkcf oerff`fgts (jkhotfrohs). Tbf typ-

kcoh jkhotfrohs ia tbf ?;1>s wfrf josfd ig tbf trodktkigoh prfdftfr`kgotkig

ìdfh, ugdfr wbkcb òrlft occfss ogd copockty wfrf prfdftfr`kgfd

(Dieogks :>>?, p. ?;).: Tbks ìdfh cigtrihhfd tbf òrlft jy faafctkvfhy

rfstrkctkge ci`pftktkig. Biwfvfr, wbfrfos hkjfrohkzotkig ia okr sfrvkcfs bosjffg octkvfhy pursufd kg tbf Vgktfd Stotfs skgcf tbf hotf ?;5>s (sff tbf

dftokhs ia tbf ?;52 V.S. Okrhkgf Dfrfeuhotkig Oct kg Df`psfy ogd Efsfhh

:>>4, p. ?;:) ogd kg Furipf skgcf tbf hotf ?;2>s, Oarkcog okr sfrvkcfs bovf

rfòkgfd efgfrohhy rfstrkctkvf, cisthy, ogd kgfaakckfgt.3

Kg tbf forhy doys ia kgdfpfgdfgcf, okr trogspirtotkig co`f ti jf rfc-

iegkzfd os jitb aor-rfocbkge ogd fssfgtkoh air tbf dfvfhip`fgt ia Kgtfr-

Oarkcog trodf ogd air tbf k`privf`fgt ia tbf fcigi`kc, sickoh ogd

cuhturoh cigdktkigs ia tbf Oarkcog pfiphfs (IOV ?;53, p. 3;). Tbfòkg rfosig wos tbot ciugtrkfs riod ogd bkebwoy gftwirls, wbkcb

fxkstfd prkir ti tbfkr kgdfpfgdfgcf, tfgdfd ti sfrvf ighy tbfkr iwg tfr-

rktirkfs ogd wfrf git kgtfrciggfctfd. Tbf riod gftwirl wos òkghy

dfskegfd ti ìvf row òtfrkohs ari` tbf kgtfrkir ti sfopirts rotbfr

tbog ti hkgl ciugtrkfs. Ot tbf so`f tk`f, Oarkcog pihktkckogs cigskdfrfd

Oarkcog okr trogspirt ti jf tbrfotfgfd jy di`kgotkge corrkfrs ari`

Furipf ogd fspfckohhy tbf Vgktfd Stotfs (IOV ?;53, p. 3;). Tbks wos

jfcousf tbf òkg aicus ia Oarkcog corrkfrs kg kgtfrgotkigoh okr trogspirt

rfòkgfd ig kgtfrcigtkgfgtoh troaakc, wbkhf tbf kgtro-Oarkcog gftwirlrfòkgfd aor hfss dfvfhipfd. (Os hotf os ?;;>, :4; jkhotfrohs wfrf stkhh

kg phocf jftwffg Suj-Soborog Oarkcog ogd itbfr ciugtrkfs air kgtfrcig-

tkgfgtoh troaakc vfrsus ighy 65 jkhotfrohs oìge Oarkcog stotfs air kgtro-

Oarkco troaakc \Kgstktutf ia Okr Trogspirt ?;;>, p. 2P.) Kg ?;5;, tbf tbrfot

: Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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ia hkjfrohkzotkig wos sffg os jfkge drkvfg jy tbf Vgktfd Stotfs, wbkcb

wksbfd ti fxpirt kts dfrfeuhotkig tbriuebiut tbf wirhd (Kgstktutf ia

Okr Trogspirt ?;;>, p. 6) wbfg kt ireogkzfd o cigafrfgcf ig okr trogs-

pirt kg Gokrijk. Biwfvfr, Oarkcog stotfs tbf`sfhvfs ohsi jfeog ti rfoh-

kzf tbot Furipf ktsfha, tbf juaafr zigf wbkcb ciuhd bovf pritfctfd

Oarkco ari` tbf gfw pihkcys dkrfct faafcts, bos giw mikgfd tbf hkjfroh-

kzotkig jogdwoeig, ogd Oarkco cog gi higefr oaaird ti jf tbf idd òg

iut (Kgstktutf ia Okr Trogspirt ?;;>, p. 6).

Tbf Fcigi`kc Ci``ksskig air Oarkco ia tbf Vgktfd Gotkigs Fcigi`kc

ogd Sickoh Ciugckh (VGFCO) bod ohsi rfciegkzfd forhy ig tbot o gfw pih-

kcy wos gffdfd ti suppirt tbf dfvfhip`fgt ia Oarkcos okr trogspirt sfctir(VGFCO :>>4, p. 3?).4 VGFCOs kgspkrotkig co`f ari` sfvfroh dfchoro-

tkigs ogd rfsihutkigs tbot fvfgtuohhy rfsuhtfd kg tbf Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig,

ohh ia wbkcb oddrfssfd tbf dfchkgkge fcigi`kc fgvkrig`fgt ogd tbf rihf

ia tbf okr trogspirt sfctir kg Oarkco (VGFCO ?;22, ^rfo`jhf). Tbf Hoeis

^hog ia Octkig ok`fd ot priìtkge tbf kgtferotkig ia trogspirt ogd ci`-

ùgkcotkig kgarostructurf ti kgcrfosf kgtro-Oarkcog trodf ogd ipfg up

hogdhiclfd ciugtrkfs ogd ksihotfd rfekigs (IOV ?;2>, p. 62). Kt wos tbf

iutci`f ia ògy dkscusskigs ogd cigsuhtotkigs oìge Oarkcog stotfs tbotaicusfd prkòrkhy ig biw ti fhk`kgotf tbf pbyskcoh ogd gigpbyskcoh jorrk-

frs tbot bkgdfrfd tbf dfvfhip`fgt ia kgtro-Oarkcog okr sfrvkcfs (VGFCO

:>>4, p. 3?). Tbf kgktkotkvf, wbkcb wos hfd jy VGFCO, cigskdfrfd kgtfr-

cigtkgfgtoh okr sfrvkcf ti jf tbf prk`f kgstru`fgt air Oarkcos kgtferotkig

ogd dfvfhip`fgt. Cigsfqufgthy, kgtfrcigtkgfgtoh okr sfrvkcf wos ighy dks-

cussfd kg rfhotkig ti kts ci`pftktkvf ospfcts os pisfd jy ivfrsfos ipfrotirs.

Kt wos ugdfrstiid tbot Oarkcog corrkfrs akrst bod ti eriw (ogd `fref)

jfairf tbfy ciuhd succfssauhhy fgtfr tbf òrlfts jftwffg Oarkco ogdFuripf ogd tbf Vgktfd Stotfs.

Kg Givf`jfr ?;24, VGFCO ireogkzfd o cigafrfgcf kg @jojogf,

Swozkhogd, ti dkscuss wby Oarkcog corrkfrs aocfd dkaakcuhtkfs kg ijtokgkge

troaakc rkebts kg itbfr Oarkcog stotfs. Tbf cigafrfgcf fgdfd wktb tbf

Dfchorotkig ia @jojogf, wbkcb cohhfd air tbf crfotkig ia o tfcbgkcoh ci`-

`kttff tbot wiuhd dfvfhip o ci`ìg Oarkcog oppriocb air tbf fxcbogef

ia tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi` rkebts ogd fgciuroef tbf fxcbogef ia akatb

arffdi` rkebts (VGFCO ?;22, p. ?) (jix ?.?). Kt aurtbfr pripisfd og

oddktkigoh sft ia `fosurfs tbot aicusfd prkòrkhy ig chisfr ciipfrotkigjftwffg Oarkcog corrkfrs. Tbfsf `fosurfs, wbkcb hotfr jfco`f tbf cirf ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig, kgchudfd o mikgt akgogckge `fcbogks`, o

`fogs ia ciirdkgotkig air scbfduhkge okr sfrvkcfs, o cfgtrohkzfd dotojogl

ogd rfsforcb priero`, ogd tbf priìtkig ia tbf crfotkig ia sujrfekigoh

Kgtriductkig 3


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4 Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco

Jix ?.?

Arffdi`s ia tbf Okr

Tbf arffdi`s ia tbf okr orf dfakgfd os aihhiws=

Akrst arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfrgo-

tkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf ir stotfs ti ahy ocriss kts

tfrrktiry wktbiut hogdkge (ohsi lgiwg os o akrst arffdi` rkebt).

Sfcigd arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfr-

gotkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf ir stotfs ti hogd kg kts

tfrrktiry air gigtroaakc purpisfs (ohsi lgiwg os o sfcigd arffdi` rkebt).

Tbkrd arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfrgo-

tkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf ti put diwg, kg tbf tfr-

rktiry ia tbf akrst stotf, troaakc ci`kge ari` tbf bi`f stotf ia tbf corrkfr (ohsi

lgiwg os o tbkrd arffdi` rkebt).

Aiurtb arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfr-

gotkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf ti tolf ig, kg tbf tfr-

rktiry ia tbf akrst stotf, troaakc dfstkgfd air tbf bi`f stotf ia tbf corrkfr (ohsi

lgiwg os o aiurtb arffdi` rkebt).

Akatb arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfrgo-

tkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf ti put diwg ogd ti tolf

ig, kg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf akrst stotf, troaakc ci`kge ari` ir dfstkgfd ti o tbkrd

stotf (ohsi lgiwg os o akatb arffdi` rkebt).

Skxtb arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfrgo-

tkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, ia trogspirtkge, vko tbf bi`f stotf ia tbf corrkfr, troaakc `ivkge

jftwffg twi itbfr stotfs (ohsi lgiwg os o skxtb arffdi` rkebt). Tbf si-cohhfd

skxtb arffdi` ia tbf okr, ughklf tbf akrst akvf arffdi`s, ks git kgcirpirotfd os sucbkgti ogy wkdfhy rfciegkzfd okr sfrvkcf oerff`fgts sucb os tbf Akvf Arffdi`s

Oerff`fgt.

Sfvfgtb arffdi` ia tbf okr. Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfr-

gotkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, erogtfd jy igf stotf ti ogitbfr stotf, ia trogspirtkge troaakc

jftwffg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf erogtkge stotf ogd ogy tbkrd stotf wktb gi rfqukrf-

`fgt ti kgchudf ig sucb ipfrotkig ogy pikgt kg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf rfckpkfgt

stotf, tbot ks, tbf sfrvkcf gffd git ciggfct ti ir jf og fxtfgskig ia ogy sfrvkcf ti

ogd/ir ari` tbf bi`f stotf ia tbf corrkfr. Fkebtb arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef, wktb rfspfct ti scbfduhfd kgtfr-

gotkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, ia trogspirtkge cojitoef \trodfP troaakc jftwffg twi pikgts

(cigtkgufd)


25/264

corrkfrs. Biwfvfr, tbf aicus ig hkjfrohkzotkig qukclhy dferodfd, ogd kg tbf

[oìussiulri Dfchorotkig kt wos ighy fgvksoefd kg tbf air` ia eroduoh

fhk`kgotkig ia troaakc rkebts (VGFCO ?;22, rfo`jhf). Kt wos ighy o

dfcodf hotfr, wbfg tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig wos rfocbfd, tbot tbf pih-

kcy aicus sbkatfd prkòrkhy ti hkjfrohkzkge occfss ti kgtro-Oarkcog okr sfrv-

kcf òrlfts.

Kg oddktkig, tbf okrhkgfs tbf`sfhvfs wogtfd ti hkjfrohkzf occfss ti

dfvfhip gfw òrlfts. Zfprfsfgtfd jy tbf Oarkcog Okrhkgfs Ossickotkig

(OAZOO), tbf Oarkcog okrhkgf kgdustry pripisfd o sft ia ruhfs ogd cig-

dktkigs ti hkjfrohkzf tbf erogtkge ia akrst ti akatb arffdi` rkebts. Kg ?;24,

OAZOO pripisfd tbot ohh Oarkcog corrkfrs rfcfkvf ugrfstrkctfd akrst ogd

sfcigd arffdi` rkebts, tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi` rkebts (hk`ktfd ti tbrffo wffl) ig cfrtokg dfakgfd cirrkdirs, ogd akatb arffdi` rkebts ig ùhtk-

phf hfe ahkebts tbot bod ti jf gfeitkotfd ogd oerffd upig. Akatb arffdi`

rkebts wfrf ti jf ekvfg ti corrkfrs wktb ùhtkphf dfstkgotkigs kg tbf bipf

ia jukhdkge o gftwirl, ogd skxtb arffdi` rkebts wfrf ti jf ekvfg ti ohh

Girtb Oarkcog corrkfrs wktb Suj-Soborog dfstkgotkigs (VGFCO :>>4,

pp. 33, 36).

Vgtkh ?;;?, gforhy ohh Oarkcog corrkfrs wfrf stotf iwgfd. Tbfsf corrk-

frs wfrf ìsthy rug os eivfrg`fgt fgtktkfs ogd hoclfd tbf gfcfssory fci-gi`kc ogd ci``frckoh aicus ti fgsurf òrlft-josfd priaktojkhkty. Tbfkr

òkg `fogs ia ipfrotkge wktb si`f priaktojkhkty wos ti cigtrih kgci`f

faafctkvfhy, uskge rfstrkctkigs privkdfd jy tbf aro`fwirl ia jkhotfrohs.

Tbks ohhiwfd tbf` ti cigtrih tbf òrlft ogd rfstrkct tbf fgtrogcf ia

Kgtriductkig 6

Jix ?.? (cigtkgufd)

kg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf erogtkge stotf ig o sfrvkcf tbot irkekgotfs ir tfr`kgotfs kg

tbf bi`f ciugtry ia tbf airfkeg corrkfr ir (kg ciggfctkig wktb tbf si-cohhfd sfv-

fgtb arffdi` ia tbf okr) iutskdf tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf erogtkge stotf (ohsi lgiwg

os og fkebtb arffdi` rkebt ir cigsfcutkvf cojitoef).

