Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue June 9, 2020
Open Woods Thicket Garden- more sun than shade Shrubs and trees are included in this section if they can tolerate some shade or if they prefer full sun but will create a thicket in your meadow.
For the purposes of this catalogue, an Open Woods Thicket is any site that offers part sun/shade, but more sun than shade. Botanists do no use this definition. An Open Woods is a grassland with average to moist conditions with scattered shrubs and/or trees in copses, bluffs, or colonies (thickets) that create a micro-habitat of shade beneath its canopy, and that casts no more than 25% shade overall within the larger habitat. In the middle of the thicket there may be more shade than sun or even full shade in which cases you should look within the Forest Glade or Forest Floor sections for your plants.
The shade may be cast by a tree, shrub, fence, or the side of a building. In my mind, the prototype for a suburban thicket is an accent garden on a frontyard lawn beneath a tree or a shrub. The plants listed here are for the “more sun than shade” sites created within or on the edges of a thicket. Most prairie and meadow plants won’t drop dead if they receive a couple of hours of shade a day, but they do have preferences of where they’ll grow best and in the shade they may be out competed by plants that do prefer some shade, for instance, the plants below.
The second line of each Entry specifies by numbers the regions in which the plant is native: 1 - southwest Ontario from Windsor to Toronto and from Goderich to Niagara-on-the-Lake; includes London, Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Toronto. 2 - north of region 1 to region 3; includes Kitchener-Waterloo, Cambridge, Guelph, Barrie 3 - the Bruce Peninsula and around the south shore of Georgian Bay to/including Collingwood. 4 - regions York, Durham, and Northumberland. 5 - Prince Edward County and along the St. Lawrence River to the Québec border. 6 - from Lake Simcoe across to the Ottawa River; Kawartha Lakes, Peterborough, Ottawa. 7 - from Georgian Bay across to the Ottawa River, plus Manitoulin Island and up the coast of Georgian Bay to just past Sault Ste. Marie; Parry Sound,North Bay, Sudbury, Temagami. 8 - the far northeast; includes Cobalt, Timmins; Kapuskasing is on the western border. 9 - the far north central (north of Sault Ste. Marie); Hearst; Kapuskasing is on the east border. 10 - the far northwest; Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, Kenora, Thunder Bay, Lake Nipigon, Terrace Bay, Wawa.
For the photos on website www.minnesotawildflowers, click on any one to see all of them enlarged. For www.michiganflora.net, click on “All Images”.
Flowers Swamp Agrimony Small-flowered Agrimony, Many-flowered Groovebur, Harvest-Lice 1; Rare aigremoine parviflore, aigremoine à petites fleurs Agrimonia parviflora -meadows, swales, thickets, open woods (deciduous to mixed), forest edges; bottomlands, floodplains, edges of wetlands/marshes/swamps/streams/lakes, seeps, wet thickets; disturbed habitats, roadside ditches, fields. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Wet to soggy to average soil. Accepts gravelly to loamy to silty and calcareous. Deer resistant. >2.5-5’ A tall, sturdy, sticky spike that can make it up to 2.5’ is tall decorated with yellow, lovely blooms (mid- to late summer) that run up along it to the top. In the centre of each blossom is a nice crown of yellow stamens presented to the world by five widely splayed petals. The toothed edged, compound leaves are long and delicate enough to resemble the fronds of a fern, finely-fashioned and lush. Attracts small bees and other insects. Colony forming from fibrous roots with rhizomes. Rose family. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sw_agrimony.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2417 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=217 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/agrimonia/parviflora/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/15
Golden Alexanders Golden Meadowparsnip, zizia doré Zizia aurea 1 2 3 4 5; south 10 -stream/lake shores, floodplains, swampy edges/forests/glades, fens, sedge meadows, often with Tamarack & Poison Sumac; meadows, thickets, limestone glades, forest edges, forest glades, alvars, thinly wooded bluffs; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows, roadsides, woodland trailsides, power-line clearings. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates to Light Shade. Wet to moist to average, acidic to neutral, sandy soil. The more sun the more moisture it prefers. Accepts rocky to sandy clay and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3' Flat-topped clusters of lemon-yellow blooms (late spring) resembling those of Queen Anne’s Lace, but prettier, form halos above the plant. Long blooming. The resulting seed heads are eye-catching constellations of little dots floating in the air. Tooth-edged leaves are divided into three and then three again. The plant stalk is shiny and light green and has several flowering branches. A pollinator magnet. Feeds the larvae of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly. Will form colonies in wet meadows and open woods making it good for Restoration and Naturalizing. A short-lived perennial, but self-sows freely. The root system is described as either a taproot or a dense cluster of coarse, fibrous roots; it’s probably both. Carrot family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=151 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/zizia.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=218 http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/zizia_dore-golden_alexander/ http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Zizia_aurea.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/zizia/aurea/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/709 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/golden-alexanders http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/gld_alexanderx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/goldenalexander.html
Richardson’s Alumroot Prairie Alumroot, heuchère de Richardson Heuchera richardsonii Heuchera richardsonii var. affinis 1; 9 along the rocky north shore of Lake Superior north of Sault Ste. Marie -prairies, hill prairies, sand prairies, meadows, fields, dry open woods (often Oak), edges of woods, clearings, hillsides, sandy stream banks, rock outcroppings, limestone glades, alvars, bluffs. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Dry to average to semi-moist, sandy/gravelly soil. Accepts loam to light clayey. Prefers poor soil to minimize taller competition. >1-3' Tiny, greenish-white blooms (early summer) are scattered along the top of several bare stems that rise out of a basal rosette of roughly maple-like, dark green, erect leaves. A compact and attractive plant. An excellent Ground Cover. A short, stout root that divides into coarse, finer roots. Saxifrage family. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Heuchera-richardsonii.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/heuchere_de_richardson-alumroot/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/prairie-alumroot https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2665 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_alumrootx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/PrairieAlumroot.pdf http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/alumroot_richardson.html https://arboretum.wisc.edu/content/uploads/2015/03/PI_Alumroot.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g530
Long-headed Anemone Long-fruited Anemone, Thimbleweed, anémone cylindrique 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8; southwest 10 Anemone cylindrica -prairies, meadows, sandy/scrubby barrens, dunes, shores, open woods, forest edges, hillsides, limestone glades, alvars, bedrock; disturbed habitats, open roadsides, fields, pastures. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, rocky/sandy soil. Accepts to clayey and calcareous. Prefers poor, rocky soil to minimize taller competition. Exceptionally drought tolerant. Deer resistant. >2-3' Very similar to Anemone virginiana (Tall Anemone), below, but less shade tolerant. Each greenish-white bloom head (early to mid-summer) is at the end of a tall stem above all leaves. The leaves are very deeply cut, forming multiple narrow lobes that encircle and extend out from the stem. The lobes have intact edges, while those of Anemone virginiana are finely toothed. An interesting seed head: a long thimble-like cylindrical cone which matures into fluffy, cottony white tufts, each bearing a seed that gets dispersed into the wind. Blends well with prairie plants of the same or shorter height. Essential for Restoration. A taproot with slender but tough rhizomes. Buttercup family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2358 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Anemone-cylindrica.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=223 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anemone/cylindrica/?pile=non-alternate-remaining-non-monocots https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/thimbleweed http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/thimbleweedx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/Thimbleweed.pdf http://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/thimbleweed.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286064&isprofile=0&
Tall Anemone Tall Thimbleweed, Virginia Anemone, anémone de Virginie Anemone virginiana all -open woods, thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone glades, meadows, prairies; alvars, cliffs, balds, ridges, ledges; stream banks, lake shores, floodplains; fields; occasionally deciduous to conifer swamps, shrub swamps. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, dry to average, acidic, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to sandy to clayey, calcareous, drought, and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3’ Very similar to Anemone cylindrica (Long-headed Anemone), above, but more shade tolerant. Out of a basal nest of lush leaves rise one or more tall stems with a smaller nest of 3-5 leaves near the top. Above this point the stem branches into a small number of shorter stems with a single, long, greenish-white bloom head (early to mid-summer) at each pinnacle. The blossoms eventually turn into fluffy, cottony seed heads that slowly disintegrate throughout the fall; however they resemble thimbles first. The leaves are very deeply cut, forming multiple, narrow, jagged lobes with finely toothed (serrate) edges. Those of Anemone cylindrica have intact edges; also the top nest is often composed of more leaves, as many as 9. Enjoyed by small bees and flies. Not overly aggressive. A caudex often with rhizomes. Buttercup family. Varieties alba (Riverbank Anemone, anémone blanche), cylindroidea (Cylindrical Anemone, anémone cylindroïde), and virginiana, are all native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=692 http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Anemone-virginiana.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/033_Renonculacees/08_Anemone/virginiana.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anemone/virginiana/?pile=non-alternate-remaining-non-monocots http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/32 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/tall-thimbleweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2361 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/tl_anemone.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j340
