Open source technologyOpen source technology1.Open software is software whose source code is published and 1.Open software is software whose source code is published and made available to public,enabling anyone to copy ,modifying the made available to public,enabling anyone to copy ,modifying the

source code without paying fees.source code without paying fees.2.Open source code can evolve through community cooperation 2.Open source code can evolve through community cooperation These communities are composed of individual programmers as These communities are composed of individual programmers as

well as very large companies. Many of these individuals well as very large companies. Many of these individuals programmers who start an open source project usually end up as programmers who start an open source project usually end up as

large companies with open source programs. large companies with open source programs.

Examples of open-source software Examples of open-source software products are:products are:

7-Zip — — file archiver Blender — 3D graphics editor — 3D graphics editor Eclipse — development environment — development environment

comprising an comprising an IDE GIMP — graphics editor — graphics editor Inkscape - Vector graphics editor for .svg - Vector graphics editor for .svg Mozilla Firefox — web browser — web browser Mozilla Thunderbird — e-mail client — e-mail client

Why open source softwareWhy open source software

1.Defining term software as intellectual property proprietary 1.Defining term software as intellectual property proprietary software open source software freeware.software open source software freeware.

2.Software as software as intellectual property a software 2.Software as software as intellectual property a software license is the contract between the software owner and the license is the contract between the software owner and the license defining terms of use of software.sotware owner also license defining terms of use of software.sotware owner also have enumerated rights under the low to control the use of have enumerated rights under the low to control the use of distribution of their property.distribution of their property.

3.Typical proprietry software license fairly standards term source 3.Typical proprietry software license fairly standards term source code availability source code not providedcode availability source code not provided

4.Proprietry software license term-licenses restrictions on 4.Proprietry software license term-licenses restrictions on dissemination.license has no rights to share with those not dissemination.license has no rights to share with those not defined as license user in licenses.defined as license user in licenses.

Advantages of open source Advantages of open source technologytechnology

Open Source License PRICE: Generally no or Open Source License PRICE: Generally no or low license fees; Availability of source code low license fees; Availability of source code coupled with permission to make coupled with permission to make modifications; Access open source modifications; Access open source development community, which may be very development community, which may be very active with respect to code used. Continuing active with respect to code used. Continuing improvement; outstanding development; More improvement; outstanding development; More likely to be built to open standards, so likely to be built to open standards, so interoperable with other open standards interoperable with other open standards systems systems

Disadvantages of open source Disadvantages of open source technologytechnology

Proprietary Software COST! License fee Proprietary Software COST! License fee Product bundling—example: Microsoft office. Product bundling—example: Microsoft office. Licensee cannot modify or enhance the code; Licensee cannot modify or enhance the code; Often not built to open standards, leading to Often not built to open standards, leading to interoperability problems; Shut off from interoperability problems; Shut off from continuing development and information continuing development and information sharing in open source community; Some sharing in open source community; Some proprietary code is not as good as its open proprietary code is not as good as its open source counterparts. source counterparts.

Open standardOpen standard

Not just “open mouth”. Merged Perens'/Krechmer's/EC's definition:

1. Availability: available for all to read and implement 2. Maximize End-User Choice: Create a fair, competitive

market for implementations; NOT lock the customer in. Multiple implementors

3. No Royalty: Free for all to implement, with no royalty or fee

4. No Discrimination: Don't favor one implementor over another (open meeting, consensus/no domination, due process)

5. Extension or Subset: May be extended or offered in subset form

Why Open Source?Why Open Source?

All software has source code. Open source software grants All software has source code. Open source software grants every user access to that code. Freedom means choice. Choice every user access to that code. Freedom means choice. Choice means power.means power.

That's why we believe open source is inevitable. It returns That's why we believe open source is inevitable. It returns control to the customer. You can see the code, change it, learn control to the customer. You can see the code, change it, learn from it. Bugs are found and fixed quickly. And when from it. Bugs are found and fixed quickly. And when customers are unhappy with one vendor, they can choose customers are unhappy with one vendor, they can choose another without overhauling their entire infrastructure. No another without overhauling their entire infrastructure. No more technology lock-in. No more monopolies.more technology lock-in. No more monopolies.

Open source is not nameless, faceless, and it's not charity. Nor Open source is not nameless, faceless, and it's not charity. Nor is it solely a community effort. What you see today is a is it solely a community effort. What you see today is a technology revolution driven by market demand. technology revolution driven by market demand.

MissionMission

Open source is a development method for software that Open source is a development method for software that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. The promise of open source is better transparency of process. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in.end to predatory vendor lock-in.

One of our most important activities is as a standards body, One of our most important activities is as a standards body, maintaining maintaining the Open Source Definition for the good of the for the good of the community. The Open Source Initiative Approved License community. The Open Source Initiative Approved License trademark and program creates a nexus of trust around which trademark and program creates a nexus of trust around which developers, users, corporations and governmentcan organize developers, users, corporations and governmentcan organize open source cooperation.open source cooperation.