Gkgtb arffdi` ia tbf okr.Tbf rkebt ir prkvkhfef ia trogspirtkge cojitoef troaakc ia

tbf erogtkge stotf ig o sfrvkcf pfrair`fd fgtkrfhy wktbkg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf

erogtkge stotf (ohsi lgiwg os o gkgtb arffdi` rkebt ir stogd ohigf cojitoef).

Siurcf=KCOI :>>4j, port 4, p. 5;3.Gitf=Tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Ckvkh Ovkotkig Ireogkzotkig cboroctfrkzfs ohh arffdi`s jfyigd tbf akatb os si-cohhfd,

jfcousf ighy tbf akrst akvf arffdi`s bovf jffg iaakckohhy rfciegkzfd os sucb jy kgtfrgotkigoh trfoty.


26/264

gfw corrkfrs. Kg si`f cosfs, cfrtokg stotfs fvfg rfausfd ti erogt troaakc

rkebts ti airfkeg corrkfrs fvfg tbiueb tbfkr iwg corrkfrs hoclfd tbf tfcb-

gkcoh, buòg, ogd/ir akgogckoh `fogs ti dfvfhip o pripisfd gfw riutf.

Si`ftk`fs, biwfvfr, tbfy ijtokgfd akatb arffdi` rkebts jy poykge

riyohtkfs ir ci``ksskigs (VGFCO :>>4, p. 33). Os o rfsuht, kgtro-

Oarkcog okr troaakc rfòkgfd cisthy ogd kgfaakckfgt, fspfckohhy kg tbisf

cosfs wbfrf tbf jkhotfrohs pritfctfd o stotf-iwgfd corrkfr.

Ti oddrfss tbfsf sbirtci`kges, ig ?4 Givf`jfr ?;;;, Oarkcog `kg-

kstfrs rfspigskjhf air ckvkh ovkotkig odiptfd tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

ig tbf hkjfrohkzotkig ia occfss ti okr trogspirt orlfts kg Oarkco (VGFCO

?;;;). Kg fssfgcf, tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ks o ùhtkhotfroh oerff-`fgt oìge ìst ia tbf 64 Oarkcog stotfs.6 Kt ohhiws tbf ùhtkhotfroh

fxcbogef ia up ti akatb arffdi` okr troaakc rkebts jftwffg ogy Oarkcog

[oìussiulri Dfckskig porty stotf uskge o sk`phf gitkakcotkig pricf-

durf.1 Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig jfco`f auhhy jkgdkge ig ?: Oueust

:>>:, aihhiwkge kts fgdirsf`fgt jy bfods ia stotfs ogd eivfrg`fgts ia

tbf Ireogksotkig ia Oarkcog Vgkty (IOV) kg Muhy :>>>. Biwfvfr,

:> yfors oatfr tbf kgktkoh [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig ia ?;22 ogd ìrf

tbog 6 yfors oatfr tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig jfco`f auhhy jkgdkge, ighyo afw cosfs ia tbf fxfrcksf ia gfw okr troaakc rkebts erogtfd jy opphykge

tbf prkgckphfs ogd `fcbogks` ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig bovf jffg

ijsfrvfd. Tbf rfosigs air git opphykge tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig rogef

ari` gig-k`phf`fgtotkig ia cfrtokg fhf`fgts ia tbf dfckskig, air fxo`-

phf, fstojhksbkge ci`pftktkig ruhfs, o dksputf sftthf`fgt `fcbogks`, ogd

og ipfrotkigoh ìgktirkge jidy, ti sk`phy kegirkge kt jy cigtkgukge ti

oerff ti trodktkigoh rfstrkctkvf jkhotfrohs (sff tbf fxo`phf ia ]o`jko dks-

cussfd hotfr).Air tbf purpisfs ia tbks jiil, ipfg slkfs rfafrs ti o jkhotfroh ir

ùhtkhotfroh okr sfrvkcf oerff`fgt tbot hkjfrohkzfs tbf ruhfs air kgtfr-

gotkigoh ovkotkig òrlfts ogd `kgk`kzfs eivfrg`fgt kgtfrvfgtkig. Kt

cog opphy ti possfgefr ir corei sfrvkcfs ir jitb, air jitb scbfduhfd

ogd cbortfr okr sfrvkcfs. Tbks jiil fvohuotfs Oarkcos prierfss tiword

hkjfrohkzkge okr sfrvkcfs. Kt spfckakcohhy fxo`kgfs wbot tbf tfr` k`phf-

`fgtotkig `fogs kg tbf cigtfxt ia opphykge tbf prkgckphfs ia igf ia

tbf òmir pog-Oarkcog ùhtkhotfroh oerff`fgts, tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig. Kt ohsi bkebhkebts tbf sbirtci`kges ia tbf :>-yfor-ihd faairttiword hkjfrohkzkge okr sfrvkcfs kg Oarkco jy ogohyzkge pfgdkge ir ci`-

phftfd k`phf`fgtotkig stfps jitb ig o pog-Oarkco hfvfh ogd wktbkg

vorkius rfekigs. Tbf jiil aicusfs ig tbf cbohhfgefs pisfd jy tbf piir

ovkotkig soafty ogd sfcurkty stogdords kg ìst Oarkcog ciugtrkfs. Akgohhy,



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tbf sfctir wirl `fosurfs tbf k`poct ia cfrtokg pihkcy stfps ia tbf

dfckskig ogd fvohuotfs tbf fcigi`kc skegkakcogcf ia okr trogspirtotkig

ogd kts auhh hkjfrohkzotkig kg Oarkco. Kt cigchudfs wktb pihkcy rfci`-

`fgdotkigs tbot ok` ot ci`phftkge k`phf`fgtotkig ti auhhy hkjfrohkzf

Oarkcos okr sfrvkcfs.

Gitfs

?. Fxo`phfs kgchudf Jitswogo Gotkigoh Okrhkgfs (?;111;)< Okr Jurlkgo (?;24)13)< Okr Tcbod (?;11)< Okr CigeiJrozzovkhhf

(?;1?16)< Okr Cigei, hotfr Okr ]okrf (?;1?;6)< Okr Dmkjiutk (?;135>))< Okr Jkssou (?;1>)< Hfsitbi Okrwoys

(?;155>)< Hkjyog Oroj Okrhkgfs (?;14)< Okr @ohowk (?;14)< Okr @ohk (?;1>)>3)< Okr

Zwogdo (?;56;1)< Okr Sfgfeoh (?;1:)< Skfrro Hfigf Okrwoys (?;6225)>?)< ]o`jko Okrwoys (?;13;4)< ogd Okr

]k`jojwf (?;2>).

:. Dieogks rfafrs ti tbf prfhkjfrohkzotkig typfs ia jkhotfroh okr sfrvkcf oerff`fgts,

wbkcb f`frefd kg tbf oatfròtb ia Uirhd Uor KK wktb tbf prk`f purpisf ia

cigtrihhkge òrlft occfss (pikgts sfrvfd ogd troaakc rkebts), òrlft fgtry (dfske-

gotkig ia okrhkgfs), copockty, ogd arfqufgckfs. Tbks wos tbf iutci`f oatfr o aokhfd

ottf`pt, spforbfodfd jy tbf Vgktfd Stotfs, ti crfotf o ci`pftktkvf rfek`f air

kgtfrgotkigoh okr trogspirt wktb `kgkòh rfeuhotkig ot og kgtfreivfrg`fgtoh

cigafrfgcf bfhd kg Cbkcoei kg ?;44.

3. O Uirhd Jogl study (?;;2, p. 3>) stotfs tbot rfosigs air tbks orf bkeb ipfrot-kge ogd copktoh cists, wbkcb kgchudf 4> pfrcfgt bkebfr okrhkgf kgsurogcf prf-

`ku`s, 6> pfrcfgt bkebfr aufh cists, ?6 ti 3> pfrcfgt bkebfr hfosf rotfs air

fqukp`fgt, ogd ?>> pfrcfgt bkebfr okr govkeotkig affs (ci`porfd wktb Siutb

O`frkco)< bkeb bogdhkge ogd òkgtfgogcf cists< ogd dkaakcuhtkfs kg ijtokgkge

gfcfssory wirlkge copktoh.

4. VGFCO rfciegkzfd okr trogspirtotkig os igf ia tbf ìst k`pirtogt ìdfs ia

trogspirtotkig air tbf pbyskcoh kgtferotkig ia Oarkco. Ti fxo`kgf ogd dkscuss

kts dfvfhip`fgt, kg ?;14 VGFCO ireogkzfd tbf akrst cigafrfgcf ig Oarkcog

cigtkgfgtoh okr trogspirtotkig kg ciipfrotkig wktb tbf Ireogkzotkig air

Oarkcog Vgkty ogd tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Ckvkh Ovkotkig Ireogkzotkig.

6. Oarkco bos 63 kgtfrgotkigohhy rfciegkzfd stotfs< biwfvfr, tbf Oarkcog Vgkig

bos erogtfd `f`jfrsbkp ti tbf Soborowk Oroj Dfìcrotkc Zfpujhkc (jfttfr

lgiwg os tbf Ufstfrg Soboro), tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf air`fr Spogksb Soboro,

Kgtriductkig 5


28/264

wbkcb prichok`fd ktsfha o ciugtry dfspktf tfrrktirkoh chok`s jy @iricci. Tbks

study wkhh tbfrfairf ossu`f o titoh ia 64 stotfs kg Oarkco.

1. Tbf akvf arffdi`s dfrkvf ari` gfeitkotkigs durkge tbf Kgtfrgotkigoh Ckvkh

Ovkotkig Cigafrfgcf kg Cbkcoei kg Givf`jfr ?;44 (Vgktfd Gotkigs

Kgair`otkig Ireogkzotkig ?;44, pp. ?, 4, 3?).



29/264

;

Tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig

Ig ?5 Ictijfr ?;22, tbf `kgkstfrs kg cboref ia ckvkh ovkotkig ia 4> Oarkcog

stotfs `ft kg [oìussiulri, Ctf dKvikrf, ogd oggiugcfd o gfw Oarkcog

okr trogspirt pihkcy tbot wos sujsfqufgthy go`fd tbf [oìussiulri

Dfchorotkig (VGFCO ?;22, p. 5).? Fvfg tbiueb tbf [oìussiulri

Dfchorotkig ks sffg os tbf irkekg ia tbf hotfr [oìussiulri Dfckskig, kt

aicusfd prkòrkhy ig okrhkgf ciipfrotkig ogd kgtferotkig. Kt stotfd o ci`-

`kt`fgt jy tbf eivfrg`fgts rfprfsfgtfd ti òlf ohh gfcfssory faairts ti

kgtferotf tbfkr okrhkgfs wktbkg fkebt yfors (VGFCO ?;22, p. :). Tbf fkebt-

yfor pfrkid wos sujdkvkdfd kgti tbrff pbosfs. Kg tbf akrst pbosf (twi yfors)

tbf aicus wos ti jf ig òxk`kzkge copockty usoef jftwffg corrkfrs. Tbks

wos ti jf ocbkfvfd jy fxcbogekge tfcbgkcoh ogd copockty doto, prfporkge air

tbf dfskegotkig ia eotfwoy okrpirts, ogd priìtkge ciipfrotkig oìge

gotkigoh corrkfrs kg irdfr ti fvfgtuohhy `fref tbf` kgti horefr ogd ìrf

ci`pftktkvf okrhkgfs. Tbf sfcigd pbosf (tbrff yfors) wiuhd bovf ci``kt-

tfd tbf okrhkgfs ti mikgt ipfrotkigs ig kgtfrgotkigoh riutfs. Kg oddktkig, cfr-tokg okrhkgf ipfrotkigs wiuhd bovf jffg cigductfd mikgthy ti ocbkfvf jfttfr

fcigi`kfs ia scohf ogd dffpfr kgtferotkig, air fxo`phf, kgstktutkge o ci`-

ìg kgsurogcf `fcbogks` ogd ci`putfr rfsfrvotkig systf`, purcboskge

sporf ports ogd okrcroat, ugdfrtolkge priìtkig ogd òrlftkge, privkdkge

C B O ^ T F Z :

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf

ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig


30/264

trokgkge, ogd okgtokgkge fqukp`fgt (VGFCO ?;22, p. 3). Tbf host pbosf

(tbrff yfors) wos ti jf usfd ti strkvf tiword ocbkfvkge tbf ci`phftf

kgtferotkig ia okrhkgfs jy fstojhksbkge mikgt okrhkgf ipfrotkigs ir fgtktkfs

(VGFCO ?;22, p. 4).

Tbf stotfd strotfey ia ciipfrotkig ogd kgtferotkig ia Oarkcog corrk-

frs sff`fd ti jf drkvfg ìrf jy tbf gffd air pog-Oarkcog ciipfrotkig

tbog jy tbf ijmfctkvf ia crfotkge o ìrf ci`pftktkvf orlft fgvkrig`fgt.

Gfvfrtbfhfss, tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig ohsi airfsow tbf eroduoh fhk`-

kgotkig ia troaakc rfstrkctkigs. Spfckakcohhy, tbf erogtkge ia akatb arffdi` rkebts

ti Oarkcog okrhkgfs durkge tbf k`phf`fgtotkig pfrkid wos o dfchorfd gfcfs-

sory `fosurf ti ocbkfvf ahfxkjkhkty. Biwfvfr, tbf stotfd ijmfctkvfs ogdscbf`fs ok`fd ot auhh kgtferotkig ia tbf Oarkcog okr trogspirt òrlft, ci`-

prkskge ot hfost 4> ia tbf 63 Oarkcog stotfs, wktbkg fkebt yfors wfrf ivfrhy

o`jktkius. Kg oddktkig, os kts dfgitotkig kgdkcotfd, tbf [oìussiulri

Dfchorotkig wos wkdfhy ugdfrstiid ti jf o efgfroh, gigjkgdkge fxprfsskig

ia strotfey (kgtfrvkfws wktb Miref Hkò Dfheodi Hipfs, `kgkstfr ia kgaro-

structurf ogd trogspirt ia Copf Qfrdf, ig ?3 @oy :>>:< Soò Muò

Kegotkus, dkrfctir efgfroh ia tbf Co`friig Ckvkh Ovkotkig Outbirkty ig

:5 Oueust :>>3< ogd Ogtgki ^kgti, dkrfctir efgfroh ia tbf Kgstktuti DfOvkoi Ckvkh df @io`jkquf ig 3> @orcb :>>4).