Arrow-leaved Aster White Arrow-leaved Aster, aster urophylle Symphyotrichum urophyllum 1 2 3 4 5 6; southwest 7; not Bruce Peninsula Aster sagittifolius -open woods (often Oak, Sassafras, Aspen, Pines, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, meadows, limestone pavements, bluffs, wooded banks, ravines, stabilized dunes; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, grassy road/railroad sides, fencerows, hedges. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to average, sandy/rocky, calcareous soil. Accepts light clayey and juglone. Benefits from wildfires to reduce competition and shade. >24-42” One or more erect stems remain undivided until branching several times to shape the top of the plant into a tall, flame-like flowerhead. This flowerhead is composed of dense branching clusters of many, short-stalked, daisy-petalled, white, occasionally pale blue blooms (late summer into mid-fall). Like most Asters the colour of the petals seem to shine at dusk. The leaves vary in shape as they ascend their stem with the lowest leaves being narrowly heart-shaped, on long stalks, and with shallow notches at their bases. They become more egg-shaped to elongated (lance-linear) farther up and the uppermost
leaves are often stalkless. The lowest most are usually withered by flowering time. Several other Asters have heart-shaped leaves but they have blue to violet blossoms. A smorgasbord for wildlife. The roots on a young plant are fibrous with short, stout rhizomes, but small caudices often develop with age. Freely self-sows. Aster family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=3 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/urophyllum/?pile=composites https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/arrowleaf-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=497 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wh_arrowleaf.html http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/arrowleavedaster.html
Calico Aster One-sided Aster, Farewell Summer, aster latériflore all; most of the population is south from Sault Ste. Marie Symphyotrichum lateriflorum -thickets, open woods (often Beech-Maple, Oak-Hickory; mixed woods; occasionally conifer), forest edges, glades, meadows, sloughs, ravines, alvars; floodplains, seeps, rocky/sandy stream/pond shores/banks, swampy forests, fens; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, fencerows, waste ground, road/railroad sides, clearings. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, moist to dry, acidic to alkaline soil. The more sun the more consistent moisture it needs. Accepts sandy/rocky to clayey and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3’ It’s like a low, airy shrub with its multiple, spreading branches. Copious dainty, blue to pink to white blooms (late summer well into fall) are scattered along just one side of each branch (lateriflorum). The blossom has a yellow centre disk that changes to a purplish-bronze colour as summer progresses. One plant, sometimes even a solitary disk, will change colour to produce a calico effect. Its tiny seeds have little fluffs of hairs attached allowing them to float in the breeze for a bit. The leaves are long, fairly narrow (lance-shaped), and sometimes with finely toothed edges. I don’t know who named it Farewell Summer (actually it was the proudly gay New Brunswicker, Harold [Hal] Royall Hinds, 1939-2001), but what an emotionally laden name for a flower in Canada. A bee, butterfly, larvae, and bug magnet. One of the least aggressive of the Asters; clump to colony forming from small caudices with short rhizomes. Aster family. Three varieties are native to Ontario: angustifolium Narrow-leaved Calico Aster, aster à feuilles étroites; hirsuticaule Rough-stemmed Calico Aster, aster latériflore à tiges hirsutes; lateriflorum Calico Aster, aster latériflore. tenuipes is not native (Slender-stalked Calico Aster, aster à pédoncule mince). http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=6 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Symphyotrichum/Lateriflorum/lateriflorum.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/lateriflorum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/607 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/calico-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=486 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/calico_aster.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/calicoaster.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277245&isprofile=0&cv=4
Heart-leaved Aster Common Blue Wood Aster, aster à feuilles cordées Symphyotrichum cordifolium all, except Manitoulin District -meadows, deciduous open woods, thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, thinly wooded slopes, bluffs, moist ledges, cliffs, alvars; floodplains, stream banks, moist edges of swamps; disturbed habitats,
clearings, roadsides, along ditches, fencerows, trailsides. >Light Shade to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts dry, thin soil over bedrock, rocky to light clayey, acidic to alkaline, and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-4’ Dense, rounded clusters (6-18” long) of pale lavender-white blooms (through fall) top a sturdy central stem. Like all Asters, though each individual flower head is small, they have a real presence because their colour almost seems to glow, especially at dusk. Lush, attractive, heart-shaped leaves along the length of the stem. To help you identify a heart-shaped leaf, know that where the leaf meets its stem it has a notch (sinus) on each side just like a Valentine’s Heart has its notch at the top. Critical to pollinators late in the season and seed eaters in winter. Critical to humans late in the season because it may be your last plant to flower (along with Goldenrods). Self-sows with seeds that float in the breeze. A short rhizome. Aster family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=10 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Symphyotrichum/Cordifolium/cordifolium.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/cordifolium/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/602 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/blue-wood-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=479 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/bl_woodaster.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a788
New England Aster aster de Nouvelle-Angleterre Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; found in, but not native to the Manitoulin District Aster novae-angliae -prairie swales, wet meadows, deciduous open woods, thickets, forest edges, thin woods, glades; floodplains, bottomlands, marshy ground, shrubby swamps, fens, shores, stream edges; disturbed habitats, fields, road/railroad sides, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, wettish to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, nutritionally-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. It will look ragged by the end of summer, but survive, if it’s too dry. This is a Lowland plant that will tolerate a moist, loamy to clayey meadow especially if it’s a bit shady. >2-5' Very showy with tall stems crowned with long lasting, rounded heads of violet to purple blooms (late summer well into fall). Their dark blue contrasts beautifully with the yellow of Goldenrods which will be flowering at the same time. May flop over if not supported by neighbouring plants. An important pollinator magnet due to its copious blossoms lasting very late into autumn. Freely self-sows. Forms a thick clump from caudices with short, thick, woody rhizomes. Aster family. https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-novae-angliae http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/aster.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=25 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Symphyotrichum/Novae_Angliae/novae_angliae.e.shtml http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1777-aster-de-nouvelle-angleterre.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/novae-angliae/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/609 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/new-england-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=487 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ne_asterx.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/new-england-aster https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/NewEnglandAster.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b540
Scarlet Beebalm Oswego Tea, Bergamot, monarde écarlate, monarde pourpre Monarda didyma 1 -meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges; floodplains, valley bottoms, stream banks; disturbed habitats, clearings, roadsides. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist, well-drained soil. Accepts juglone. Its leaves tend to be discarded in times of drought. Deer resistant. >2-3’ A dense, rounded cluster of pointed, bright red, tubular blooms (late spring into mid-fall) forms a flowerhead that looks like a frilly “court jester’s hat”; similar to Bergamot (Meadow Garden), but is scarlet, while Bergamot is more a light purple. As a member of the Mint family it has opposite leaves around a 4-sided stem. Tends to look a bit shabby as the season progresses, but makes up for it with beautiful blossoms and a long flowering period. Prone to mildew if crowded. An important nectar source for hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, bees and other insects. Aggressive. Rhizomes. Mint family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=583 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/beebalm.html http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/beebalm.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/monarda/didyma/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/393 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1573 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/bee_balm.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=q250 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_modi.pdf
Long-leaved Bluets Long-leaved Houstonia, houstonie à longues feuilles Houstonia longifolia 1 2 3 4 5; west 6; southwest 7 -open sandy or rocky places; prairies, gravel prairies, hill prairies, meadows, barren open woods (often Jack Pine, Oak, Aspen), deciduous forests; rocky glades, ridges, ledges, alvars; floodplains, stream/lake shores; disturbed habitats, fields. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, sandy to gravelly, nutrient-poor soil. >4-10” A low plant that grows in tufts of many delicate looking branches; the pale purple to white clusters of tubular blooms (early summer) are at the ends. The stems are square, leafy, and reddish. Leaves are opposite or whorled, quite short but are longer than wide, and attached directly to their stem. In spring the plant consists of a rosette of basal leaves that usually wither before the flowering. A compact plant frequented by small bees and small moth larvae. Fibrous roots. Bedstraw family. This species has way too many scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2603 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Houstonia-longifolia.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/houstonie_a_longues_feuilles-long_leaved_bluets/ http://www.ontariowildflower.com/manitoulin_alvar_pavement.htm http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/common-bluet.html -search for Houstonia longifolia https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/houstonia/longifolia/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/271 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/long-leaf-bluets http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ll_bluets.htm http://www.missouriplants.com/Houstonia_longifolia_page.html