Benefits of Using Open source Benefits of Using Open source technologytechnology

Reliability Stability Stability Auditability Auditability Cost Cost Flexibility and Freedom Flexibility and Freedom Support and Accountability Support and Accountability

Reliability Reliability

Reliability is a loose term. Broadly, we can take it to mean the Reliability is a loose term. Broadly, we can take it to mean the absence of defects which cause incorrect operation, data loss absence of defects which cause incorrect operation, data loss or sudden failures, perhaps what many people would mean or sudden failures, perhaps what many people would mean when they use the term `bug'. Strictly, a bug would also mean when they use the term `bug'. Strictly, a bug would also mean failure to meet the specification, but since most Open Source failure to meet the specification, but since most Open Source projects dispense with the concept of anything easily projects dispense with the concept of anything easily recognisable as a formal specification, it's hard to point to that recognisable as a formal specification, it's hard to point to that as good way of defining what is a bug and what is a feature. as good way of defining what is a bug and what is a feature. Determining what constitutes a bug is usually by agreement Determining what constitutes a bug is usually by agreement amongst the developers and users of the software (an amongst the developers and users of the software (an overlapping community in many cases). Obvious failure to overlapping community in many cases). Obvious failure to perform is easily recognised as a bug, as is failure to conform perform is easily recognised as a bug, as is failure to conform to appropriate published standards. Security related failings to appropriate published standards. Security related failings (exploits or vulnerabilities) are clearly bugs too. (exploits or vulnerabilities) are clearly bugs too.

StabilityStability

In a business environment software is mostly a In a business environment software is mostly a necessary evil, a tool to do a job. Unless the necessary evil, a tool to do a job. Unless the job changes or more efficient processes are job changes or more efficient processes are discovered then there is rarely pressure or need discovered then there is rarely pressure or need to alter the software that is being used to assist to alter the software that is being used to assist the task. This is more or less directly counter the task. This is more or less directly counter to what motivates software vendors who are in to what motivates software vendors who are in the unenviable position of supplying a the unenviable position of supplying a commodity that does not wear out or age commodity that does not wear out or age much. much.

AuditabilityAuditability

A rarely-understood benefit of Open Source A rarely-understood benefit of Open Source software (any software where the source code software (any software where the source code is published) is its auditability. Closed-source is published) is its auditability. Closed-source software forces its users to trust the vendor software forces its users to trust the vendor when claims are made for qualities such as when claims are made for qualities such as security, freedom from backdoors, adherence security, freedom from backdoors, adherence to standards and flexibility in the face of future to standards and flexibility in the face of future changes. If the source code is not available changes. If the source code is not available those claims remain simply claims. those claims remain simply claims.

CostCost

Most current Open Source projects are also Most current Open Source projects are also available free of royalties and fees, leading to available free of royalties and fees, leading to the confusion around the commonly used term the confusion around the commonly used term `free software'. Regrettably the English `free software'. Regrettably the English language does not have separate concepts for language does not have separate concepts for free-of-charge and free as in unconstrained; free-of-charge and free as in unconstrained; other languages are better equipped to describe other languages are better equipped to describe the difference between `freedom' and `free of the difference between `freedom' and `free of charge' .charge' .

Flexibility and FreedomFlexibility and Freedom

Open Source projects have very little motivation to attempt Open Source projects have very little motivation to attempt this kind of lock-in strategy. Since there is no commercial this kind of lock-in strategy. Since there is no commercial benefit to be had, adherence to de-jure or de-facto standards benefit to be had, adherence to de-jure or de-facto standards (where they exist) is typically high. Where standards for (where they exist) is typically high. Where standards for interworking do not exist, the fact that the source code is interworking do not exist, the fact that the source code is published means that proprietary data formats can't be used to published means that proprietary data formats can't be used to manipulate lock-in. This at least partly explains the relative manipulate lock-in. This at least partly explains the relative success of Open Source software in infrastructure areas. Many success of Open Source software in infrastructure areas. Many vendors have tried to create web servers to compete with vendors have tried to create web servers to compete with Apache, but because the network protocol used between Apache, but because the network protocol used between browsers and the web server is well specified they have had to browsers and the web server is well specified they have had to compete on quality or features rather than through more compete on quality or features rather than through more insidious tactics. insidious tactics.

Support and AccountabilitySupport and Accountability

Open-source software does not differ from Open-source software does not differ from proprietary software in this respect. Open-source proprietary software in this respect. Open-source licences typically disclaim all liabilities and licences typically disclaim all liabilities and warranties, including such basic warranties as warranties, including such basic warranties as merchantability and fitness for purpose. Those in the merchantability and fitness for purpose. Those in the know, who have adopted Open Source Software know, who have adopted Open Source Software already, will shrug their shoulders and choose the already, will shrug their shoulders and choose the practical benefits of increased reliablility and security practical benefits of increased reliablility and security over illusory options to sue or pursue other remedies over illusory options to sue or pursue other remedies from a negligent vendor. from a negligent vendor.

Why best open source technologyWhy best open source technology

1. lower cost1. lower cost 2. security2. security 3.no vendor3.no vendor 4. better quality4. better quality

Open source vs. source-availableOpen source vs. source-available

Although the OSI definition of "open source Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. modified or redistributed.

Designed ByDesigned ByRohit KumarRohit Kumar

Linux Administrator Linux Administrator Volksgeist Technologies LLPVolksgeist Technologies LLP

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