Dfspktf kts tii o`jktkius ijmfctkvfs ogd kts wfol hklfhkbiid ia k`phf-

`fgtotkig, tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig sft kg itkig aurtbfr kgktkotkvfs

ok`fd ot hkjfrohkzkge tbf Oarkcog okr trogspirt orlft. Kg ?;;4, bovkge fvoh-

uotfd tbf stfps rfqukrfd ti k`phf`fgt tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig, tbf

Oarkcog `kgkstfrs kg cboref ia ckvkh ovkotkig `ft kg @ourktkus ogd oerffd

ig o sft ia `fosurfs ti aockhktotf tbf erogtkge ia tbkrd, aiurtb, ogd akatb

arffdi` rkebts ti Oarkcog corrkfrs. @ist rfòrlojhf wos tbf ugdfrstogdkgetbot akatb arffdi` rkebts sbiuhd jf erogtfd ig riutfs wbfrf tbkrd ogd

aiurtb arffdi` ahkebts dkd git fxkst (VGFCO :>>4, p. 3:).: Skegkakcogt

ohsi wos tbf aoct tbot tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig fgaircfd tbf gitkig

tbot tbf okr trogspirt sfctir kg Oarkco prkòrkhy gffdfd ti jf hkjfrohkzfd.

Tbks hfd VGFCO ti kgchudf tbf hkjfrohkzotkig ia okr sfrvkcfs kg kts wirl

priero`. Aurtbfrìrf, kt wos VGFCO tbot, kg Givf`jfr ?;;;, kgktkotfd

tbf cigafrfgcf kg [oìussiulri tbot rfsuhtfd kg tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig, tbf bkstirkc oerff`fgt ti hkjfrohkzf pog-Oarkcog okr sfrvkcfs.

Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

Ig ?3?4 Givf`jfr ?;;;, Oarkcog `kgkstfrs kg cboref ia ckvkh ovkotkig

`ft kg [oìussiulri, Ctf dKvikrf, ti dkscuss tbf hkjfrohkzotkig ia okr

sfrvkcfs. Tbfkr ògdotf wos josfd òkghy ig tbf ijmfctkvfs ia tbf

?> Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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[oìussiulri Dfchorotkig ogd ig tbfkr prfvkius dfckskig odiptfd kg

@ourktkus kg Sfptf`jfr ?;;4 ok`fd ot occfhfrotkge k`phf`fgtotkig ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig. Kg oddktkig, tbf rfci``fgdotkig ia tbf

??tb Cigafrfgcf ia Oarkcog @kgkstfrs Zfspigskjhf air Trogspirt ogd

Ci`ùgkcotkigs bfhd kg Cokri kg Givf`jfr ?;;5 cohhfd air o rfekigoh

`fftkge ia Oarkcog kgkstfrs ti akgd woys ti k`phf`fgt tbf [oìussiulri

Dfchorotkig (VGFCO ?;;;). Tbf cigafrfgcf kg [oìussiulri fgdfd

wktb tbf odiptkig ia tbf Dfckskig Zfhotkge ti tbf K`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf

[oìussiulri Dfchorotkig cigcfrgkge tbf Hkjfrohkzotkig ia Occfss ti Okr

Trogspirt @orlfts kg Oarkco, wbkcb jfco`f lgiwg os tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig. Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig wos tbfg airòhhy odiptfd durkgetbf Ossf`jhy ia Bfods ia Stotf bfhd kg Hi`, Tiei, ig ?>?: Muhy :>>>.

Tbf ijmfctkvf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ks dfakgfd ugdfr Ortkchf :,

Scipf ia Opphkcotkig, os tbf eroduoh hkjfrohkzotkig ia scbfduhfd ogd

gigscbfduhfd kgtro-Oarkcog okr trogspirt sfrvkcfs. Tbf òkg fhf`fgts orf

tbf erogtkge ti ohh stotf portkfs ti tbf dfckskig tbf arff fxfrcksf ia akrst, sfc-

igd, tbkrd, aiurtb, ogd akatb arffdi` rkebts ig jitb scbfduhfd ogd gig-

scbfduhfd possfgefr ogd arfkebt (corei ogd okh) okr sfrvkcfs pfrair`fd jy

og fhkekjhf okrhkgf. Tbf erogtkge ia akatb arffdi` rkebts wos kgktkohhy hk`ktfdkg Ortkchf 3 jy tbf pisskjkhkty air o stotf ti erogt tbfsf rkebts ighy kg spf-

ckakc ckrcu`stogcfs.3 Biwfvfr, tbks hk`ktotkig wos sft air o trogsktkigoh

pfrkid ia twi yfors ogd fxpkrfd ig ?: Oueust :>>:. Tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig co`f kgti aircf ig ?: Oueust :>>>, 3> doys oatfr kts skegoturf jy

tbf cbokr ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Fcigi`kc Ci`ùgkty (OFC).

Ortkchf 4 ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig hkjfrohkzfs torkaas ti tbf fxtfgt

tbot tbf ofrigoutkcoh outbirktkfs ia stotf portkfs di git rfqukrf opprivoh air

ogy kgcrfosfs. Og kgcrfosf kg torkaas bos ti jf akhfd wktb tbf oppriprkotfoutbirktkfs ighy 3> wirlkge doys jfairf kt fgtfrs kgti faafct, wbkhf o hiw-

frkge ia torkaas tolfs faafct k``fdkotfhy. Os tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

hkjfrohkzfs ighy kgtfrgotkigoh okr sfrvkcfs, tbf torkaa hkjfrohkzotkig rfek`f

tbfrfjy fstojhksbfd ighy opphkfs ti kgtfrgotkigoh okr troaakc.

Kg rfhotkig ti copockty ogd arfqufgcy, Ortkchf 6 stkpuhotfs tbot arfqufg-

ckfs ogd copockty iaafrfd ig okr sfrvkcfs hkglkge ogy ckty pokr ci`jkgotkig

sbohh git jf hk`ktfd jy fktbfr ia tbf stotf portkfs cigcfrgfd. Kt spfckakfs

tbks jy privkdkge tbot gi stotf porty sbohh ugkhotfrohhy hk`kt tbf vihu`f ia

troaakc, tbf typf ia okrcroat ti jf ipfrotfd, ir tbf gu`jfr ia ahkebts pfrwffl. Biwfvfr, tbf so`f ortkchf stkpuhotfs tbot air fgvkrig`fgtoh, soafty,

tfcbgkcoh, ir itbfr spfckoh cigskdfrotkigs, stotfs òy hk`kt troaakc. Ubkhf

hk`ktotkig ir rfausoh ia okr sfrvkcfs air fgvkrig`fgtoh, soafty ir tfcbgkcoh

rfosigs orf stogdord proctkcfs kg trodktkigoh okr sfrvkcf oerff`fgts (sff,

air fxo`phf, tbf ?;;5 Okr Trogspirt Oerff`fgt jftwffg tbf Vgktfd Stotfs

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ??


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ia O`frkco ogd Skgeopirf4), itbfr spfckoh cigskdfrotkigs gffdfd aurtbfr

chorkakcotkig.

Tbf ìgktirkge jidy, wbkcb wos fstojhksbfd kg occirdogcf wktb

Ortkchf ; ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig, kssufd o dkrfctkvf chorkaykge tbot

itbfr spfckoh cigskdfrotkigs orf prkòrkhy ia o tfcbgkcoh goturf, sucb os

aufh sbirtoefs, rugwoy rfpokrs kg prierfss, ir sfcurkty kssufs (VGFCO

:>>4, p. 2;). Tbfsf cigskdfrotkigs sbiuhd git jf drkvfg jy ci``frckoh

cigskdfrotkigs kg aovir ia ogy portkcuhor okrhkgf. Ortkchf ; aurtbfr sfts iut

cigdktkigs opphkcojhf ti ogy hk`ktotkig ia copockty ogd arfqufgckfs. Tbf

hk`ktotkig ùst

jf gigdkscrk`kgotiry ti ogy corrkfr,

jf ia hk`ktfd durotkig,

git oaafct tbf ijmfctkvfs ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig fxcfsskvfhy,

git dkstirt ci`pftktkvf aircfs oìge corrkfrs,

git jf tii rfstrkctkvf ti toclhf tbf prijhf` ogd git jf ìrf rfstrkc-

tkvf tbog tbot opphkfd ti o porty stotf ogd ti tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig.

Kg oddktkig, o stotf porty òy rfausf ti outbirkzf og kgcrfosf kg copoc-

kty ka sucb oddktkigoh copockty ks git kg ci`phkogcf wktb tbf privkskigs ia

tbf ruhfs ia aokr ci`pftktkig os sft airtb kg Ortkchf 5.

Ortkchf 1 iuthkgfs tbf pricfdurf air dfskegotkge ogd outbirkzkge og okr-

hkgf. Focb stotf porty cog dfskegotf kg wrktkge ot hfost igf okrhkgf ti ipfr-

otf kgtro-Oarkcog okr trogspirt sfrvkcfs. Tbf gitkakcotkig ti tbf itbfr stotf

porty, ir kg akatb arffdi` cosfs, ti twi itbfr stotf portkfs, ùst jf digf kg

wrktkge tbriueb dkphiòtkc cboggfhs. Occirdkge ti tbf dkrfctkvf ia tbfìgktirkge jidy, o cipy ia tbf gitkakcotkig sbiuhd jf trogs`kttfd ti tbf

rfekigoh fcigi`kc ireogkzotkigs cigcfrgfd. Tbf stotf porty tbot erogts

tbf ipfrotkigoh pfr`kt ùst kg turg gitkay tbf ìgktirkge jidy ogd tbf

rfekigoh fcigi`kc ireogkzotkig (VGFCO :>>4, p. ;>). O stotf cog dfske-

gotf ogy fhkekjhf okrhkgf ari` ogitbfr stotf porty ti ipfrotf okr sfrvkcfs ig

kts jfboha, kgchudkge og fhkekjhf Oarkcog ùhtkgotkigoh okrhkgf kg wbkcb kt ks

o stolfbihdfr. Tbfrf ks gi hk`ktotkig ti tbf gu`jfr ia corrkfrs o stotf porty

cog dfskegotf, os hige os tbfy `fft tbf fhkekjkhkty crktfrko. Tbf gitkakcotkig

ijhkeotfs tbf itbfr stotf porty ti kgktkotf tbf pricfss ia outbirkzotkig

ogd hkcfgskge ia tbf dfskegotfd okrhkgf ti ipfrotf tbf sfrvkcfs kg occir-

dogcf wktb kts gotkigoh hows. Tbf outbirkzotkig ùst jf erogtfd wktbkg

3> doys, ogd tbf okrhkgf ùst suj`kt kts pripisfd scbfduhf ia ahkebts ti

tbf oppriprkotf outbirktkfs air opprivoh.

?: Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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Tbf fhkekjkhkty crktfrko, sft airtb kg Ortkchf 1.;, ok` ot fgsurkge tbot

tbf dfskegotfd okrhkgf `ffts `kgkù` stogdords wktb rfeord ti kts hfeoh

ogd pbyskcoh fstojhksb`fgt, kts hkcfgskge ogd ipfrotkge copockty, kts

kgsurogcf civfroef, ogd kts copockty ti òkgtokg kgtfrgotkigoh stogdords.

Tbf corrkfr ùst, tbfrfairf, jf hfeohhy fstojhksbfd kg occirdogcf wktb

tbf rfeuhotkigs opphkcojhf kg tbf rfhfvogt stotf porty ogd bovf kts bfod-

quortfrs, cfgtroh od`kgkstrotkig, ogd prkgckpoh phocf ia juskgfss pbysk-

cohhy hicotfd kg tbot so`f ciugtry. Kt ùst ohsi jf faafctkvfhy cigtrihhfd

jy tbf gotkigohs ia igf, ir kg tbf cosf ia ùhtkgotkigoh okrhkgfs, sfvfroh,

stotf portkfs. Tbf okrhkgf (o) ùst jf duhy hkcfgsfd jy o stotf porty os pfr

tbf rfqukrf`fgts ia oggfx 1 ia tbf ?;44 Cigvfgtkig ig KgtfrgotkigohCkvkh Ovkotkig doys jfairf tbf `fos-urf fgtfrs kgti aircf (VGFCO :>>4, Ortkchf 1.?>).

Igf ia tbf strige fhf`fgts ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ks kts aicus

ig soafty ogd sfcurkty. Git ighy ust og okrhkgf fft tbf stogdords dfakgfd

jy KCOI, jut tbf stotf portkfs fxphkckthy rfoaakr` kg Ortkchf 1.?: tbfkr

ijhkeotkig ti ci`phy wktb fstojhksbfd ckvkh ovkotkig soafty ogd sfcurkty

stogdords ogd proctkcfs. O stotf porty ùst ohsi rfciegkzf okr ipfrotkge

cfrtkakcotfs, cfrtkakcotfs ia okrwirtbkgfss, cfrtkakcotfs ia ci`pftfgcy, ogd

tbf pfrsiggfh hkcfgsfs kssufd ir vohkdotfd jy itbfr stotf portkfs ogdstkhh kg aircf privkdfd tbot tbf rfqukrf`fgts air kssukge sucb cfrtkak-

cotfs ir hkcfgsfs orf ot hfost fquoh ti tbf `kgkù` stogdords sft jy KCOI.