Strict Blue-eyed-grass Common Blue-eyed-grass, Mountain Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium montanum all bermudienne montagnarde, bermudienne -meadows, hill sides, open woods, forest edges, mixed forests, glades; rock crevices, alvars, open bedrock; open fens, wet shrubby areas, stream/lake sandy/gravelly shores/banks; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, old railroad beds, roadsides, sides of ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, sandy to average, calcareous to average, well-drained soil. Accepts gravelly. Moderately accepting of dry, but intolerant of drought. Reportedly adapts to northern dry, hot, sunny locations. Not particularly tolerant of competition. >6-12'' A dainty plant that looks like a small tuft of thin-bladed grass but with the bonus of several bright blue blooms (late spring) with gold in their centres - impressive for its small size. Each petal (3) and sepal (3) has rays of darker blue and ends in a soft point. With maturity a small, green globular fruit forms at the base of the old flower. Very short and compact over all. Forms small clumps and self-sows. Because it is such a beauty it has been exported around the world. Slender roots and rhizomes. Not a grass. A tiny Iris. Varieties crebrum (Brownish Strict Blue-eyed Grass, bermudienne brunissante) and montanum are also native. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Sisyrinchium-montanum.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/herbe_aux_yeux_bleus-blue_eyed_grass/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=32 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/wildflower_waste2.htm#blueeyegrass http://floreduquebec.ca/english/sisyrinchium-montanum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sisyrinchium/montanum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/563 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/mountain-blue-eyed-grass https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1485
Bowman’s Root Mountain Indian-physic, gillénie trifoliée Gillenia trifoliata 1; Extirpated Spiraea trifoliata, Porteranthus trifoliatus -open woods, forest edges (sometimes Oak), forests, glades, rocky slopes; disturbed habitats, road banks/cuts, clearings. >Part to Full Shade; many sources state it prefers Full Sun. Rich, moist to average, rocky, acidic, well-drained soil. Accepts wet to dry and calcareous. >2-3’ Pink buds on a lush, slightly bushy plant open their long, thin, white petals (sometimes with a blush of pink) in airy masses of bold, star-like blooms (summer). Each leaf is composed of 3 spade-shaped, sharply-toothed leaflets (trifoliata) that originate from a central point. The red stems branch to form a wiry little mass. Becomes a gentle ball of red in the fall. Clump forming from short rhizomes. Can be considered a sub-shrub. Rose family. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/20168/ https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/gillenia/trifoliata/ https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=gitr6 http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2494 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286435&isprofile=0& https://www.gardenia.net/plant/gillenia-trifoliata-bowman-s-root
Eastern Burnweed Pilewort, Fireweed, érechtite à feuilles d’épervière, crève-z-yeux 1 2 3 4 6; 7 not Manitoulin Island; 10 Lake Superior north coast Erechtites hieraciifolius -sunny moist disturbed soils, meadows, open woods, thickets, gravelly seeps; disturbed habitats, logged/burnt-out forests, power-line clearings, fields, road/railroad sides, urban waste areas; occasionally
floodplains, shores, marsh edges, remnant bogs. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, moist to dry soil. Being an annual it requires periodically disturbed soil in which to self-sow or it will die-out from your garden. Deer resistant. >2-8’ A large, airy flowerhead with bunches of small, green, cannoli-shaped blooms (mid-summer into early fall) with a cluster of white fibres sticking out from one end like a creamy ricotta cheese filling. In maturity, fluffy white seeds are dispersed into the wind. When the plant is young, it has a single, large main stalk, but then forms many flowering upper branches in summer. Its leaves are crispy and up to 3 x 8”. Lower down on the stalk they are broadly dagger-shaped with shallow to deeply lobed edges and jagged teeth around the edges; kind of scary looking. Higher up they become smaller, less toothed, and have shorter to non-existent stems (petioles). The plant’s size varies by the richness and moistness of the soil but it’s guaranteed to look lush. Often found in burnt-out areas, giving the plant its name. If you choose this highly desirable and beneficial species it is important not to mistake it for a weed because it may look like one to you, like it’s going to turn into a nasty, painful thistle. Be patient and wait until the masses of cannoli arrive. A native that has become naturalized in Europe. Self-sows. A Pioneer species. Annual. Aster family. Variety hieraciifolius is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=313 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-dense-population-of-Erechtites-hieraciifolius-in-New-Jersey-21-August-2008-Mr-Peter_fig5_274411407 -click on the arrow to see more detailed photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/erechtites/hieraciifolius/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/191 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/pilewort http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/pilewort.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/burnweed.html
Hairy Bush-clover Hairy Lespedeza, lespédèze hirsute Lespedeza hirta 1 2 3 4 5 6; Manitoulin Island; not Bruce Peninsula -prairies, slopes, hills, sandy stream banks, open woods (often Oak/Hickory), thin woods, sandstone glades, alvars; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, road/railroad sides. >Part to Full Sun. Dry, sandy/rocky, acidic soil. Accepts to clayey and salt. Benefits from wildfires. Some sources report that it tolerates to Full Shade. >2-5’ Typical pea-plant blooms (late summer into early fall), yellowish-cream in colour, usually with a purple spot at their base are gathered into short, dense, cylindrical spikes. A part of each flower tapers into a sharp point making a somewhat bristly looking flower-head before it fully opens. Each blossom ripens into a seedpod, short, flat-sided, hairy, and with its outer tip being a short beak. The plant has a main stalk that remains mostly unbranched until it reaches its flowering stems. The stalk and stems are profusely coated with pleasantly full, 3-leaf clover-like leaves. Attracts bees, butterflies, moth larvae, quail, turkey, deer, rabbit, and probably more - how this species survives I don’t know. A taproot. Legume family. Subspecies hirta is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1319 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lespedeza/hirta/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/hry_bushclover.htm https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/314 http://www.missouriplants.com/Lespedeza_hirta_page.html
Violet Bush-clover Wand Bush-clover, Violet Lespedeza, Bush-clover Lespedeza violacea 1 Windsor and Niagara regions lespédèze intermédiaire Lespedeza intermedia -meadows, prairies, open woods (often Oak/Hickory), cliffs, balds, ledges, ridges, talus; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Dry to average, sandy/rocky soil. Benefits from grass fires. >1-3’ Similar to Lespedeza frutescens (Shrubby Lespedeza), under the Ls), and the differences are not obvious. Many, fairly small, pink/red to blue/purple pea-plant blooms (peak summer) cluster along the tops of several, long, leafy, wand-like, erect stalks. The leaves, clover-like, are composed of 2 or more (most often 3) oblong leaflets each with a light green centre vein. The fruit is a hard capsule containing one seed. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1320 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lespedeza/violacea/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/316 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LEVI6 https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/154326-Lespedeza-violacea/browse_photos
Early Buttercup Prairie Buttercup, renoncule fasciculée Ranunculus fascicularis 1 5 6 9 10; Manitoulin Island (limited Ontario information available) -prairies, hill prairies, sand prairies, meadows, open woods (often Oak; often calcareous), deciduous forests, thinly wooded bluffs; ridges, ledges, shallow soil over limestone pavement, alvars, rocky glades; disturbed habitats, pastures, dry roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to average, sandy/rocky, calcareous, nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. Accepts mildly acidic to neutral. Prefers sparse competition. >6-12'' Usually several, showy, bright, yellow blooms (early to mid-spring), each at the top of an erect flowering stem up to 7” long. The blossom is up to 1” across and has 5 shiny petals that spread widely. In its centre is a tight cluster of many yellow stamens. Most leaves are basal, divided into 3 to 5 leaflets each with 2-3 lobes, and are on long stems up to 6” in length. An important early season nectar plant. May go dormant during droughts to reappear with the rains of fall. Self-sows. Both fibrous and short tuberous roots. Buttercup family. http://www.ontariowildflower.com/manitoulin_alvar_grassland.htm#early_buttercup_alv http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/earlybuttercup.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ranunculus/fascicularis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/early-buttercup https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2387 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/early_buttercup.htm http://www.missouriplants.com/Ranunculus_fascicularis_page.html
Red Columbine Wild Red Columbine, Ancolie du Canada, gants de Notre-Dame Aquilegia canadensis all -deciduous to coniferous open woods thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, alvars, slopes; wooded to open talus/rocky slopes, bluffs, calcareous cliffs, outcrops, balds, ledges, quarries; beach ridges, gravelly shorelines of streams/lakes; occasionally swamps, fens, peat bogs; ditches, road/railroad sides. >Light Shade to Part Sun; tolerates to Full Shade. Moist to average to dry, sandy, will-drained soil. Accepts mildly acidic to mildly calcareous, rocky to clayey, and nutrient-poor. Drought tolerant. Deer resistant. >1-2' The several blooms (late spring) are held high, dangling well above the plant in mid-air at the ends of tall stems. The red and yellow blossom looks like a downward facing, splay-belled trumpet with 5 separate mouth pieces. Through the trumpet’s “bell” protrude long yellow stamens like golden notes.
