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OPEN WATER BY TAGREED AL-TURKI SUBERVISED DR.KADEJA
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OPEN WATER
BY
TAGREED AL-TURKI
SUBERVISED
DR.KADEJA
CONTENT
Introduction
Three main oceans
Extremes
Habitats
Temperature
Surface-water currents
Biological features of oceans
What is a Shark?
What is a Dolphin?
Introduction
Water covers 71% of the earth’s surface
Oceans––97%
Polar ice caps and glaciers––2%
Freshwater environments––<1%
Three main oceans
Pacific Ocean––the largest
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Extremes
Ocean structure
Littoral zone
intertidal zone
Neritic zone––Extends from littoral zone to edge of continental shelf
Oceanic zone–Extends beyond continental shelf
Habitats
Pelagic––Open water of any depth
Benthic––Ocean bottom at any depth
Box CrabsSkateAnemones
Stars Bat Star
Light
Most sunlight80%is absorbed by the top 10 m of water ,with most UV and infrared removed in the first few meters
Longer wavelengths of light toward the red end of the spectrum are absorbed more readily than shorter wavelengths
Very little light reaches below 50-100 m
Temperature
Sunlight warms the ocean surface water less dense than the cooler, deeper water
The less dense, warmer water floats on the cooler water
thermocline a zone
Surface-water currents
Currents are also driven by wind
Biological features of oceans
Oceanic food webs
Sharks are amazing fish that have been around
since long before the dinosaurs existed
They live in waters all over the world, in every ocean ,
Unlike bony fish, sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage
KingdomPhylum
SubphylumClass
AnimaliaChordata
VertebrataChondrichthyes
Shark classification
Fish don't sleep in the same way that we do, but they have active and inactive periods
DO SHARKS SLEEP?
SHARK ATTACKS
they arch their back and throw back their head. This places their mouth in a better position
for taking a big bite. They also move their tail more acutely
MIGRATION OF SHARKS
There are three different types of sharks when it come to migratory patterns
Local sharks these sharks do not migrate, and range only
about a hundred miles from their habitat
Coastal pelagic sharks - these sharks can migrate over 1,000 miles
Highly pelagic sharks - these sharks migrate across oceans
EVOLUTION OF SHARKS
Sharks have existed for over 350 million years
They evolved over 100 million years before the dinosaurs did
Most fossil evidence of early sharks is from fossilized teeth and a few skin impressions
Fossil of shark
Dolphin
are aquatic mammals which are closely related to whales and their often friendly appearance
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumChordata
ClassMammalia
OrderCetacea
SuborderOdontoceti
ANATOMY
Evolution
Dolphins, along with whales and porpoises, are thought to be descendants of terrestrial mammals
Most dolphins have acute eyesight
both in and out of the water
Senses
hearing is superior to that of humans
The dolphin's sense of touch is also well-developed
have no sense of smell
Behavior
Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals
Dolphins are social, living in pods (also called "schools")
Social behavior
Dolphins have also been known to protect swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around them
Feeding
Fish and squid are the main source of food for most dolphin species
come up to the beach to capture seals
whack fish with their fluke, stunning them and sometimes sending fish clear out of the water
Human-dolphin relationships
Dolphins are used in
animal-assisted therapy
to help with various psychological and neurological problems such as autism
,depression ,Down syndrome