Ohtbiueb mustkakfd, tbf strige aicus ig soafty ogd sfcurkty bos jfci`f tbf

òkg ijstochf ti tk`fhy k`phf`fgtotkig, os ògy Oarkcog stotfs di git,

ir ighy òrekgohhy, ci`phy wktb KCOIs soafty ogd sfcurkty stogdords ogd

rfci``fgdfd proctkcfs (SOZ^).1

Ogitbfr pfrcfkvfd ijstochf ti tbf k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig ks tbf kssuf ia ugaokr ci`pftktkvf jfbovkir wbfg tbf dfckskig ks

opphkfd. Sòhhfr Oarkcog corrkfrs kg portkcuhor afor ugaokr ci`pftktkvf proc-tkcfs sucb os prkcf du`pkge, wbfg ci`pftkge wktb horefr fstojhksbfd okr-

hkgfs (@ocdigohd :>>1). Ortkchf 5 ia tbf dfckskig ijhkeotfs stotf portkfs ti

fgsurf aokr ippirtugkty ig gig-dkscrk`kgotiry josks air tbf dfskegotfd

Oarkcog okrhkgf ti faafctkvfhy ci`pftf kg privkdkge okr trogspirt sfrvkcfs

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ?3


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wktbkg tbfkr rfspfctkvf tfrrktiry. Ubkhf tbks k`phkfs tbot cfrtokg ci`ìg

ci`pftktkig ruhfs sbiuhd jf fstojhksbfd, tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig aohhs

sbirt ia aurtbfr dfakgkge tbks rfqukrf`fgt. Kt difs, gfvfrtbfhfss, rfafr kg

Ortkchf 2 ti orjktrotkig pricfdurfs, wbkcb orf sft airtb kg oggfx : ia tbf

dfckskig. Tbf hottfr prkòrkhy dfakgfs tbf dutkfs ogd rfspigskjkhktkfs ia

tbf ìgktirkge jidy, wbkcb ks fstojhksbfd kg Ortkchf ;. Kt difs git òlf

portkcuhor rfafrfgcf ti ci`pftktkig ruhfs ir orjktrotkig pricfdurfs

fxcfpt tbf duty ia tbf igktirkge jidy ti prfporf tbf rfhfvogt oggfxfs

ti tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig air odiptkig jy tbf Sujci``kttff ig

Okr Trogspirt. Tbf ossu`ptkig ks tbfrfairf tbot orjktrotkig pricfdurfs,

stkhh `ksskge ari` oggfx :, orf igf ia tbf tosls tbot ùst jf pfrair`fdjy tbf ìgktirkge jidy kg irdfr ti k`phf`fgt tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig. Ogitbfr kgdkcotkig kg oggfx : (e) ks tbf ìgktirkge jidys

ijhkeotkig ti stotf, ot tbf rfqufst ia stotf portkfs, kts vkfws ig prfdotiry

ogd ugaokr ci`pftktkig proctkcfs.

Tbf ìgktirkge jidy ks fstojhksbfd kg Ortkchf ;.?. Kts prkgckpoh rfspigsk-

jkhkty ks tbf ivfrohh supfrvkskig, aihhiw-up, ogd k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf dfck-

skig. Kt ks ci`pisfd ia rfprfsfgtotkvfs ia VGFCO, tbf IOV, tbf Oarkcog

Ckvkh Ovkotkig Ci``ksskig (OACOC) (aiugdfd ig ?5 Moguory ?;1; oso spfckohkzfd oefgcy wbot wos tbfg tbf IOV, giw tbf Oarkcog Vgkig, kg

tbf akfhd ia ckvkh ovkotkig, wktb bfodquortfrs kg Dolor, Sfgfeoh), ogd

OAZOO, wbi sbohh jf osskstfd jy rfprfsfgtotkvfs ia sujrfekigoh ireogkzo-

tkigs. Os dfakgfd kg Ortkchf ;.:, tbf ìgktirkge jidys òkg purpisf ks ti

osskst tbf Sujci``kttff ig Okr Trogspirt, ci`pisfd ia Oarkcog `kgkstfrs

rfspigskjhf air ckvkh ovkotkig, ti aihhiw up ig k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf dfck-

skig. Ortkchf ;.3 rfafrs ti oggfx 3 ia tbf dfckskig air og iuthkgf ia tbf ìg-

ktirkge jidys ivfrohh dutkfs ogd rfspigskjkhktkfs, jut os oggfx 3 difs gitfxkst, kt prfsuòjhy rfafrs ti oggfx :, Dutkfs ogd Zfspigskjkhktkfs ia tbf

@igktirkge Jidy. Os oggfx 3 jfco`f oggfx :, tbf orjktrotkig pricfdurfs

rfafrrfd ti kg Ortkchf 2 tbot wfrf suppisfd ti jf spfhhfd iut kg oggfx :

wfrf gfvfr prfporfd.

Kg oddktkig ti tbf ìgktirkge jidy, og Oarkcog okr trogspirt fxfcutkge

oefgcy sbohh jf fstojhksbfd. Ortkchf ;.4 dfakgfs tbf prkgckpoh rfspigskjkhk-

tkfs ia tbks oefgcy ti jf tbf supfrvkskig ogd ògoef`fgt ia Oarkcos hkj-

frohkzfd okr trogspirt kgdustry ti fgsurf succfssauh k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig. Ortkchf ;.6 stkpuhotfs tbot kt sbohh bovf suaakckfgtpiwfrs ti airùhotf ogd fgaircf oppriprkotf ruhfs ogd rfeuhotkigs tbot

ekvf aokr ogd fquoh ippirtugktkfs ti ohh phoyfrs ogd priìtf bfohtby ci`-

pftktkig. Kg oddktkig, kg Ortkchf ;.1 tbf fxfcutkge oefgcy ks ohsi ògdotfd

ti pritfct cigsu`frs rkebts. Kg itbfr wirds, kt ks tbf fxfcutkge oefgcy

?4 Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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tbot ks kg cboref ia ossurkge aokr ci`pftktkig ogd cigsu`fr pritfctkig

igcf tbf oppriprkotf ruhfs bovf jffg droatfd ogd odiptfd.

Os o trogsktkigoh `fosurf, Ortkchf ?> (?) ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

privkdfs tbf iptkig air stotf portkfs git ti erogt ogd rfcfkvf tbf rkebts ogd

ijhkeotkigs fgvksoefd kg Ortkchfs 3 ogd 4, tbot ks, up ti ugrfstrkctfd akatb

arffdi` rkebts ogd o hkjfroh torkaa rfek`f. Tbks iptkig ks hk`ktfd ti o òx-

kù` trogsktkigoh pfrkid ia twi yfors, wbkcb fxpkrfd wbfg tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig jfco`f auhhy jkgdkge ig ?: Oueust :>>:. Ekvfg

tbot k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig wos cigskdfrfd pfgd-

kge air tbf post akvf yfors, tbf trogsktkigoh fosurfs rfòkg tbfirftkcoh ogd

wfrf gfvfr opphkfd. Occirdkge ti tbf Oarkcog Vgkig (:>>6j, p. ??) rfosigsair tbf shiw k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig kgchudf tbf

hocl ia tiihs ogd augds air ìgktirkge k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf dfckskig, tbf

hocl ia chfor ogd kgdfpfgdfgt rfspigskjkhktkfs osskegfd ti tbf rfekigoh

fcigi`kc ci`ùgktkfs (ZFCs), tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf ìgktirkge

`fcbogks` wktbiut ogy chforhy dfakgfd piwfrs ti prfscrkjf ruhfs, ogd tbf

gfeotkvf k`phkcotkigs ia tbf pisktkig ogd pihkcy ia tbf Furipfog Vgkig

(FV) ig og ipfg ovkotkig orfo.

Akgohhy, Ortkchf ?? ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig oddrfssfs si`fci``frckoh ogd ipfrotkigoh kssufs. Kg Ortkchf ??.?, cfrtokg ci``frckoh

ospfcts orf privkdfd air ig o rfckpricoh josks, sucb os (o) tbf rkebt ia tbf

dfskegotfd okrhkgf ti fstojhksb iaakcfs kg tbf tfrrktiry ia tbf itbfr stotf

porty, (j) tbf rkebt ti cigvfrt ogd rf`kt rfvfgufs kg hicoh currfgcy

wktbiut rfstrkctkigs, (c) tbf iptkig ti poy air hicoh fxpfgsfs sucb os

bogdhkge ogd aufh cists kg hicoh currfgcy, ogd (d) tbf pisskjkhkty ia

f`phiykge ogd jrkgekge kgti tbf tfrrktiry f`phiyffs ti pfrair` vorkius

tosls. Ortkchf ??.: ohhiws tbf dfskegotfd corrkfr cfrtokg ipfrotkigoh ahfx-kjkhkty, sucb os tbf usf ia igf-woy ir rfturg sfrvkcf ig tbf cigcfrgfd

sfe`fgts, tbf usf ia cidf sborkge orrogef`fgts, ogd tbf rkebt ti sfrvf

oddktkigoh pikgts os wfhh os ti i`kt cfrtokg stips. Tbf ciipfrotkvf

orrogef`fgts, akrst `fgtkigfd ugdfr ipfrotkigoh ahfxkjkhkty jy tbf usf

ia tbf so`f ahkebt gu`jfr, orf aurtbfr dfakgfd kg Ortkchf ??.3 os òr-

lftkge orrogef`fgts sucb os jhiclfd spocf, cidf sborkge, arogcbkskge, ir

hfoskge orrogef`fgts oìge stotf porty okrhkgfs.

Kg oddktkig ti tbfsf ipfrotkigoh kssufs, Ortkchf ??.4 privkdfs tbf pis-

skjkhkty air o stotf porty ti rfqufst cigsuhtotkigs wktb rfspfct ti tbfkgtfrprftotkig ir opphkcotkig ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Tbks ks

fgbogcfd jy tbf ògdotf ekvfg kg Ortkchf ??.6 ti tbf Okr Trogspirt

Sujci``kttff ti rfvkfw tbf dfckskig fvfry twi yfors ir forhkfr ka

rfqufstfd jy twi-tbkrds ia tbf stotf portkfs. Tbf òkg purpisf ia tbf



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rfvkfw ks air tbf ìgktirkge jidy ti pripisf `fosurfs ti aurtbfr fhk`-

kgotf fxkstkge rfstrkctkigs.

Tbf Ojumo Trfoty ogd Kts Fgtry kgti Aircf

Irkekgs ia tbf Trfoty ia OjumoIg 3 Mugf ?;;?, og kgtfrgotkigoh trfoty wos skegfd kg Ojumo, Gkefrko, tbot

fstojhksbfd tbf OFC. Tbf Trfoty Fstojhksbkge tbf Oarkcog Fcigi`kc

Ci`ùgkty, ci`ìghy lgiwg os tbf Ojumo Trfoty, wos tbf cuh`kgotkig ia

ìrf tbog 3> yfors ia kgktkotkvfs ohh ok`fd ot ocbkfvkge erfotfr fcigi`kc,

sickoh, ogd cuhturoh kgtferotkig oìge Oarkcog ciugtrkfs. Tbf irkekg ia tbfsfkgktkotkvfs wos tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf IOV ig :6 @oy ?;13, kg Oddks

Ojojo, Ftbkipko, jy skegoturf ia tbf IOV Cbortfr jy tbf rfprfsfgtotkvfs

ia 3: eivfrg`fgts (Cbortfr ia tbf Ireogkzotkig ia Oarkcog Vgkty \IOV

CbortfrP, Ortkchf RRRKKK).5 Sujsfqufgthy, o aurtbfr :? Oarkcog stotfs mikgfd

tbf IOV, wktb Siutb Oarkco jfci`kge kts 63rd `f`jfr ig :3 @oy ?;;4.

Tbf òkg purpisf ia tbf IOV wos ti priìtf ugkty ogd sihkdorkty

oìge Oarkcog stotfs, ciirdkgotf faairts ti k`privf hkvkge stogdords,

dfafgd tbf sivfrfkegty ogd kgdfpfgdfgcf ia Oarkcog stotfs, frodkcotf ohhair`s ia cihigkohks`, ogd, priìtf kgtfrgotkigoh ciipfrotkig wktb duf

rfeord ti tbf Cbortfr ia tbf Vgktfd Gotkigs ogd tbf Vgkvfrsoh Dfchorotkig

ia Buòg Zkebts (IOV Cbortfr, Ortkchf KK). Tbf IOVs kgktkoh purpisf

ogd `ksskig wfrf erfothy kgahufgcfd jy o pfrkid ia kgtfgsf pihktkcoh strue-

ehf durkge ?;1>13, wktb tbf òkg prficcupotkig ig og occfhfrotfd hkj-

frotkig pricfss (Fh-Oyiuty ogd ]ortòg ?;24, p. 4). Sujsfqufgthy, durkge

kts kgktkoh dfcodf, tbf IOV wos prkòrkhy sffg os o pihktkcoh ireogkzotkig

tbot aicusfd ig tbf hkjfrotkig strueehf tbriueb jitb pfocfauh `fogs, sucbos wirlkge tbriueb tbf Vgktfd Gotkigs, ogd gigpfocfauh `fogs, sucb os

trokgkge arffdi` akebtfrs ogd fgeoekge kg trodf jiycitts (IOV ?;53,

p. :2)< tbf sftthf`fgt ia dksputfs, air kgstogcf, jirdfr dksputfs< ogd tbf

cigtkgufd dfcihigkzotkig faairts ia tfrrktirkfs ugdfr Jrktksb, Arfgcb,

îrtueufsf, ogd Spogksb di`kgotkig ogd ia Go`kjko ogd Siutb Oarkco.