The five ‘mouth pieces’ at the top end of the flower are each created by an upright spur of petals/sepals that form a tube. The tubes are filled with nectar and it is this that makes the plant so loved by bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. The blossoms ripen into 5-7 erect, green capsules joined along most of their length, each about 1” long, with the remains of the spurs forming “tails” at the top. The capsules split open to release many shiny, round seeds to self-sow. The unusual leaves are divided 2-3 times and then each leaflet into 3 lobes. They last all season and in the fall turn a lovely dark wine colour. Despite all this verbiage its a very pretty bloom and a wonderful plant. Buttercup family. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Aquilegia-canadensis.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/ancolie_du_canada-wild_columbine/ http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/aquilegia.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=384 http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/wild_columbine.htm http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/canada-columbine.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/aquilegia-canadensis&text=iden http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Aquilegia_canadensis.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/033_Renonculacees/05_Aquilegia/canadensis.htm http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1953-ancolie-du-canada.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/aquilegia/canadensis/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/40 http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-wild-columbine-aquilegia-canadensis.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/red-columbine https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2362 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/wild_columbine.htm https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-columbine http://www.missouriplants.com/Aquilegia_canadensis_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b400 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_aqca.pdf
Pearly Everlasting Western Pearly Everlasting, immortelle blanche Anaphalis margaritacea all anaphale marguerite -dry meadows, open woods, thickets, forest glades; disturbed habitats, wastelands, roadsides. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to dry, sandy soil. Accepts loamy. Does well in disturbed habitats. >1-3' Gathered into a flat cluster at the top of a white, wooly stem are pearly white, dense flower heads (mid-summer into fall) with yellow at the centre of each blossom. Alternating, long willow-like, silvery-green leaves that smell like lemon-lime when crushed line the stem. Male and female flowers are on separate plants. A skinny, upright plant. It fully deserves its name because the flowers look pearly and they last right into your vase and onward. Aster family. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Anaphalis-margaritacea.html http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001439 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/pearly-everlasting.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Anaphalis_margaritacea.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/anaphalis-margaritacea http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Anaphalis/anaphalis.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anaphalis/margaritacea/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/28
Pink Corydalis Pale Corydalis, Rock Harlequin, corydale toujours verte, corydalis pâle not 1; not Bruce Peninsula Capnoides sempervirens, Corydalis sempervirens -granite rock barrens/ledges/crevices/cliffs, talus, balds, open woods (often Piney), gravelly shores, forest edges, boreal forests (glades); disturbed habitats, recent forest disturbances, clearings, campsites, burned-out areas. >Part to Full Sun. Average to dry, sandy/rocky, shallow, nutrient-poor soil. Prefers acidic. This species requires a minimum of part sun, so in a shaded habitat it requires the repetitive or permanent removal of the shade through such means as fire, logging, or pruning, or it will die out within 5 years. >to 2' The plant might remind you of Bleeding Hearts. Loose clusters of dangling, half-heart shaped, tubular blooms (late spring through to fall) borne at the ends of a single to a much-branched stem. The pink petals are highlighted with a touch of bright yellow at the tips. Deeply lobed and lacy looking, blue-green leaves. The blossoms mature into interestingly shaped, long, slender seed capsules. If given enough room and under good conditions it can grow quite bushy. Its seeds are spread by ants. Rhizomes. Annual to biennial to short-lived perennial. Poppy family. http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Capnoides_sempervirens.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/capnoides-sempervirens http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/palecorydalis.html http://www.earthdesign.ca/tun-2.html#C.sempervirens https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/capnoides/sempervirens/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/147 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/pale-corydalis https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1888
Fragrant Cudweed Rabbit-tobacco, Sweet Everlasting, gnaphale à feuilles obtuses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; not Manitoulin District Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Gnaphalium obtusifolium -dry open areas, prairies, sand prairies; dry open woods (often Jack Pine, Oak, and Aspen), edges of woods, thin woods; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures; forest clearings/burn-outs, roadsides/railroad sides, borrow pits. >Full to Scant Shade. Average to dry, sandy soil. Accepts loamy. Intolerant of shade from taller plants. The seeds require a minimum of part sun to germinated, so in a shaded habitat it requires the repetitive or permanent removal of the shade through such means as fire, logging, pruning, or raking or the plant will die out within 2 years. >1-2' An erect, thin, woolly stem bears branched clusters of white to yellow-cream coloured, round blooms (late summer through to late fall). Sustains its species through self-sowing. Very similar to Pearly Everlasting (in the Prairie Plant section) but, among other differences, mildly fragrant blossoms. An annual to biennial. Taproot. Aster Family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=432 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Pseudognaphalium/Obtusifolium/obtusifolium.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pseudognaphalium/obtusifolium/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/494
Culver’s Root Bowman's Root, véronique de Virgine Veronicastrum virginicum 1 -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, deciduous open woods (often Oak), thickets, edges of woods; lowlands, floodplains, swampy meadows, stream banks; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, roadsides, ditches. >Full to Filtered Sun. Rich, moist to wet, loamy soil. Accepts sandy to light clayey. Deer resistant. Intolerant of much drought. >3-5’ Pointy-tipped, long (up to 10”), tapering spikes of many white (occasionally pink) blooms (peak summer) top a tall, strong stalk whorled with leaves. The blossoms are tubular and have stamens and a style protruding way beyond the tube’s end. They ripen into seeds that are so small they can be blown several feet by the wind. The top of the stalk usually branches several times with a flower spike at each end to produce a showy candelabra effect that waves in the breeze. The leaves are pointed, narrowly spear-head shaped, heavily veined (quilting the leaf), and the edges are softly saw-toothed. The stalk may become floppy so it isn’t a plant for slopes. A magnet for many varieties of bees. Clump forming from a central taproot and rhizomes. Plantain family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1987 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/veronicastrum.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=411 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/veronicastrum/virginicum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/677 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/culvers-root http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/culverx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/CulversRoot.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g180 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vevi4.pdf
Cup Plant Cup Rosinweed, silphe perfolié Silphium perfoliatum 1 2 3 4 5 6; south 7; southeast 10 -low ground, prairies swales/sloughs, shrublands, prairie stream sides, valley bottoms, floodplain thickets, floodplain forest glades, fens, lake edges, seeps; disturbed habitats, ditches; >Full to Part Sun. Wet to moderately dry, acidic to alkaline soil. Accepts moderate drought, clayey, and juglone. Intolerant of slopes (falls over). >6-8’ Many, large yellow blooms (late summer into fall) are carried on 1’ flowering stems at the tops of stalks. A tall, eye-catching plant with a blossoming period that lasts into early fall. Of the 3 Silphium species, this one tends to flower in the middle, time-wise. Thick stems perforate the grandiose, opposing leaves; the leaves are large enough that being joined at their bases they form cups that hold water after a rain for wildlife to drink. Hummingbirds and butterflies are attracted to the nectar and, in the fall, you can watch the goldfinches dangle upside down from the seed heads to feed. Aggressive. Colony forming. A taproot with many, shallow rhizomes. Aster family. Variety perfoliatum is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=447 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cupplantx.htm http://www.quebec-horticole.ca/plante-detail.php?numero=1030&visite=1 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/silphium.html
Spreading Dogbane Creeping Dogbane, apocyn à feuilles d’androsème, herbe à la puce all Apocynum androsaemifolium -open woods (often Oak, Hickory, Pine, Aspen, Sassafras, Bracken, Sweet-fern), thin woods, thickets, forest edges; rocky bluffs/slopes, talus, ridges, open bedrock, rocky barrens, alvars; dry forest glades; stream/lake shores, stabilized sand dunes on the Great Lakes; prairies, sand prairies, meadows; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows, clearings, logged/burned-out sites, waste areas, road/railroad sides. >Part to Full Sun. Average to dry, sandy/gravelly, relatively barren, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey, acidic, and shallow soil. Deer resistant. >to12” Small, fragrant, pink, bell-shaped, nodding blooms (early to mid-summer). Leaves turn bright yellow in fall. The Monarch butterfly occasionally deposits its eggs on this plant but the larvae will not survive. Aggressive to the point of invasive via self-sowing and creeping rhizomes. A Pioneer species. Dogbane family. Subspecies androsaemifolium is also native. Do not confuse with Dog Strangling Vine, an invasive alien; http://www.invadingspecies.com/dog-strangling-vine/. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Apocynum-androsaemifolium.html http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002685 http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb3.htm http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Apocynum_androsaemifolium.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/apocynum-androsaemifolium http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Apocynaceae/Apocynum/Androsaemifolium/androsaemifolium.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/apocynum/androsaemifolium/ http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-spreading-dogbane-apocynum-androsaemifolium.html http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/38 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/spreading-dogbane https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=152 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/spr_dogbane.html https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/commondogbane.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Apocynum_androsaemifolium_page.html