Biwfvfr, ot kts ?>tb Su``kt Oggkvfrsory kg ?;53 tbf IOV rfcie-

gkzfd tbot tbf Akrst Ossf`jhy ia Bfods ia Stotf ogd Eivfrg`fgt ia tbf

IOV, bfhd kg Cokri ig :? Muhy ?;14, bod spfckakfd tbot tbf IOV bod o

joskc rihf kg phoggkge ogd dkrfctkig kg rfhotkig ti fcigi`kc ogd sickohòttfrs kg Oarkco (IOV ?;53, p. 31). Tbks kgchudfd kgtfgskaykge rfekigoh

ciipfrotkig, occfhfrotkge kgdustrkoh dfvfhip`fgt wktb og f`pbosks ig

ùhtkgotkigoh primfcts, kgcrfoskge kgtfr-Oarkcog trodf, borìgkzkge cus-

ti`s pricfdurfs, priìtkge ciipfrotkig jftwffg Oarkcog okr trogspirt



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ci`pogkfs ti kgcrfosf trodf ogd priìtf tiurks`, ogd borìgkzkge sickoh

ogd hojir hfekshotkig.

Oatfr o sfrkfs ia kgtfrgotkigoh `fftkges ot dkaafrfgt hfvfhs ogd ig vork-

ius kssufs, tbf bfods ia stotfs `ft oeokg kg Hoeis ig :2:; Oprkh ?;2>,

ugdfr tbf ouspkcfs ia tbf IOV. (Ari` ?;13 ugtkh ?;2>, tbf IOV bfhd

ìrf tbog 11 dicu`fgtfd `fftkges kg vorkius hicotkigs kg Oarkco< sff

Fh-Oviurty ogd ]ortòg ?;24.) Tbf ijmfctkvf wos ti tolf sticl ia tbf

dfchkgkge fcigi`kc sktuotkig ia ògy `f`jfr stotfs ogd ti prfporf og

octkig phog ti oddrfss tbf tbfg prfvokhkge dfakckfgckfs. Tbf rfsuht wos tbf

odiptkig ia o phog ia octkig ok`fd ot ivfrci`kge prijhf`s kg vorkius

akfhds. Tbf si-cohhfd Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig rftokgfd o jriod, stotf-hfdìdfh ia octkigs tbot wfrf cigskdfrfd gfcfssory ekvfg tbf post :> yfors

ia dksoppikgtkge fcigi`kc pfrairògcf (IOV ?;2>). Tbf IOVs odip-

tkig ia tbf Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig ogd ia og oefgdo air crfotkge og Oarkcog

fcigi`kc ci`ùgkty jy :>>> wos tbf cuh`kgotkig ia tbf kgktkotkvf air

cbogef kg tbf kgtfrgotkigoh fcigi`kc irdfr hougcbfd jy tbf Vgktfd

Gotkigs kg ?;5456. Tbf stotfs ci``kttfd tbf`sfhvfs ti priìtkge fci-

gi`kc ogd sickoh dfvfhip`fgt ogd ti kgtferotkge tbfkr fcigi`kfs (IOV

?;2>, ^rfo`jhf). Tbf octkigs ogd ijmfctkvfs aicuskge ig kgdustrkoh dfvfh-ip`fgt wfrf eriupfd kgti sbirt-tfr` (ugtkh ?;26), fdku`-tfr` (?;;>),

ogd hige-tfr` octkigs (:>>>) tbot wfrf suppisfd ti skegkakcogthy k`privf

Oarkcos fcigi`kc ogd sickoh sktuotkig. Biwfvfr, wbkhf tbf gffd air kgtf-

erotkig wos chforhy stkpuhotfd, tbf Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig dkd git kgchudf

hkjfrohkzotkig ia trodf ir sfrvkcfs os o dfchorfd ijmfctkvf.

Tbf trogspirt ogd ci`ùgkcotkigs sfctir wos rfciegkzfd os ìst

k`pirtogt air ohh sfctirs ogd air sickifcigi`kc dfvfhip`fgt (IOV ?;2>,

p. 62). Biwfvfr, tbf octkigs pripisfd wfrf josfd ig VG rfsihutkig3:/?1> (?; Dfcf`jfr ?;55) dfchorkge ?;5222 os tbf Trogspirt ogd

Ci`ùgkcotkigs Dfcodf air Oarkco, wbkcb wos aicusfd òkghy ig kgaro-

structurf k`privf`fgts.2 Kg tbf akfhd ia okr trogspirt, tbf phog `fgtkigfd

tbf dfvfhip`fgt ia okr trogspirt kgarostructurf, tbf fxtfgskig ogd ìd-

frgkzotkig ir okrpirts, ogd tfcbgkcoh osskstogcf air jfttfr okr trogspirt

kgtferotkig (IOV ?;2>, p. 1?).;

Ivfrohh, tbf ?;2> Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig wos og ottf`pt ti eroduohhy

strfgetbfg fcigi`kc ogd cuhturoh rfhotkigsbkps jftwffg stotfs ogd kts uhtk-

òtf eioh wos tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia og Oarkcog ci`ìg òrlft jy :>>>.Ocbkfvf`fgt ia tbfsf eiohs wos k`pfdfd jy tbf aokhurf ia tbf gu`frius

cigafrfgcfs ia kgdfpfgdfgt Oarkcog stotfs bfhd jftwffg ?;62 ogd ?;12,

wbkcb ok`fd ot fstojhksbkge o ugkvfrsoh Oarkcog ireogkzotkig, ciuphfd wktb

tbf aokhurf ia rfekigoh kgktkotkvfs, sucb os tbf cihhopsf ia tbf Fost Oarkcog



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Ci`ùgkty (FOC) kg ?;55. Biwfvfr, tbfrf wos ohsi og ippiskge vkfw-

pikgt tbot cigtkgfgtoh ugkty ciuhd ighy jf ocbkfvfd tbriueb pihktkcoh kgtf-

erotkig (@juykgeo ?;2:).

Fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf Oarkcog Fcigi`kc Ci`ùgktyTbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf OFC wos o chfor skeg ia o gfw pbkhisipby ia

rfekigoh fcigi`kc ciipfrotkig tbot wiuhd fvfgtuohhy hfod ti auhh fci-

gi`kc kgtferotkig. Tbf prfo`jhf ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty hksts tbf vorkius

cigafrfgcfs ot wbkcb dfchorotkigs ogd rfsihutkigs povfd tbf woy air cig-

sfgsus jy tbf eivfrg`fgts ia tbf vorkius Oarkcog stotfs. Oìge tbf`

wfrf tbf IOV Su``kt kg Ohekfrs kg ?;12, tbf @igrivko Su``kt ia?;5; (rfsuhtkge kg tbf @igrivko Dfchorotkig), ogd tbf Hoeis Fcigi`kc

Su``kt ia ?;2>, wbfrf tbf Hoeis ^hog ia Octkig wos airùhotfd ogd

tbf Akgoh Oct ia Hoeis odiptfd.

Ortkchf : ia tbf trfoty privkdfs air tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf ci`ù-

gkty, wbkhf Ortkchf 4 (?) hksts kts ijmfctkvfs kg aiur poroeropbs tbot civfr

(o) tbf priìtkig ia fcigi`kc, sickoh, ogd cuhturoh dfvfhip`fgt ogd tbf

kgtferotkig ia Oarkcog fcigi`kfs< (j) tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia o aro`fwirl

air tbf dfvfhip`fgt, ìjkhkzotkig, ogd utkhkzotkig ia buòg ogd òtfrkohrfsiurcfs< (c) tbf priìtkig ia ciipfrotkig kg ohh akfhds ia buòg

fgdfovir< ogd (d) tbf ciirdkgotkig ogd borìgkzotkig ia pihkckfs oìge

fxkstkge ogd auturf fcigi`kc ci`ùgktkfs ti aistfr tbf eroduoh fstojhksb-

`fgt ia tbf OFC.

Ortkchf 4 (:) tbfg ktf`kzfs ?6 octkigs tbot tbf ci`ùgkty ks fxpfctfd

ti k`phf`fgt ti ocbkfvf tbf stotfd ijmfctkvfs. Si`f bovf sffg tbks ktf`-

kzotkig ia octkigs os o si`fwbot wirrksi`f oppriocb (Ologhf ?;;3, p. ?>).

Ologhf (?;;3, p. ?>) sueefstfd tbot og i`gkjus privkskig tbot erogtfd tbfpiwfr ti tolf wbotfvfr octkig gfcfssory ti tbf ottokg`fgt ia kts ijmfctkvfs

wiuhd bovf jffg ìrf suktojhf. Biwfvfr, tbf aicus ig fcigi`kc kgtfero-

tkig kg Oarkco ks aurtbfr f`pboskzfd kg Ortkchf 22 (3), wbkcb stotfs tbot tbf

trfoty sbohh ciirdkgotf, borìgkzf, ogd fvohuotf tbf octkvktkfs ia fxkstkge

ogd auturf rfekigoh fcigi`kc jidkfs.

Ortkchf 1 (?) dfakgfs tbf ìdohktkfs air tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf ci`-

ùgkty, wbkcb sbohh jf eroduoh ivfr o trogsktkigoh pfrkid git fxcffdkge

34 yfors. Tbks pfrkid ks sujdkvkdfd kgti skx stoefs ia dkaafrfgt durotkigs.

Tbf kgktkoh stoefs aicus prkòrkhy ig rfekigoh octkvktkfs ogd kgktkoh stfpstiword sfctiroh kgtferotkig, wbkhf tbf akgoh pbosf ks ok`fd ot rfocbkge o

auhh ugkig, kgchudkge o ìgftory ugkig ogd o pog-Oarkcog porhko`fgt.

Ortkchf ;2 (?) tbfg privkdfs tbot tbf ci`ùgkty sbohh jf og kgtferoh port

ia tbf IOV, wbkcb k`phkfs tbot tbf ci`ùgkty bos prkirkty ivfr rfekigoh



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fcigi`kc jidkfs ogd ks fxpfctfd ti strfo`hkgf kts octkvktkfs wktb tbf efg-

froh ijmfctkvfs ia tbf IOV os stkpuhotfd kg tbf IOVs Cbortfr ia ?;13.

Ortkchf 3 (6) privkdfs tbf prkgckphf tbot tbf portkfs ti tbf trfoty sbohh

ijsfrvf tbf hfeoh systf` ia tbf ci`ùgkty. Tbks k`phkfs tbot tbf hfeoh sys-

tf` ia tbf trfoty, wbkcb ks sfporotf ogd dkstkgct ari` tbisf ia tbf `f`jfr

stotfs ia tbf ci`ùgkty, wkhh opphy tbriuebiut tbf ci`ùgkty kg focb ia

tbf f`jfr stotfs (Ologhf ?;;3, p. ?:). Tbfrf wkhh jf o duohkty ia hfeoh sys-

tf`s= tbf gotkigoh hfeoh systf` ogd tbf ci`ùgktys hfeoh systf`. Ortkchf 6

(:) ijhkeotfs `f`jfr stotfs ti fgsurf tbf fgoct`fgt ogd dkssf`kgotkig ia

sucb hfekshotkig os gfcfssory ti k`phf`fgt tbf privkskigs ia tbf trfoty.

Tbf kgstktutkigs ia tbf ci`ùgkty orf privkdfd air kg Ortkchf 5 (?>).Tbf suprf`f ireog ia tbf ci`ùgkty ks tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Bfods ia

Stotf. Ortkchf 2 (:) stotfs tbot tbf ossf`jhys òkg rfspigskjkhkty ks ti

k`phf`fgt tbf ijmfctkvfs ia tbf OFC. Kg Ortkchf 2 (3), tbf ossf`jhy ks aur-

tbfr dkrfcthy rfspigskjhf air ?: spfckakc tosls rogekge ari` dftfr`kgkge

efgfroh pihkcy ti ciirdkgotkge ogd borìgkzkge vorkius pihkckfs ia `f`-

jfr stotfs ti ugdfrtolkge cfrtokg ireogkzotkigoh òttfrs ogd, akgohhy, ti

tolkge ogy octkig, ugdfr tbks Trfoty, ti ottokg tbf ijmfctkvfs ia tbf ci`-

ùgkty. Ortkchf ; (?) ògdotfs tbf ossf`jhy ti `fft igcf fvfry yfor airo rfeuhor sfsskig ogd ohsi f`piwfrs tbf cbokr ti cigvfgf fxtroirdkgory

sfsskigs ot tbf rfqufst ia o `f`jfr stotf privkdfd tbot sucb o rfqufst ks

suppirtfd jy twi-tbkrds ia ossf`jhy `f`jfrs. Biwfvfr, air o hfekshotkvf

ireog ia og fcigi`kc ci`ùgkty ti `fft ighy igcf o yfor ks rotbfr kgop-

priprkotf. O jfttfr iptkig wiuhd bovf jffg ti hk`kt tbf ossf`jhys rihf ti

sihvkge pihktkcoh prijhf`s (Ologhf ?;;3, p. 3?).

Akgohhy, tbf ìst skegkakcogt ruhf air tbf k`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig ks Ortkchf ?>. Kg tbks ortkchf, tbf ossf`jhy ksf`piwfrfd ti oct jy dfckskig (ig ogy sujmfct occirdkge ti Ortkchf 2),

wbkcb ka rfocbfd jy cigsfgsus ir twi-tbkrds òmirkty, jfci`fs jkgdkge

air ohh `f`jfr stotfs, itbfr ireogs ia tbf ci`ùgkty, ogd tbf ZFCs.

Dfckskigs sbohh jfci`f outiòtkcohhy fgaircfojhf 3> doys oatfr tbf dotf

ia tbfkr skegoturf jy tbf cbokr ia tbf ossf`jhy.

Zotkakcotkig ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf Ojumo TrfotyAir tbf privkskigs ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty ti jf jkgdkge, Ortkchf ?>> rfqukrfs

tbot tbf bkeb cigtroctkge portkfs (tbf rfprfsfgtotkvfs ia stotfs tbot bovfskegfd ir rotkakfd o trfoty) ùst skeg ogd rotkay tbf trfoty ogd tbf priti-

cihs tbfrfti kg occirdogcf wktb tbfkr rfspfctkvf cigstktutkigoh pricfdurfs.

Tbf ortkchf aurtbfr stkpuhotfs tbot tbf kgstru`fgts ia rotkakcotkig sbohh jf

dfpisktfd wktb tbf sfcrftory-efgfroh ia tbf IOV. Ortkchf ?>? stkpuhotfs

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ?;


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tbot tbf trfoty sbohh fgtfr kgti aircf 3> doys oatfr tbf dfpiskt ia tbf kgstru-

`fgts ia rotkakcotkig jy twi-tbkrds ia tbf `f`jfr stotfs ia tbf IOV.

Tbf Ojumo Trfoty fgtfrfd kgti aircf ig ?: @oy ?;;4, oatfr twi-tbkrds

ia tbf `f`jfr stotfs ia tbf IOV bod dfpisktfd tbfkr kgstru`fgts ia

rotkakcotkig (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>1j, p. :). Tbf rotkakcotkig pricfss cigtkg-

ufd ogd, os ia :: Mugf :>>4, 42 ia tbf 64 Oarkcog stotfs bod skegfd ogd

rotkakfd tbf trfoty. Biwfvfr, aiur ia tbisf rotkakcotkigs ogd/ir dfpiskts ia

tbf rotkakcotkig kgstru`fgts wfrf digf wbfg tbf Ojumo Trfoty bod jffg

rfphocfd jy tbf Oarkcog Vgkig aro`fwirl (tbf rotkakcotkig pfrkid air tbf

trfoty fstojhksbkge tbf OFC fgdfd ig :1 @oy :>>?, wbfg tbf trfoty

fstojhksbkge tbf Oarkcog Vgkig co`f kgti aircf). Aiur stotfs (Dmkjiutk,Eojig, @odoeoscor, ogd Siòhko) bovf skegfd, jut git rotkakfd, tbf trfoty,

ogd Frktrfo ogd @iricci wfrf gfvfr skegotirkfs ti tbf trfoty.

Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

Tbf Ojumo Trfoty os tbf Hfeoh Josks ia tbf [oìussiulri DfckskigOarkcog kgkstfrs kg cboref ia ckvkh ovkotkig ari` 4> Oarkcog stotfs cigvfgfd

kg [oìussiulri, Ctf dKvikrf, ig ?3?4 Givf`jfr ?;;; ti dkscuss ogdodipt o gfw aro`fwirl air hkjfrohkzfd okr trogspirt ig tbf Oarkcog cigtk-

gfgt. Tbf josks ia tbf dkscusskigs wos tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig

(VGFCO ?;22), wbkcb ok`fd ot kgtferotkge Oarkcog corrkfrs, eroduohhy

fhk`kgotkge troaakc rkebts, ogd rfduckge torkaas. Tbf `fftkge rfsuhtfd kg tbf

odiptkig ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig, wbkcb aicusfd prkòrkhy ig auhh

hkjfrohkzotkig ia troaakc rkebts up ti tbf akatb arffdi`.

Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig bos kts hfeoh josks kg Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo

Trfoty, wbkcb stotfs tbot tbf dfckskigs ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf OFC sbohh jfjkgdkge ig `f`jfr stotfs ogd ireogs ia tbf ci`ùgkty os wfhh os ig

ZFCs. Tbf ossf`jhy, biwfvfr, ks dfakgfd kg Ortkchf 2 os tbf Ossf`jhy ia

Bfods ia Stotf, wbkhf tbf `fftkge kg [oìussiulri wos ottfgdfd jy tbf

Oarkcog `kgkstfrs kg cboref ia ckvkh ovkotkig. Tbf airòh odiptkig ia tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig ig tbf josks ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty tiil phocf dur-

kge tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Bfods ia Stotf ig ?>?: Muhy :>>>, kg Hi`, Tiei

(VGFCO :>>4, p. 13).

Kt ks efgfrohhy ossu`fd tbot tbf hfeoh josks ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig

ks tbf airòh dfckskig ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf OFC, wbkcb wos tolfg ig?: Muhy :>>>. Ka tbks ossu`ptkig ks cirrfct, tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig tbfg

jfci`fs og ijhkeotkig ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty, ogd ks tbus o hfeohhy jkgdkge

kgstru`fgt. Biwfvfr, tbks ks ighy tbf cosf air tbisf ciugtrkfs tbot skegfd

ogd rotkakfd tbf trfoty ogd kts priticihs ogd dfpisktfd tbf kgstru`fgts ia

:> Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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rotkakcotkig wktb tbf sfcrftory-efgfroh ia tbf IOV (Ortkchf ?>>). Air stotfs

tbot dkd git skeg tbf trfoty, airòh occfptogcf tbriueb occfsskig, occfpt-

ogcf, ogd opprivoh rfòkgs o vohkd potb air tbf trfoty ti jfci`f jkgdkge

(Jriwghkf :>>3, p. 623).

Sfvfroh stotfs skegfd, rotkakfd, ogd/ir dfpisktfd tbfkr kgstru`fgts ia

rotkakcotkig oatfr tbf trfoty co`f kgti aircf. Os gigf ia tbf rotkaykge

stotf portkfs bovf fxprfssfd ogy rfsfrvotkigs ir cigsfgt ti jf jiugd jy

port ia tbf trfoty ighy (Sff Qkfggo Cigvfgtkig ig tbf How ia Trfotkfs,

?;1;, Ortkchfs ?5, ?; \Qkfggo CigvfgtkigP), ohh stotf portkfs tbot hotfr

succffdfd ti `f`jfr stotfs orf tbfrfairf jiugd ti ohh tbf prkir dfck-

skigs tolfg jy tbf OFC, tbot ks, dfckskigs tolfg ig tbf josks ia Ortkchf?> ia tbf trfoty. Tbf ighy sucb skegkakcogt dfckskig tolfg jy tbf OFC

wos tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig.

Fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf Oarkcog VgkigOt tbf Aiurtb Fxtroirdkgory Sfsskig ia tbf OFC kg Skrtf, Hkjyo, ig

; Sfptf`jfr ?;;;, tbf ossf`jhy dfckdfd ti fstojhksb o gfw ireogkzotkig

cohhfd tbf Oarkcog Vgkig, wbkcb wiuhd jf kg cigair`kty wktb tbf uhtkòtf

ijmfctkvfs ia tbf Cbortfr ia iur Cigtkgfgtoh Ireogkzotkig ogd tbf Trfotyfstojhksbkge tbf Oarkcog Fcigi`kc Ci`ùgkty (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>>,

^rfo`jhf). Tbf dfckskig wos josfd ig tbf gffd ti occfhfrotf tbf pricfss

ia k`phf`fgtkge tbf Trfoty fstojhksbkge tbf OFC kg irdfr ti priìtf tbf

sicki-fcigi`kc dfvfhip`fgt ia Oarkco ogd ti aocf ìrf faafctkvfhy tbf

cbohhfgefs pisfd jy ehijohkzotkig (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>>, ^rfo`jhf).

Tbf airòh cigstktutkvf Oct fstojhksbkge tbf Oarkcog Vgkig wos odiptfd kg

Tiei ig ?? Muhy :>>>. Kgktkohhy, :5 stotfs skegfd tbf oct (Oarkcog Vgkig

:>>1j, p. :), wbkcb airòhhy fgtfrfd kgti aircf ig :1 @oy :>>?. Jy Muhy:>>3, ohh Oarkcog ciugtrkfs fxcfpt @iricci bod odiptfd ogd rotkakfd tbf oct

(Kgstktutf air Sfcurkty Studkfs :>>5o). (@iricci wktbdrfw ari` tbf IOV

kg ?;26 oatfr kt od`kttfd tbf Soborowk Oroj Dfìcrotkc Zfpujhkc \Ufst

SoboroP, wbkcb @iricci dkd git rfciegkzf os o hfektkòtf skegotiry `f`-

jfr ia tbf oct. Hotfr, @iricci rfausfd ti skeg tbf oct crfotkge tbf Oarkcog

Vgkig air tbf so`f rfosig.)

Sk`khor ti tbf OFC, tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig fstoj-

hksbfd sfvfroh ireogs. Ortkchf 6 stkpuhotfs tbot tbfsf ireogs orf (o) tbf

Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig< (j) tbf Fxfcutkvf Ciugckh< (c) tbf ôg-Oarkcog ôrhko`fgt< (d) tbf Ciurt ia Mustkcf< (f) tbf Ci``ksskig< (a) tbf

^frògfgt Zfprfsfgtotkvf Ci``kttff< (e) tbf spfckohkzfd tfcbgkcoh ci`-

`kttffs< (b) tbf Fcigi`kc, Sickoh, ogd Cuhturoh Ciugckh< ogd (k) tbf akgog-

ckoh kgstktutkigs. Dfspktf si`f shkebt cbogefs kg tbfkr tkthfs, tbf ireogs ia

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig :?


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tbf Oarkcog Vgkig orf sk`khor ti tbf ireogs ia tbf OFC. Tbf ighy fxcfp-

tkigs orf tbf akgogckoh kgstktutkigs ti jf crfotfd (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>>,

Ortkchf ?;, privkdfs air tbf fstojhksb`fgt ia tbf Oarkcog Cfgtroh Jogl, tbf

Oarkcog @igftory Vgkig, ogd tbf Oarkcog Kgvfst`fgt Jogl).

Tbf òkg, ogd tbf ìst rfhfvogt air tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig, dka-

afrfgcf jftwffg tbf OFC ogd tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ks tbot tbf cigstktutkvf

oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig difs git privkdf air tbf ossf`jhys dfckskigs ti

jf outiòtkcohhy jkgdkge ogd fgaircfojhf ig `f`jfr stotfs ogd ireogs ia

tbf ci`ùgkty. Kgstfod, Ortkchf ; ia tbf oct hk`kts tbf ossf`jhys piwfrs

ogd augctkigs ti pihkcy dfckskigs, ti `f`jfrsbkp ogd akgogckoh kssufs, ti

dkrfctkigs ti tbf Fxfcutkvf Ciugckh ig kssufs cigcfrgkge wor ir f`frefg-ckfs, ogd ti tbf oppikgt`fgt ia mudefs ogd ci``ksskigfrs. Tbf augctkigs

ogd piwfrs ia tbf vorkius itbfr ireogs orf ohsi hk`ktfd ti pihkcy rfci`-

`fgdotkigs (Ortkchf ?3 air tbf Fxfcutkvf Ciugckh) ir ti primfct prfporo-

tkig ogd supfrvkskig (Ortkchf ?6 air tbf tfcbgkcoh ci``kttffs) ir orf hfat

ti jf dftfr`kgfd kg auturf octs, sucb os tbf crfotkig ia o ôg-Oarkcog por-

hko`fgt (Ortkchf ?5). (Tbf ôg-Oarkcog ôrhko`fgt wos fstojhksbfd jy tbf

odiptkig ia tbf Trfoty Fstojhksbkge tbf Oarkcog Fcigi`kc Ci`ùgkty

Zfhotkge ti tbf ôg-Oarkcog ôrhko`fgt ig 3> Muhy :>>3.)Ortkchf 33 (?) ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig stkpu-

hotfs tbot tbf oct sbohh rfphocf tbf Cbortfr ia tbf IOV oatfr o trogsk-

tkigoh pfrkid ia igf yfor ir sucb aurtbfr pfrkid os dftfr`kgfd jy tbf

ossf`jhy. Kt aurtbfr privkdfs kg Ortkchf 33 (:) tbot tbf oct sbohh tolf

prfcfdfgcf ivfr ogd supfrsfdf ogy kgcigskstfgt ir cigtrory privkskig

ia tbf trfoty fstojhksbkge tbf OFC. Kg fssfgcf, tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia

tbf Oarkcog Vgkig rfphocfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty,?> ogd fspfckohhy cog-

cfhfd tbisf privkskigs tbot bod git jffg corrkfd ivfr kgti tbf OarkcogVgkig aro`fwirl.

Air purpisfs ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig, tbf ìst rfhfvogt pri-

vkskig tbot wos git corrkfd ivfr kgti tbf gfw trfoty fstojhksbkge tbf

Oarkcog Vgkig wos Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty. Tbks `fogt tbot ari`

tbf doy tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig fgtfrfd kgti aircf,

dfckskigs tolfg jy tbf ossf`jhy wiuhd gi higefr jfci`f outiòtkcohhy

jkgdkge air ohh `f`jfr stotfs. Vgdfr Ortkchf 5 ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct,

dfckskig òlkge ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig rfqukrfs cigsfg-

sus ir o twi-tbkrds òmirkty ia tbf `f`jfr stotfs. Biwfvfr, tbf wirdsoutiòtkcohhy jkgdkge wfrf i`kttfd. Kt cog tbus jf ossu`fd tbot tbf

`f`jfr stotfs ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig wogtfd ti

prfsfrvf tbfkr rkebts ti rotkay òmir dfckskigs tolfg kg tbf auturf jy tbf

Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig.

:: Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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Zotkakcotkig ^frkid ia tbf [oìussiulri DfckskigJosfd ig tbf Ojumo Trfoty

Tbf fgtry kgti aircf ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ig :1 @oy :>>? tfr`kgotfd

tbf rotkakcotkig pfrkid ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty, wbkcb kgchudfd occfsskig ti

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig os o jkgdkge fhf`fgt ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty.

Tbus, fvfg tbiueb tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig privkdfs air

o trogsktkigoh pfrkid ia igf yfor ir sucb aurtbfr pfrkid os òy jf gfcfs-

sory (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>>, Ortkchf 33), kt difs si sihfhy air tbf purpisf ia

fgojhkge tbf IOV ti ugdfrtolf `fosurfs air tbf dfvihutkig ia kts ossfts

ogd hkojkhktkfs ti tbf ugkig.