Star-flowered False Solomon’s Seal smilacine étoilée, maïanthème étoilé Maianthemum stellatum all -moist sandy woods, glades, open woods (often Oak), thickets, sandy prairies, meadows; floodplains, shores of swamps/fens/streams/lakes, deciduous to coniferous swamps; calcareous seeps; sand ridges/dunes and shrubby shores of the Great Lakes; roadsides. >Part to Dappled Shade; tolerates to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average, sandy soil. Accepts gravelly to clayey, acidic, and juglone. >1-2’ Similar to False Solomon’s Seal (a Forest Floor plant) but smaller with daintier blooms (late spring). Small pretty clusters of white, star-shaped blossoms decorate the end of the single, unbranched, arching
and slightly off-kilter stem. They mature into showy berries marked with a distinct, dark cross before they turn a bright red. The stem is lined with alternating elliptical leaves up to 6” long, 2” wide that turn bright yellow in the fall. A songbird feeder. Colony forming via rhizomes. A good Ground Cover. A cutie all season. Asparagus family, Lily superorder. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Maianthemum-stellatum.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/Maianthemum%20stellatum http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=641 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Smilacina_stellata.html -uses a scientific synonym http://floreduquebec.ca/english/maianthemum-stellatum http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Liliaceae/Maianthemum/Stellatum/stellatum.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/maianthemum/stellatum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/370 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/starry-false-solomons-seal https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=831 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/starry_solomon.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291771
Lance-leaved Figwort Hare Figwort, scrofulaire lancéolée Scrophularia lanceolata 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 9 -thickets, open woods, forest edges, thinly canopied forests, glades, forests, edges of shaded hillside seeps; meadows; disturbed deciduous forest habitats, old roads, clearings, fields, overgrown fencerows, along road/railroad sides; shores, swamp borders; benefits from shade-reducing disturbances. >Part Sun to Dappled Shade; tolerates Full Shade to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average, rocky/sandy to loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts juglone. Deer resistant. >2-6’ The small but copious buds are green and round, but then on blooming (spring to mid-summer) open into gaping “rabbit’s” mouths with a reddish chestnut brown on the outsides and a very pale yellow-green with very light stripes on the insides. The mouth appears to have 2 ears on top, 2 bucked teeth inside, and a protruding tongue down its chin. The single stalk is 4-sided and remains unbranched until it reaches the large, airy, multi-branched flower-head. The leaves are opposite, angled upwards, up to 3 x 8” in size, end in a sharply pointed tip, and have edges doubly saw-toothed. The aggressively toothed margins may look mean, but they are harmless. Its fruit are small, brown capsules that on maturity split open to release itsy-bitsy seeds as the wind knocks the plant about. The seeds require sunlight to germinate. The height of the plant and its many buds, then flowers, and then fruit make it very conspicuous. While the blossoms are small they are little urns of nectar irresistible to bees, bugs, and our Hummingbird. Able to form dense colonies from rhizomes with knotty tubers. Figwort family. There are 4 species of Scrophularia, but this is the only native. S. marilandica (Carpenter’s Figwort, scrofulaire du Maryland) is often thought of as native, but not by Canadensys (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/9321). It is similar to our native in many ways, but flowers later in the summer. As a result, our native is sometimes referred to as Early Figwort and the Carpenter’s as Late Figwort. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/79012-Scrophularia-lanceolata/browse_photos http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/scrophularia-lanceolata/e-scrophularia-lanceolata.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/scrophularia/lanceolata/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/545 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/lance-leaf-figwort https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2676
Fireweed épilobe à feuilles étroites Chamaenerion angustifolium all -meadows, alpine meadows, rocky ground, forest edges, forests (often Aspen, Jack Pine, Spruce, Oak); damp ravines, moist sedge meadows, upper shores, dunes; often in wettish areas, sandy marshes, remnant bogs; disturbed habitats, burned/logged out forests, recent clearings, fields, roadsides, gravel pits. Often found growing with Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting). >Full to Part Sun. Rich, wet to average, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy and rocky. Intolerant of competition and drought. Thrives in cleared sites, especially where a wildfire has occurred. A fire not only clears out the competition and the shade, but also increases the fertility of the soil. Susceptible to the Japanese Beetle. >3-6’ Large, showy, butterfly-shaped, pink blooms (through summer) open in an ascending progression along the upper part of an erect, woody stem. The fruit is an interesting, slender, upright pod that turns purplish-red as the seeds ripen. They split open at the tip, peeling back like a banana peel, dispersing the tufted seeds into the wind. May go dormant in the full sun of a hot summer without adequate moisture. The leaves are long and narrow, up to 2 x 8”. They have an interesting characteristic in that in the spring they have horizontal grooves or creases that eventually are smoothed out by summer. A pollinator and insect magnet. Used for honey production. Aggressive via rhizomes and abundant seed production, but is quite stunning through summer in mass plantings. As a result, they don’t just often grow in burnt over areas, but when all blooming together they themselves can look like a fire, albeit a deep pink fire. Given consistent moisture it can be invasive. A Pioneer species. Evening-primrose family. Subspecies angustifolium and circumvagum (Wandering Fireweed, épilobe vagabond) are also native. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004902 https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/NorthernGMI_2014_FINAL.compressed.pdf -search for angustifolium http://floreduquebec.ca/english/chamaenerion-angustifolium http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb13.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/chamerion/angustifolium/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/110 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fireweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1744 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fireweedx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/fireweed.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=297622&isprofile=0&
Canada Garlic Canada Wild Onion, Wild Garlic, ail du Canada Allium canadense 1 2 4 5 -wet meadows, open woods, prairies, thickets, rocky outcrops, thinly wooded bluffs; stream banks/floodplains; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, road/railroad sides, waste areas. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates Full Shade with sub-optimal growth. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy and juglone. Intolerant of much taller competition. Deer resistant once early spring is over. >12-16’' Star-burst arrangements of dainty, white, starry blooms (early summer). They mature into clusters of small bulblets which will eventually drop to the ground and hopefully take root. Will not flower if in too much shade. Shockingly, the plant looks pretty much like a garlic or onion plant. Allium is the Onion genus. A bee, fly, insect, and larvae magnet. Can be aggressive in a modest way. The root is a
small garlic with fibrous roots coming from out the bottom. Amaryllis family; Lily superorder. Variety canadense is also native. https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildgarlic.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/allium/canadense/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/21 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-garlic https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=37 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_garlicx.htm
Spotted Geranium Spotted Cranes-bill, Wild Geranium, géranium maculé Geranium maculatum 1 2 3 4 5 6; southwest 10 -deciduous forests, forest edges, glades, open woods, thickets, shaded roadsides; floodplains, wet meadows, ravines, edges of streams/ponds, swamps, wet hollows, seeps. >Light Shade to Part Sun; tolerates Full Sun with consistent, sufficient moisture. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts rocky, sandy, acidic, juglone, and nutrient-poor. Deer resistant. >14-18'' Valued both for its copious, long lasting, delicate looking, pale purple to pink 1-1.5" blooms (spring) held out on thin leafy stems and for its lush, full-bodied but compact mound of very deeply cleft, medium green leaves. Blossoms mature into distinctive, erect, beaked seed capsules that give rise to the alternative name “Crane’s-bill”. Forms colonies from a dark, thick rhizome but is not aggressive. Wildlife magnet. Geranium family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1406 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/geranium.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=747 http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/geranium.html http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/wild_geranium.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/geranium/maculatum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-geranium http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/wild_geranium.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildgeranium.html https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-geranium http://www.missouriplants.com/Geranium_maculatum_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c850
Hairy Goldenrod Pale Goldenrod, verge d'or hispide, solidage hispide Solidago hispida all -open woods (often Oak, Hickory, Jack Pine, Aspen), forest edges, clearings, rocky outcrops, ridges/ledges, bedrock pavements, shores of streams/lakes, dunes. >Part Shade to Full Sun. Dry to average, sandy/rocky/gravelly, well-drained soil. Accepts, alkaline to mildly acidic, nutrient-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. >1-3' Yellow blooms (late summer into late fall) in tall, dense spike(s) at the end of a single stalk. The stalk sometimes rises from a densely leafy basal rosette. Feeds butterflies, pollinating flies, and bees. Not particularly aggressive; clump forming from a caudex. Aster family.