Tbf qufstkig ia wbftbfr tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkigcog jf sffg os o succfssir ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty wktb rfeord ti tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig cog jf ogswfrfd jy rfafrrkge ti Ortkchf ?: ia

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Tbks ortkchf dfchorfs Ortkchf ?> ia tbf

Ojumo Trfoty os tbf josks air fgtry kgti aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig jy stotkge tbot kg occirdogcf wktb Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo

Trfoty, tbks Dfckskig sbohh outiòtkcohhy fgtfr kgti aircf tbkrty doys

oatfr tbf dotf ia kts skegoturf jy tbf Cbokròg ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia

Bfods ia Stotf ogd Eivfrg`fgt ot wbkcb tbks Dfckskig wos odiptfd.Tbks ks tbf privkskig tbot privkdfs air tbf prk`f dkaafrfgcf jftwffg tbf

Ojumo Trfoty, wbfrf dfckskigs ia tbf ossf`jhy jfci`f outiòtkcohhy

jkgdkge ig `f`jfr stotfs, ogd tbf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig, wbkcb difs

git kgchudf tbks `fcbogks`. Kg itbfr wirds, ka tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig wiuhd bovf jffg oerffd upig wbfg tbf Oarkcog Vgkig wos

fstojhksbfd (ogd tbf Ojumo Trfoty rfphocfd), kts fgtry kgti aircf wiuhd

bovf dfpfgdfd ig tbf rotkakcotkig ia tbf dfckskig jy focb stotf, jfcousf

tbf Oarkcog Vgkig trfoty difs git kgchudf tbf privkskig tbot dfckskigsorf outiòtkcohhy jkgdkge ig `f`jfr stotfs.

Tbf doy tbot tbf Oarkcog Vgkig aro`fwirl co`f kgti aircf jy

rfphockge tbf Ojumo Trfoty tbfrfairf òrls tbf fgd ia tbf `fcbogks`

(outiòtkc jkgdkge air `f`jfr stotfs) ia Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo

Trfoty. Cigsfqufgthy, tbf rotkakcotkig pfrkid ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty (wbkcb

ohsi cigstktutfd `f`jfrsbkp ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig), wbkcb

kgchudfs occfsskig, occfptogcf, ogd opprivoh ia tbf trfoty, stortfd wbfg

tbf trfoty wos skegfd ig 3 Mugf ?;;?, ogd fgdfd ig :1 @oy :>>?.

Stotus ia tbf Gig-Ojumo Trfoty StotfsIa tbf 64 Oarkcog stotfs, ?> ùst jf cigskdfrfd ti jf gig-Ojumo Trfoty

stotfs. Tbfsf ?> stotfs cog jf eriupfd kgti tbrff cotfeirkfs= (o) stotfs tbot

gfvfr skegfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty (Frktrfo ogd @iricci)< (j) stotfs tbot

Fhf`fgts ogd Fgtry kgti Aircf ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig :3


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skegfd, jut gfvfr rotkakfd, tbf trfoty (Dmkjiutk, Eojig, @odoeoscor, ogd

Siòhko)< ogd (c) stotfs tbot rotkakfd ogd/ir dfpisktfd tbf kgstru`fgts ia

rotkakcotkig oatfr tbf Oarkcog Vgkig fgtfrfd kgti aircf (Fquotirkoh Eukgfo,

@ourktogko, Siutb Oarkco, ogd Swozkhogd).

Tbisf stotfs tbot gfvfr skegfd ir rotkakfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty cog chforhy

jf dfscrkjfd os gigtrfoty stotfs. Tbfy orf git port ia tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig aro`fwirl. Tbf stotus ia stotfs tbot rotkakfd ogd/ir dfpisktfd

tbf kgstru`fgts ia rotkakcotkig oatfr tbf Oarkcog Vgkig fgtfrfd kgti aircf

cog jf fxo`kgfd ari` dkaafrfgt pfrspfctkvfs. O akrst hfod cog jf aiugd kg

poroeropb ? ia Ortkchf 33 ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig,

wbkcb stkpuhotfs tbot tbks oct sbohh rfphocf tbf Cbortfr ia tbf IOV, ogd osfcigd kg poroeropb :, wbkcb stotfs tbot tbf oct tolfs prfcfdfgcf ivfr

ogd supfrsfdfs ogy kgcigskstfgt ir cigtrory privkskig ia tbf OFC Trfoty.

Tbf òkg privkskig cigcfrgkge tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig tbot wos

supfrsfdfd kg tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig wos Ortkchf ?>

ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty, wbkcb privkdfs tbot tbf dfckskigs ia tbf Ossf`jhy

ia tbf OFC sbohh jf jkgdkge ig `f`jfr stotfs ogd ireogs ia tbf

Ci`ùgkty, os wfhh os ig ZFCs. Tbf oreu`fgt tbot tbf privkskigs ia

Ortkchf ?> wfrf tfr`kgotfd wbfg tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf OarkcogVgkig co`f kgti aircf cog ohsi jf òdf wktb Ortkchf 6; ia tbf Qkfggo

Cigvfgtkig. Tbks ortkchf stkpuhotfs tbot o trfoty sbohh jf cigskdfrfd ti

jf tfr`kgotfd ka ohh tbf portkfs ti kt cigchudf o hotfr trfoty rfhotkge ti

tbf so`f sujmfct òttfr ogd tbf privkskigs ia tbf hotfr trfoty orf si aor

kgci`potkjhf wktb tbisf ia tbf forhkfr igf tbot tbf twi trfotkfs orf git

copojhf ia jfkge opphkfd ot tbf so`f tk`f. Os ohh aiur portkfs cigcfrgfd

(Fquotirkoh Eukgfo, @ourktogko, Siutb Oarkco, ogd Swozkhogd) bovf

skegfd, ogd twi (Fquotirkoh Eukgfo ogd Siutb Oarkco) fvfg rotkakfd, tbfcigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig jfairf kts fgtry kgti aircf, igf cog

cigchudf tbot tbfsf portkfs lgfw ogd oerffd ti tbf gfw aro`fwirl ia

tbf Oarkcog Vgkig. Kt ks gfvfrtbfhfss rfòrlojhf tbot ohh aiur ia tbfsf

stotfs ohsi rotkakfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty ogd dfpisktfd tbfkr kgstru`fgts ia

rotkakcotkig oatfr :1 @oy :>>?, tbf dotf ig wbkcb tbf Oarkcog Vgkig

co`f kgti aircf ogd rfphocfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty aro`fwirl. Tbks ks fvfg

ìrf ostigksbkge wbfg cigskdfrkge tbot tbrff ia tbf stotfs (Fquotirkoh

Eukgfo, Siutb Oarkco, ogd Swozkhogd) octuohhy dfpisktfd tbfkr kgstru-

`fgts ia rotkakcotkig ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty ùcb hotfr tbog tbfy dkd tbfso`f kgstru`fgts air tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig, wbkcb

rfphocfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty.

Tbf lfy qufstkig ti ogohyzf jfairf wf cog cigchudf tbot stotfs tbot

dkd git skeg tbf Ojumo Trfoty durkge kts hfeoh fxkstfgcf orf git portkfs ti

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ks wbftbfr dfckskigs ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig orf

:4 Ipfg Slkfs air Oarkco


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outiòtkcohhy jkgdkge air ohh kts `f`jfr stotfs wktbiut ogy aurtbfr rotkak-

cotkig. Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty ks chfor ig tbks kssuf. Kt privkdfs tbot

tbf dfckskigs ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf OFC sbohh jf jkgdkge ig `f`jfr

stotfs ogd ireogs ia tbf ci`ùgkty, os wfhh os ig ZFCs. Tbf cigstktutkvf

oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ks hfss chfor ig tbks qufstkig. Ortkchf 1 stkpuhotfs

tbot tbf ossf`jhy sbohh jf tbf suprf`f ireog ia tbf ugkig, ogd Ortkchf 5

stotfs tbot tbf ossf`jhy sbohh tolf kts dfckskigs jy cigsfgsus ir, aokhkge

wbkcb, jy o twi-tbkrds òmirkty ia tbf `f`jfr stotfs ia tbf ugkig.

Biwfvfr, tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig difs git fxphkckthy

stotf tbot tbf dfckskigs ia tbf ossf`jhy orf jkgdkge ig ohh `f`jfr stotfs,

jut ot tbf so`f tk`f kt privkdfs kg Ortkchf :3 (:) air tbf k`pisktkig iasogctkigs oeokgst o `f`jfr stotf tbot aokhs ti ci`phy wktb tbf dfckskigs

ogd pihkckfs ia tbf ugkig, sucb os tbf dfgkoh ia trogspirt ogd ci`ùgk-

cotkig hkgls wktb itbfr `f`jfr stotfs, ogd itbfr `fosurfs ia o pihktkcoh

ogd fcigi`kc goturf ti jf dftfr`kgfd jy tbf ossf`jhy.

Igf strige kgdkcotkig ojiut tbf goturf ogd scipf ia opphkcojkhkty ia

dfckskigs ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ig o `f`jfr stotf cog jf aiugd kg Ortkchf

33 ia tbf Zuhfs ia ^ricfdurf ia tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Vgkig (Oarkcog Vgkig

:>>:). Ortkchf 33 stotfs tbot dfckskigs ia tbf ossf`jhy sbohh jf kssufd os(o) rfeuhotkigs< (j) dkrfctkvfs< ogd (c) rfci``fgdotkigs, dfchorotkigs, rfs-

ihutkigs, ogd ipkgkigs. Zfeuhotkigs orf opphkcojhf kg ohh `f`jfr stotfs,

wbkcb sbohh tolf ohh gfcfssory `fosurfs ti k`phf`fgt tbf`. Tbf qufstkig

bfrf ks wbftbfr ohh `fosurfs ti k`phf`fgt tbf` `fogs airòh odiptkig

ir rotkakcotkig kg focb `f`jfr stotf. Ortkchf 34 (?) stotfs tbot rfeuhotkigs

ogd dkrfctkvfs sbohh jf outiòtkcohhy fgaircfojhf 3> doys oatfr tbf dotf ia

pujhkcotkig kg tbf Iaakckoh Miurgoh ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ir os spfckakfd kg

tbf dfckskig. Aurtbfrìrf, Ortkchf 34 (:) privkdfs tbot rfeuhotkigs ogddfckskigs sbohh jf jkgdkge ig `f`jfr stotfs, ireogs ia tbf ugkig, ogd

ZFCs. Jfairf wf cigchudf tbot Ortkchf 34 difs kgdffd rfgdfr ogy dfck-

skig ia tbf ossf`jhy outiòtkcohhy fgaircfojhf oatfr pujhkcotkig, wf gffd

ti fxo`kgf twi kssufs, go`fhy= (o) cog tbf odiptkig ia ruhfs ia pricfdurf

ia tbf ossf`jhy jy tbf ossf`jhy ivfrci`f tbf aoct tbot tbf cigstktutkvf

oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig dkd git privkdf air tbf piwfrs ia outiòtkc

fgaircfojkhkty oatfr pujhkcotkig, ogd (j) wbot ks tbf dfìgstrotfd proctkcf

ia tbf ossf`jhy kg tbks òttfr9

Tbf akrst qufstkig ks rfhotkvfhy fosy ti ogswfr. Tbf cigstktutkvf oct iatbf Oarkcog Vgkig gffdfd rotkakcotkig jy ohh `f`jfr stotfs. Igf ia tbf

òmir privkskigs, tbf piwfr ia outiòtkc fgaircfojkhkty ig `f`jfr

stotfs, wos git kgchudfd kg tbf oct. Biwfvfr, kg :>>:, tbf ossf`jhy

odiptfd kts iwg ruhfs ia pricfdurf ogd eovf ktsfha tbf piwfr ia outiòtkc

fgaircfojkhkty ig `f`jfr stotfs. Os `f`jfr stotfs gfvfr rotkakfd tbks



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skegkakcogt ruhf, ogd os tbf ossf`jhy dkd git bovf tbfsf piwfrs kg tbf cig-

stktutkvf oct, tbf gfw privkskig coggit jf dff`fd ti jf og fxprfssfd ir

k`phkfd o`fgd`fgt ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct. Tbf ruhfs ia pricfdurf tbot

eovf tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig tbf piwfr ia fgaircfojkhkty ia

dfckskigs ig `f`jfr stotfs ùst jf cigskdfrfd og o`fgd`fgt ia tbf

irkekgoh trfoty. Occirdkge ti Ortkchf 4> ia tbf Qkfggo Cigvfgtkig, ogy

pripisoh ti o`fgd o ùhtkhotfroh trfoty ùst jf gitkakfd ti ohh tbf cig-

troctkge stotfs. Focb stotf bos tbf rkebt ti tolf port kg (o) tbf dfckskig ti

jf tolfg kg rfeord ti sucb o pripisoh, ogd (j) tbf gfeitkotkig ogd cigchu-

skig ia ogy oerff`fgt ti o`fgd tbf trfoty. Ortkchf 3: ia tbf cigstktutkvf

oct ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig privkdfs tbot o`fgd`fgts sbohh jf odiptfd jytbf ossf`jhy jy cigsfgsus ir, aokhkge wbkcb, jy o twi-tbkrds òmirkty ogd

suj`kttfd air rotkakcotkig jy ohh `f`jfr stotfs kg occirdogcf wktb tbfkr

rfspfctkvf cigstktutkigoh pricfdurfs. Tbf sfcigd qufstkig, tbf proctkcf ia

tbf ossf`jhy, ks hfss chfor. Tbf Oarkcog Vgkig bos tolfg sfvfroh dfckskigs

durkge kts ossf`jhkfs, jut hktthf fvkdfgcf ia outiòtkc fgaircf`fgt kg

`f`jfr stotfs ks opporfgt. O cigcrftf hfod co`f durkge tbf Skxtb

Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig, ot wbkcb tbf ossf`jhy tiil gitkcf ia

Hkjyos kgtfrvfgtkig cigcfrgkge gigsuj`ksskig ia dfckskigs ia tbf OarkcogVgkig ti tbf rotkakcotkig fcbogks` ia Oarkcog Vgkig f`jfr stotfs. Hkjyo

cohhfd upig ohh `f`jfr stotfs ti skeg ogd rotkay tbf Trfotkfs, Cbortfrs,

Cigvfgtkigs ogd ^riticihs odiptfd jy tbf Ossf`jhy ogd rfqufsts gotkigoh

porhko`fgts ti bihd, ka gfcfssory, fxtroirdkgory sfsskigs air tbfkr rotkakco-

tkig (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>1o, p. 6).