There are 4 varieties but only hispida and huronensis are native. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Solidago-hispida.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=55 https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-hispida https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/solidago/hispida/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/hairy-goldenrod https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=457 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277365&isprofile=0&
Rough-stemmed Goldenrod Wrinkle-leaved Goldenrod, verge d'or rugueuse Solidago rugosa not 9; not 10 -low prairies, meadows, swales, shrubby areas, Pine barrens, open woods, thickets, thin woods, moist forests/edges; wetland margins, along water courses, deciduous to coniferous swamps, bogs, peatlands, gravelly seeps; disturbed habitats, in swamps, forest clearings, trails, ditches, pastures, fields, fencerows, roadsides. >Full Sun to Light Shade; tolerates to Part Shade. Moist to wet, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts peaty, gravelly to clayey, slightly acidic to calcareous, and juglone. Deer resistant. >3-6’ Distinctive, long, showy sprays of arching yellow flower stems (late summer well into fall) top the upper portion of a single, strong stalk. The stalk is rough to touch and the leaves are coarsely toothed and a bit wrinkly. Attracts bees, wasps, flies, small butterflies, moths’ eggs, beetles, many types of bugs, and birds (including the Indigo Bunting). One of the most common eastern prairie and meadow species making it obligatory for a Restoration project. Can be aggressive via creeping rhizomes. Aster family. Reportedly, nursery cultivars of this species often bear little resemblance to the original. There are several native subspecies and varieties; all are native but one; the none-native isSolidago ssp. rugosa var. sphagnophila (Cedar-swamp Goldenrod, verge d'or des sphaignes). http://www.ontariowildflower.com/goldenrods.htm#roughleaved https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-rugosa http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=61 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/goldenrod.html -genus Solidago https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/40_Solidago/rugosa.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/solidago/rugosa/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/578 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=467 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wl_goldenrod.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f196 http://www.thismia.com/S/Solidago_rugosa.html
Squarrose Goldenrod Stout Goldenrod, verge d'or squarreuse Solidago squarrosa 1 but not too far west of Long Point; 4 5 6 7; not Manitoulin Island -meadows, rocky/talus slopes/areas, shale slopes, thickets, open woods, forest edges, thin forests, glades, open banks; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, clearings. >Part to Full Sun. Prefers Part Shade in the full heat of southern climes. Average to dry, rocky to clayey soil. Accepts juglone. Deer resistant. >3-5’ Tall, erect, yellow bloom heads (late summer, early fall) form impressive, long clusters at the tops of several tall stalks. In seed, these flower-heads become all greyish-white fluffiness. The leaves are spear-blade shaped but become much narrower towards the top of its stalk; edges sharply toothed. Loved by
Balsam Groundsel Northern Ragwort, séneçon appauvri Packera paupercula all Senecio pauperculus -moist prairies, meadows, open woods (often Jack Pine, Aspen, Oak), thickets, forests; marshy ground, sedge meadows, dry to wet/marshy stream/lake shores/banks, sand dunes, fens, bogs, Cedar swamps, calcareous marshes; rocky outcrops, open bedrock, ridges, ledges, alvars, crevices; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Wet to average dry, sandy/gravelly, neutral to calcareous, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts rocky to loamy. >6-14’' From the top of a long, slender, almost leafless stalk branch out a dainty cluster of short stems, each bearing a small, yellow daisy-like bloom (late spring through summer) with sparse but long petals. The nakedness of the stalk accentuates the brightness of the blossoms. Even at its base there is just a fairly small rosette of long stemmed, tooth-edged leaves. Clump and occasionally colony forming. A caudex, occasionally with weak rhizomes or stolons. Aster family. Three varieties are native: pseudotomentosa (False Tomentose Balsam Groundsel), savannarum (Savanna Balsam Groundsel), paupercula (Balsam Ragwort). http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Packera-paupercula.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/packera/paupercula/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/426 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/balsam-ragwort https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=417 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/bal_ragwort.html
Clammy Ground-cherry Wild Ground-cherry, coqueret hétérophylle Physalis heterophylla 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 cerise de terre sauvage -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, dry open woods (often Oak), thickets, forest edges, hill sides, shores; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, grassy clearings, logged/burned forest clearings, open forest trails, road/railroad sides, dumps, gravel pits, parking lots, old gardens, weedy sites. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, nutrient-poor, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts gravelly to loamy. Accepts rich soil but only with disturbances to reduce competition from taller, more aggressive plants. Deer resistant. >1-3’ Dangling beneath hairy stems are greenish-yellow, many-sided, bell-shaped blooms (through summer) that have a brown or purplish feathery, kaleidoscope pattern in the centre; about ¾” across. This a low, multi-branched, busy plant with the blossoms arising from the leaf axils. The deeply veined, yellowish green leaves are generally egg-shaped but with a pointed tip and coarsely, toothed edges; about 3 x 4” in size. The berries are within an inflated, dry, papery shell (the Chinese Lantern effect) that
begins green, turns yellow, and then tan coloured when ripe. The flower nectar, the berries, and the stem juices nourish a wide range of wildlife. The foliage and stems are avoided. Colony forming from deep, fleshy rhizomes. Nightshade family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2704 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/physalis/heterophylla/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/442 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/clammy-ground-cherry https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cl_cherryx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/groundcherry_clammy.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Physalis_heterophylla_page.html
Bluebell of Scotland Harebell, campanule à feuilles rondes Campanula rotundifolia no longer considered native by Canadensys, but everyone still sells it as such
Blue Giant Hyssop Anise Hyssop, agastache fenouil Agastache foeniculum 2 3 4 5 6 7 10; south 9; not Bruce Peninsula -prairies, scrubby barrens, dry meadows, open woods (often Oak, Aspen), thickets, forest edges; disturbed habitats, clearings, roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, sandy to loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey. Deer resistant. >2-4’ Dense, blue-violet blooms (late summer) on spikes at the top of tall stems. Distinctive licorice-scented foliage. The dark blue blossoms make your garden’s yellow flowers brighter. A pollinator magnet. Clump and colony forming. Different sources report a caudex, rhizomes, or a taproot. An abundant seed producer. Can be considered a sub-shrub. Mint family. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Agastache-foeniculum.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/agastache.htm http://www.naturenorth.com/summer/hyssop/Fhyssop.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/agastache/foeniculum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/blue-giant-hyssop https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1532 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/anise_hyssopx.htm https://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/bluegianthyssop.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/anise-hyssop http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d554
Yellow Giant Hyssop Catnip Giant Hyssop, agastache faux-népéta Agastache nepetoides 1 5; Rare -meadows, thickets, deciduous open woods (often Oak, Beech-Maple), forest edges, glades; talus/rocky slopes; alvars; disturbed habitats of reduced shade, power-line clearances, fencerows; occasionally lowland forests especially along streams. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts to calcareous and juglone. Not tolerant of harsh winters at all. Deer resistant. >2-5' Can spread up to 3’ across. Small, greenish-yellow blooms (peak summer) in dense, spikes at the top of candelabra-like branches from a sturdy, 4-sided stalk. The individual blossoms look like gaping dragon’s mouths with 4 long, protruding stamens and a forked style. Each bloom opens independently of the others and matures into four nutlets. The leaves are opposite with saw-toothed edges. The lower ones are large, up to 6” long but they become smaller as they progress up the stalk. If the site is too dry and sunny, they may wilt. An excellent nectar source. A fibrous caudex often with rhizomes. Can be
considered a sub-shrub. Mint family. The late, great Walter Muma states “Not prized for its beauty, it is a plant for naturalized gardens and pollinators. Research has shown this to be one of Ontario's top 20 plants for feeding pollinating insects. Because it is rare in southern Ontario, except west of London, it should not be planted in the wild.” Missouri Plants states “It is quite striking …”. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=504 -Walter Muma’s page http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/agastache.htm -genus Agastache https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/agastache/nepetoides/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/12 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/yellow-giant-hyssop https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1533 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/yg_hyssop.htm http://www.missouriplants.com/Agastache_nepetoides_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281383&isprofile=0&
Orange-fruit Horse-gentian Wild Coffee, trioste orangé Triosteum aurantiacum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; southwest 10 -thickets, deciduous (occasionally mixed) open woods, forest edges, forests, glades, wooded slopes; disturbed habitats, trailsides, open abandoned areas; occasionally edges of swamps, streams/lakes. >Light Shade to Part Sun; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Moist to average, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts rocky to clayey and juglone. >2-3.5' A bold plant with large leaves on an unbranched stem. Purplish red honeysuckle-like blooms (late spring to early summer) in the axils of the leaves mature into conspicuous, full, fleshy, bright orange berries that seem to beg to be picked (don’t eat them). The berries are topped with 5 relatively large, narrow, green sepals which might make you think the berries look like pineapples. The leaves are opposite, long (5-10”), broad, narrowly oval, and pointed. A taproot. Uncommon. Neither a Gentian nor a Coffee. Honeysuckle family. Variety aurantiacum is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=734 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=91 http://www.vigileverte.com/plantes-herbaceacutees.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/triosteum/aurantiacum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/early-horse-gentian http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/er_horsegent.html -variety aurantiacum http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/horsegentian.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Triosteum_aurantiacum_page.html
Eastern Camas Wild Hyacinth, camassie faux-scille Camassia scilloides 1, deep southwest islands in Lake Erie and the St. Clair River; Species at Risk -“moderate shade of low moist woods on clay soil as well as drier scrubbier woodland on shallow, rocky soil over limestone bedrock (Michael Oldham, 1990).” Wild Hyacinth in Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Recovery Strategy Series, 2007. https://www.ontario.ca/page/wild-hyacinth https://www.ontario.ca/page/wild-hyacinth-recovery-strategy -open woods, thickets, forest edges, thin woods, rocky wooded slopes; prairies, meadows; floodplains, valley bottoms, stream banks; alvars, limestone glades; pastures. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, moist to average, calcareous, rocky to loamy to clayey, soil. Deer
resistant. >1-2' Pale blue blooms (late spring) grouped in clusters along long stems. The basal leaves are long, slender and upright and, like most bulb plants, disappear in mid-summer. A pollinator magnet. Clump forming by self-sowing and from clustered bulbs with fibrous roots. Asparagus family; Lily superorder. Has a multitude of scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1437 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_hyacinth.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildhyacinth.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282045&isprofile=0&letter=c https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=casc5 http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/67793-Camassia-scilloides/browse_photos
Dwarf Lake Iris iris lacustre Iris lacustris western coast of Bruce Peninsula; Manitoulin Island between Kincadine and Port Elgin; circum-Windsor; of Special Concern -calcareous shores, old beach rocky rubble, calcareous crevices, alvars, other open bedrock; coniferous forest glades; conifer swamps, fens; calcareous meadows. >Slight Shade to Full Sun to Part Shade. Dry to moist, well-drained, calcareous, sandy/gravelly/rocky soil. >4-6'' One gorgeous plant. If you can grow this, you have a treasure. Dainty, lavender/blue, fringed blooms (late spring, early summer). Broad arching leaves. Rare and becoming rarer due to human interference in its habitat. Colony forming for an excellent Ground Cover. Shallow, slender, creeping rhizomes. Iris family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=509 https://www.ontario.ca/page/dwarf-lake-iris http://www.rbg.ca/archive/rare/epo_ilac.htm http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/164128-Iris-lacustris/browse_photos https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1474 https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/plants/dwarflak.html https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EndangeredResources/Plants.asp?mode=detail&SpecCode=PMIRI090H0
Giant Ironweed Tall Ironweed, vernonie géante Vernonia gigantea 1; Extremely Rare Vernonia altissima -meadows, open woods, thickets; floodplains, floodplain forests, marshy thickets, marshes, swamps, seeps, springs; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, roadsides. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Rich, moist soil. The more sun the more moisture it requires. Of our two native Ironweeds (see below), this is the more shade tolerant. Accepts wet to average, acidic, sandy to clayey, periodic flooding, and juglone. Deer resistant. >5-8' A wide panicle of woolly flower-heads with each head having 13-30 tiny purple blooms (late summer into early fall). The flowers are at the ends of branches at the top of a single stalk. There is a long blooming period stretching from 1-1.5 months. Its leaves, distributed along the stalk, are alternate, point outwards in every direction, and are up to 2.5 x 9” in size. A stunning stand-out in your garden. A pollinator and butterfly magnet. Clump forming via thick, short rhizomes. Aster family. https://www.wildflower.org/gallery/species.php?id_plant=VEGI http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/vernonia.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=773 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=515
Purple Joe Pye Weed Sweet-scented Joe Pye Weed Eutrochium purpureum 1 eupatoire pourpre, eupatoire d'eau rouge Eupatorium purpureum -low shaded meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges, glades; ravines, floodplains, wet meadows, wetland/swamp/bog edges, stream banks, near bases of wet slopes, seeps. >Light Shade to Part Sun. Moist to average soil. >5-7" Large, showy, round-topped clusters of mauve-purple, fuzzy blooms (through summer into fall) atop a stalk with lance-shaped leaves arranged in whorls. Very eye-catching. A butterfly magnet. Rhizomes. Aster family. Variety purpureum is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=331 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=515 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/eupatorium.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/eutrochium/purpureum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/sweet-scented-joe-pye-weed http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/sw_joepye.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/sweetjoepyeweed.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Eutrochium_purpureum_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c740
Large Yellow Lady’s-slipper Greater Yellow Lady’s-slipper, cypripède pubescent all Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens -moist deciduous to mixed forests, forest edges, open woods, thickets, clearings; wet meadows, swales; limestone wetlands, moist alvars; shores, calcium rich fens, coniferous bogs, swamps; roadside ditches; moist, sheltered hollows. >Dappled shade. Very rich, wet to moist, calcareous soil. Accepts average moisture, neutral to acidic, and sandy. >8-30'' Very similar to Northern Yellow Lady’s-slipper; see below. The bloom (spring into mid-summer) has the appearance of a large, yellow, bulbous pouch, usually with reddish spots or stripes within. Most commonly a single blossom, sometimes 2, atop stalks. One large leaf/bract overtops each flower. May take several years to blossom. Lush, oval, veined foliage. A rhizome with fibrous roots. Orchid family. http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Cypripedium_parviflorum.html http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Orchidaceae/Cypripedium/Parviflorum/parviflorum.e.shtml https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/ https://www.osrbg.ca/files/CYP_PUB.HTM https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Cypripedium-parviflorum-var-pubescens.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=96 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/156 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/greater-yellow-ladys-slipper https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1806 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/yl_ladyslipper.htm
Northern Yellow Lady’s-slipper Greater Yellow Lady’s-slipper, Small Yellow Lady's Slipper all cypripède mocassin Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin -low prairies, meadows, swales, sheltered hollows; coniferous to deciduous open woods (often Aspen), thickets, shrublands, forest edges, forests, coniferous woods over bedrock, boreal forests, glades; open bedrock, alvars; open sand, low sand dunes; edges/shores of fens, swamps, coniferous bogs, streams/lakes; disturbed habitats, old clearings, flourishes in shady roadside ditches. >Part Shade to Sun. Wet to average soil. Accepts, if not prefers, acidic. Accepts nutrient-poor and sand. This is a relatively easy orchid to grow, but unlikely to survive transplanting and just results in death. >6-17'' The bold, slightly fragrant bloom (late spring) has the appearance of a large, glossy yellow bulbous pouch, usually with brown spots or stripes within. Most often there is only a single blossom, rarely two, looking very elegant and proud held high atop a leafless stalk arising from a leafy stem. It matures into a large, rounded-oblong, 3-ribbed, pointy seed pod that will survive the winter if not eaten by deer. The blossom is backed by 1-2 erect, tall, green bracts (like leaves) and framed by four dark maroon petals: the largest of which is mostly erect and stands over the top while two long, narrow and spiralled ones stick out from the sides. Behind and beneath are two shorter petals fused into one wide petal. Along the stem there are 2-5 lush, elliptically-shaped, dark green, heavily veined leaves arranged alternately. Ten or more stems may emerge from a single root forming a gorgeous clump. The spicy fragrance is most noticeable when the flower is young and warmed by the sun and helps to distinguish this variety from var. pubescens which is scentless. The other noticeable differences are that this variety is shorter, has a smaller pouch, its petals are darker and shorter, is more likely to be found in acidic soil, and tolerates drier sites. May take several years to flower. When not in flower it can resemble the Solomon’s Seals. A stout rhizome with fibrous roots. Orchid family. Note: the species Cypripedium parviflorum is commonly called Yellow Lady’s-slipper. From the human’s point of view, there is little difference between its 2 varieties, makasin and pubescens. Unfortunately some of their common names are also very similar and therefore confusing: Greater, Small, and Large, especially when the “Greater” has the smaller blossom. Not only that, but some sources still refer to the old species name, Cypripedium calceolus. Then to top it off, a synonym for var. makasin is C. pubescens var. makasin. But blessed be, in most moist gardens it makes no appreciable difference which one you purchase. Just buy the one(s) your supplier sells and plant it where I tell you to. Just for interest’s sake, Cypripedium refers to “Aphrodite’s sandal”, parviflorum means “small flowers”, and makasin is from the Algonquin language meaning moccasin or slipper. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Cypripedium-parviflorum-var-makasin.html https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/ https://www.osrbg.ca/files/cyp_mak.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=161 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/156 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/small-yellow-ladys-slipper https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1806 -a mix of varieties is shown https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EndangeredResources/Plants.asp?mode=detail&SpecCode=PMORC0Q093 https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/yellowladysmakasin.html https://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=cypam3_001_ahp.tif
Shrubby Lespedeza Violet Bush-clover, lespédèze frutescente Lespedeza frutescens 1 lespédèze violacée -prairies, hill prairies, meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, slopes, thinly wooded bluffs, glades, banks; rocky/talus slopes, ridges, cliffs, ledges; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings. >Part to Full Sun. Dry to average, sandy/rocky, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts light clayey. Intolerant of aggressive or taller plants; benefits from grass fires. >18-24’' Similar to Lespedeza violacea (Violet Bush-clover) and the differences are not obvious. Many, fairly small, pink to violet pea-plant blooms (peak summer) distributed loosely along the tops of several, long, leafy, wand-like, erect to sprawling stalks; can be shrubby looking. The leaves, like clover, are composed of 3 oblong leaflets each with a light green centre vein. The fruit is a hard capsule containing one seed. A favourite of the insect, butterfly, bird and small mammal world. A taproot. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1324 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lespedeza/frutescens/ https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/164569-Lespedeza-frutescens/browse_photos http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/violet_bushclover.html
Canada Lily Wild Yellow Lily, lis du Canada Lilium canadense 1 4 5 6; extremely rare on Bruce Peninsula -low ground; wet meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, wooded slopes; bottomlands, floodplains; wetland edges, bogs, marshes, swamps, streams; disturbed habitats; wet road/railroad sides, ditches. >Part to Dappled Sun. Rich, moist to wet to average soil. Accepts light sandy. >2-5' A tall, showy plant, crowned with 1-5, rarely to 20, pendulous Tiger Lily type blooms (late spring into mid-summer) with petals slightly recurved (curled back), usually yellow-orange but sometimes orange-red. There are purple spots interiorly. The prominent anthers are large, thick, and rusty red. Each blossom is hanging upside down from its own long, upright but downward curved stem. Matures into a large, oblong capsule that turns brown, dries, and splits open. The single, unbranched stalk has 6-10 whorls of large, flat, lance-shaped leaves, 3-8 per whorl. Our Ruby-throated Hummingbird and the larger butterflies are the main pollinators. Similar to Michigan Lily but with yellow being more common and the petals don’t curl as far back giving the flower more of a trumpet appearance. The leaves are loved by deer, rabbits, voles, and chipmunks. The roots consist of bulbs, rhizomes, and fibres. The principal Lily of the east. http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Lilium_canadense.html -uses a scientific synonym http://floreduquebec.ca/english/lilium-canadense http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Liliaceae/Lilium/Canadense/canadense.e.shtml http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_lily.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lilium/canadense/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/322 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/canada_lily.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/canadalily.html https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=lica3 http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/57131-Lilium-canadense/browse_photos