Akgohhy, tbf fvkdfgcf ks strige tbot tbf Oarkcog Vgkig difs git fgmiy

tbf so`f outiòtkc fgaircf`fgt `fcbogks` os privkdfd kg tbf Ojumo

Trfoty air tbf OFC, ogitbfr aoctir ugdfrhkgkge tbf oreu`fgt tbot cfrtokgstotfs tbot rotkakfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty oatfr :1 @oy :>>? orf git jiugd jy

tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Ka wf ossu`f tbot tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog

Vgkig wos f`piwfrfd ti erogt ktsfha tbf piwfr ia outiòtkc fgaircfojkh-

kty kg Ortkchf 33 ia kts ruhfs ia pricfdurf, wf gffd ti rfvkfw tbf dotf ia

faafctkvfgfss ia tbks dfckskig. Tbf ossf`jhys ruhfs ia pricfdurf wfrf

odiptfd durkge tbf Akrst Irdkgory Sfsskig ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig ig ?> Muhy

:>>:. Occirdkge ti Ortkchf 34 ia tbf ruhfs ia pricfdurf, dfckskigs jfci`f

fgaircfojhf 3> doys oatfr tbf dotf ia tbfkr pujhkcotkig kg tbf Iaakckoh

Miurgoh ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig. Biwfvfr, tbrff ia tbf aiur stotfs tbot rotk-akfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty oatfr kt wos rfphocfd jy tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf

Oarkcog Vgkig ig :1 @oy :>>? dkd si jfairf tbf gfw ruhf wiuhd bovf

tolfg faafct kg Oueust :>>: (Siutb Oarkco rotkakfd ig 3? @oy :>>?,

Swozkhogd ig 1 Mugf :>>?, ogd @ourktogko ig :> Givf`jfr :>>?). Ighy



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Fquotirkoh Eukgfo ciuhd chok` tbot kts rotkakcotkig ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty ig

:> Dfcf`jfr :>>: wiuhd bovf jfgfaktfd ari` tbf so`f outiòtkc

fgaircf`fgt `fcbogks` os Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty sbiuhd tbf

ossf`jhys ruhfs ia pricfdurf jf rfciegkzfd os jkgdkge.

Os iuthkgfd forhkfr, tbf Ossf`jhy ia tbf Oarkcog Vgkig difs git fgmiy

tbf so`f piwfr os privkdfd air kg Ortkchf ?> ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty. Tbfrfairf,

ohh aiur stotfs (Fquotirkoh Eukgfo, @ourktogko, Siutb Oarkco, ogd Swozkhogd)

tbot rotkakfd ogd/ir dfpisktfd tbfkr kgstru`fgts ia rotkakcotkig oatfr tbf

Oarkcog Vgkig fgtfrfd kgti aircf coggit jf cigskdfrfd [oìussiulri

Dfckskig porty stotfs. Cigchudkge tbot tbf hotf rotkakcotkig ia tbf Ojumo

Trfoty jy cfrtokg stotfs kgdkcotfs tbot tbisf stotfs prkòrkhy kgtfgdfd timikg tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig aro`fwirl wiuhd ohsi jf kgoppriprkotf.

Tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig privkdfs air o ùcb sk`phfr pricfdurf air

gigtrfoty stotfs tbot wksb ti jf portkfs ti tbf dfckskig (VGFCO :>>:,

Oggfx ? \oP). Tbf hotf ogd ijsihftf rotkakcotkig wos ùcb ìrf hklfhy ti

bovf jffg cousfd jy od`kgkstrotkvf dfhoys.

CigchuskigTbf Ojumo Trfoty, wbkcb airòhhy fgtfrfd kgti aircf ig ?: @oy ?;;4, cog

jf rfciegkzfd os tbf hfeoh josks air tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Ohh stotfs

tbot skegfd ogd airòhhy rotkakfd tbf Ojumo Trfoty durkge kts hfeoh fxks-

tfgcf ari` tbf dotf ia kgktkoh skegkge ig 3 Mugf ?;;? ti tbf dotf ia kts

rfphocf`fgt ig :1 @oy :>>? bovf ohsi odbfrfd ti tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig, wbkcb jfco`f auhhy jkgdkge ig ?: Oueust :>>:.

Ia tbf 64 Oarkcog stotfs, 44 bovf skegfd ogd airòhhy rotkakfd tbf Ojumo

Trfoty. Tbisf stotfs jfco`f portkfs ti tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Tbfitbfr ?> stotfs (Dmkjiutk, Fquotirkoh Eukgfo, Frktrfo, Eojig, @odoeoscor,

@ourktogko, @iricci, Siòhko, Siutb Oarkco, ogd Swozkhogd) coggit jf

cigskdfrfd portkfs ti tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig.

Gitfs

?. Tbf stotfs rfprfsfgtfd ot tbf cigafrfgcf wfrf Ohefrko, Jfgkg, Jitswogo, Jurlkgo

Aosi, Jurugdk, Co`friig, Copf-Qfrdf, Cfgtroh Oarkcog Zfpujhkc, Cbod, Cigei,Ctf dKvikrf, tbf Oroj Zfpujhkc ia Feypt, Fquotirkoh Eukgfo, Ftbkipko, Eojig,

Tbf Eo`jko, Ebogo, Eukgfo, Eukgfo Jkssou, Lfgyo, Hkjfrko, Hkjyo, @odoeoscor,

@ohk, @iricci, @ourktkus, @ourktogko, Gkefr, Gkefrko, Zwogdo, Sfgfeoh, Skfrro

Hfigf, Siòhko, Swozkhogd, Togzogko, Tiei, Tugksko, Veogdo, ]okrf (tidoy, tbf

Dfìcrotkc Zfpujhkc ia Cigei), ogd ]k`jojwf.



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:. Tbf `kgkstfrs dfckdfd tbot stotfs wiuhd erogt tbf akatb arffdi` gi hotfr tbog

? Givf`jfr ?;;5 os aihhiws=

Ubfrf gi itbfr okrhkgfs orf ipfrotkge ugdfr tbf tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi`s,

akatb arffdi` rkebts sbiuhd jf ugcigdktkigoh.

Ubfrf okrhkgfs orf ipfrotkge tbf tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi`s, up ti :> pfr-

cfgt ia tbf troaakc (josfd ig tbf titoh vihu`f ia troaakc kg tbf prfcfdkge

yfor) ir ia tbf gu`jfr ia sfots ovokhojhf ig tbf riutf sbohh jf rfsfrvfd air

ipfrotkig ugdfr tbf akatb arffdi`, privkdfd tbot 2> pfrcfgt ia tbf titoh

troaakc ir gu`jfr ia sfots ovokhojhf ig tbf riutf orf rfsfrvfd air okrhkgfs

ipfrotkge tbf tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi`s.

Ubfrf okrhkgfs orf ipfrotkge tbf tbkrd, aiurtb, ogd akatb arffdi`s, akatb arff-

di` rkebts sbiuhd jf erogtfd ti gig-Oarkcog ipfrotirs ig o rfckpricoh josks

oatfr duf cigsuhtotkig wktb cigcfrgfd ipfrotirs kg tbf sujrfekig air tbf

jfgfakt ia tbf Fcigi`kc Ci`ùgkty ia Ufst Oarkcog Stotfs sujrfekig.

3. Ortkchf 3.: hk`kts tbf ijhkeotkig ti erogt ogd rfcfkvf ugrfstrkctfd akatb arff-

di` rkebts ti (o) sfctirs wbfrf, air fcigi`kc rfosigs, gi tbkrd ogd aiurtb

arffdi` ipfrotirs fxkst< ogd (j) up ti o kgkù` ia :> pfrcfgt ia tbf copoc-

kty iaafrfd ig tbf riutf cigcfrgfd durkge ogy ekvfg pfrkid ia tk`f wktb

rfspfct ti ogy sfctir wbfrf tbkrd ogd aiurtb arffdi` ipfrotirs fxkst.

4. Os og fxo`phf sff Okr Trogspirt Oerff`fgt jftwffg tbf Vgktfd Stotfs iaO`frkco ogd Skgeopirf (3? @orcb ?;52).

6. Cigvfgtkig ig Kgtfrgotkigoh Ckvkh Ovkotkig, skegfd ot Cbkcoei ig 5 Dfcf`jfr

?;44, 1? Stot. ??2> (?;44), \Cbkcoei CigvfgtkigP.

1. Oarkcog `kgkstfrs rfspigskjhf air okr trogspirt dkscussfd tbf soafty-rfhotfd

cbohhfgefs ia Oarkcog corrkfrs ot o cigafrfgcf kg Eojig kg @oy :>>1. Tbfy

rfciegkzfd tbot copockty jukhdkge kg soafty ivfrskebt ùst jf oddrfssfd ig o

rfekigoh hfvfh ogd okrcroat tbot di git `fft joskc okrwirtbkgfss crktfrko ùst

jf joggfd (Oarkcog Vgkig :>>1c, pp. 12).

5. Tbf eivfrg`fgts rfprfsfgtfd wfrf Ohefrko, Jurugdk, Co`friig, Cfgtroh

Oarkcog Zfpujhkc, Cbod, tbf Zfpujhkc ia Cigei, Ctf dKvikrf, Dobi`fy

(tidoy, Jfgkg), Ftbkipko, Eojig, Ebogo, Eukgfo, Hkjfrko, Hkjyo, @odoeoscor,

@ohk, @ourktogko, @iricci, Gkefr, Gkefrko, Zwogdo, Sfgfeoh, Skfrro Hfigf,

Siòhko, Sudog, Togeogyklo (tidoy, Togzogko), Tiei, Tugksko, Veogdo, Vgktfd

Oroj Zfpujhkc (tidoy, tbf Oroj Zfpujhkc ia Feypt), Vppfr Qihto (tidoy, Jurlkgo

Aosi), ogd ]okrf (tidoy, tbf Dfìcrotkc Zfpujhkc ia Cigei).

2. Sff Zfsihutkig jy tbf Fcigi kc Ci``ksskig air Oarkco Cigafrfgcf ia

@kgkstfrs bfhd kg @orcb ?;55, wbkcb wos fgdirsfd jy tbf Fcigi`kc ogdSickoh Ciugckh ogd, sujsfqufgthy, jy tbf Efgfroh Ossf`jhy ia tbf VG.

;. Hoeis ^hog, supro gitf 3, ot 1?.

?>. Tbf odiptkig jy o twi-tbkrds òmirkty ia tbf cigstktutkvf oct ia tbf Oarkcog

Vgkig ks o òmir o`fgd`fgt ia tbf Ojumo Trfoty kg occirdogcf wktb tbf

prkgckphf kg Ortkchf ?>3.



49/264

:;

Skgcf kts fgoct`fgt jy bfods ia stotf kg ?;;;, tbf cfgtroh tbf`f ia tbf

[oìussiulri Dfckskig bos jffg kts k`phf`fgtotkig ocriss tbf cigtk-

gfgt. Occirdkge ti tbf Oarkcog Vgkig (:>>6o, p.?), tbf [oìussiulri

Dfckskig ks o hogdòrl kgktkotkvf ti dfvfhip tbf kgdustry tbriueb tbf

rfìvoh ia jorrkfrs jy priìtkge tbf hkjfrohksotkig ia tbf kgdustry.

Biwfvfr, os tbf ci`phftf tkthf ia tbf dfckskig ks tbf Dfckskig Zfhotkge

ti tbf K`phf`fgtotkig ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig Cigcfrgkge

tbf Hkjfrohkzotkig ia Occfss ti Okr Trogspirt @orlfts kg Oarkco (VGFCO?;;;), tbf qufstkig orksfs os ti wbot k`phf`fgtotkig octuohhy `fogs kg

tbf cigtfxt ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Tbks ks rfhfvogt, jfcousf igf

ciuhd foskhy cigchudf tbot tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ia ?;;; ks octu-

ohhy tbf hfeohhy jkgdkge aro`fwirl air k`phf`fgtkge tbf air`fr

[oìussiulri Dfchorotkig. Ka tbks wfrf tbf cosf, gi aurtbfr hfeoh octkig

wiuhd jf gfcfssory ogd tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig wiuhd jfci`f

opphkcojhf oatfr tbf trogsktkig pfrkid privkdfd air kg Ortkchf ?>.

[ft ògy Oarkcog pihktkckogs, rfprfsfgtotkvfs ia fcigi`kc ireogkzotkigs,ogd f`jfrs ia tbf ovkotkig kgdustry rfafr ti tbf pfgdkge k`phf`fgtotkig

ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig. Gu`frius cigafrfgcfs, studkfs, popfrs,

ogd kgktkotkvfs prfsfgt o sft ia octkigs tbot bos jffg dfvfhipfd ti k`phf-

`fgt tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig, wbkcb ks ci`ìghy sffg os tbf ìst

C B O ^ T F Z 3

Stotus _ui ia tbf K`phf`fgtotkig

ia tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig


50/264

k`pirtogt `fosurf air dfvfhipkge tbf Oarkcog ovkotkig sfctir (Oarkcog

Vgkig :>>1c). Biwfvfr, igf ciuhd cigchudf tbot uskge tbf tfr` k`phf-

`fgtotkig kg rfhotkig ti tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ks o phfigos` (tbf

usf ia ìrf wirds tbog gfcfssory, tbot ks, o air` ia rfdugdogcy),

jfcousf tbf [oìussiulri Dfckskig ktsfha ks tbf dfckskig ti k`phf`fgt

tbf [oìussiulri Dfchorotkig

Date post:	30-May-2018
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Open Skies for Africa: Implementing the Yamoussoukro Decision

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