Wood Lily Prairie Lily, Red Lily, lis de Philadelphie Lilium philadelphicum all -open sandy/rocky areas, prairies, sand plains, sand hills, meadows, heathlands, valley sides, barrens, thickets, open woods (often Jack Pine, Aspen), forest edges; shores, dunes; alvars, bedrock, crevices, balds, bluffs; fens, bogs, mixed to conifer swamps on hummocks; disturbed habitats, roadsides, ditches,
clearings, power-line clearings. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade but will not flower. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts gravel to loamy, nutrient-poor and acidic. Benefits from removal of shade-causing woody competition. Reportedly difficult to cultivate in gardens. Speak to your supplier. >1-3' Looks exactly like a large, red-orange lily - beautiful. One to four, eye-catching, sky-facing, cup-shaped, purplish-spotted, large, reddish orange (rarely yellow) blooms (first half of summer), each at the top a tall stem with leaves whorled along its height. A magnet for bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, hummingbird moths, larvae, bugs, and deer. Becoming less common because of poaching, the over-population of deer, and loss of habitat. Grows in clumps from segmented bulbs composed of rice-shaped scales. The provincial emblem of Saskatchewan where it is called Prairie Lily and is pictured on the flag. It is native to every province except in the Maritimes. Slow growing. Lily family. Was once divided into 3 separate varieties: philadelphicum, andinum, montanum, but not now. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Lilium-philadelphicum.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/lis_rouge_orange-western_red_lily/ http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002088 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/manitoulin_alvar_woodland.htm#wood_lily https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lilium/philadelphicum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/323 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wood-lily https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1629 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_lily.html https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/woodlily.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/WoodLily.pdf
Canada Lousewort Canada Wood Betony, pédiculaire du Canada Pedicularis canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -thickets, open woods (often Black Oak, Pine, Aspen, Red Maple); forest edges, forests (deciduous to mixed; sometimes conifer; often Beech-Maple, Black Oak), glades, bedrock; along streams; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings; occasionally conifer swamps, prairies, meadows. >Part Shade to Full Shade to Full Sun. Average to dry, rocky/sandy to loamy, acidic to neutral, well-drained, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts rich and calcareous. Not particularly drought tolerant but accepts dry. >6-12” Don’t get put off by its name. It’s a cutie. A single, short, dense club of arched, tubular, 2-lipped, light-coloured yellow or wine or reddish-white blooms (spring) in a whorl. Very showy when in flower and when not it has very interesting foliage that make the plant look like a very short, very bushy fern. When sprouting from the ground in spring the leaves are a reddish mauve. It is partially parasitic stealing nourishment from neighbouring plants, especially grasses. Visited by several types of bees including Bumble and Mason. Clump forming and often colony forming as a result of self-sowing. A taproot with short, branching rhizomes. Can be considered a sub-shrub. Broomrape family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=761 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pedicularis/canadensis/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/430 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wood-betony https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1870 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wd_betonyx.htm https://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/es203/pedicularis_canadensis.php
Sundial Lupine Perennial Lupine, lupin vivace, lupin pérenne Lupinus perennis 1; south 4; Rare -prairies, shrub prairies, meadows, sand hills, stabilized sand dunes, coniferous/deciduous open woods (often Oak, Jack Pine, Aspen), barrens, Pine barrens; floodplains; disturbed habitats, power-line clearances, right-of-ways, road/railroad sides, waste areas. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, sandy/rocky/gravelly, slightly acidic, nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy loam. Prefers nutrient-poor soil without competition. Benefits from a grassfire. >1-2’ Wide spikes of blue-violet, pea-plant blooms (late spring into early summer). The spikes, up to 8” long, emerge from a lush patch of distinctive leaves; the leaves are divided into 7 to 11 leaflets that radiate in a circle from the tip of the leaf’s long stalk. It is this circle of long, narrow leaflets that give the plant its name, Sundial. As you would expect from a member of the Legume (Pea) family, the fruit is a pea pod. Excellent for bees and butterflies. Feeds larvae of several blue butterflies including the rare Karner Blue. A short lived perennial that mainly survives by readily self-sowing. Ontario’s only native Lupine. Strong, deep taproot with rhizomes. Legume family. http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/lupins.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Lupinus.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=812 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lupinus/perennis/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/349 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-lupine https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1327 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_lupine.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildlupine.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/WildLupine.pdf https://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/plantpages/lupinus-perennis.php https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_lupe3.pdf https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/lupper/all.html https://www.planetnatural.com/growing-lupine/
May-apple Indian-apple, Wild Mandrake, podophylle pelté, pomme de mai Podophyllum peltatum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -deciduous to mixed forests, forest borders, small glades; shaded stream/lake edges, hillside seeps. >Full Sun to Dappled Shade to Full Shade. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy, acidic and juglone. Deer resistant. >12-18'' A large (1-2” across), lovely, single white bloom (late spring) with pale yellow stamens at its centre hides beneath the glossy, rich green, deeply lobed, umbrella-like leaves (up to 16” across). If pollinated, which is only occasionally, it matures into a single, pale yellow berry (apple). The green leaves poke out of the ground in early spring furled like an umbrella. The foliage will begin to die back at the end of summer and will also die back during droughts, but then happily reappear the next year. It’s also vulnerable to a late spring frost. The plant’s rhizomes will create a level, dense and lush, impressive Ground Cover. Its seeds are distributed in animal droppings. Aggressive, but does not tolerate competition. Barberry family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=81 http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/may_apple.htm
Skunk Meadow-rue Waxy Meadow-rue, pigamon à feuilles révolutées Thalictrum amphibolum 1; Very Rare Thalictrum revolutum -thickets, open woods, barrens, forest edges, prairies, meadows; rocky wooded slopes, ridges, ledges; brushy banks along streams, wet meadows; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, road/railroad sides. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, moist to dryish soil. Accepts sandy to clayey and drought. Does well in average garden soil. Deer resistant. >2-6’ x 1-4’ Pale green-yellow to white blooms (late spring to early summer) in clusters. While the blossoms aren’t colourful they have a unique airy appearance and due to the plant’s size and its rather large, twice compounded leaves that flutter in the breeze, a summer lushness is the result. Crushing its leaves will give you the delicate fragrance of Eau de Skunk, but their undersides do glisten prettily in the sun. Wind pollinated, so not visited by bees and such. Good for diversifying the species of your lowland garden. Usually occurs in male and female versions, so it’s a good idea to purchase a few if you want seed production. This is one of the plants where the male flower is more attractive to us than the female. Colony forming via rhizomes. Buttercup family. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/143040-Thalictrum-revolutum/browse_photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/thalictrum/revolutum/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/waxy_ruex.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2404
Canada Milk-vetch astragale du Canada Astragalus canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10; extremely rare on Bruce Peninsula -prairies (often sandy), open woods (often sandy), thickets, forest edges; cliffs, balds, ledges, alvar prairies; fields; moist floodplains, marshy ground, shorelines, rocky banks. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average to dryish soil. Accepts alkaline and sandy to clayey. >2-4' Yellowish, creamy-white funnel-shaped blooms (peak summer) in long, dense flower-heads at the tops of multiple stems. Produces hard seedpods. Foliage very lacy with each leaf having many small leaflets. A large, robust species, yet it may lay about somewhat when in shade. Adds a good chunk of airy, bushiness to your garden. A wildlife magnet, including our Hummingbird. This is almost a pan-Canadian plant, including the Northwest Territories, but it hasn’t made it to the Maritimes yet or to the other 2 territories. Colony forming from a caudex with creeping rhizomes. Legume family. There are 3 varieties but only canadensis is native. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Astragalus-canadensis.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/astragalus.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=845 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/astragalus/canadensis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/canada-milkvetch
Poke Milkweed Tall Milkweed, asclépiade très grande Asclepias exaltata 1 2 4 5 6 -meadows, deciduous to mixed open woods, thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, stream banks, wooded slopes; disturbed habitats, clearings, trailsides, roadsides. >Part to Dappled Sun; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, moist to dry, rocky to sandy to loamy soil. Wind intolerant. Deer resistant. >2-5’ Poke is tied with Swamp to be our tallest Milkweed but it is our only that is truly shade tolerant. Very fragrant, creamy-white with lavender to green-tinged bloom (summer) on stems that space them out into droopy, open flower clusters. The clusters dangle from the ends of stalks that rise from the leaf axils in the upper part of the plant. A plant usually has a few to several clusters. The blossoms themselves are small, but a marvel of engineering: first, a crown composed of a circle of 5 cylindrical hoods with a pointed horn sticking out of each; second, in the middle of the circle is wedged a short column; finally, the crown rests in the centre of 5 light-green, flaring petals that bend far back and away. The leaves have a smooth upper surface, are narrowly elliptic, pointed at both ends, about 6 x 3”, and grow in opposite pairs along a, square-shaped, surprisingly narrow stalk. The fruit are very narrow, spindle-shaped, pointed pods (you would definitely not want to get poked in the eye with one these things), 4-6” long, and very neatly packed with flat, brown seeds, each tufted with long white hairs. At maturity the pod splits open, the hairs become fluffy and the seeds are dispersed into the wind. A pollinator magnet. A thick taproot. Dogbane family. https://monarchwatch.org/bring-back-the-monarchs/milkweed/milkweed-profiles/asclepias-exaltata/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=85 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/asclepias.html -milkweed genus https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/asclepias/exaltata/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/58 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/poke-milkweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=155 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/pk_milkweed.html
Slender Mountain-mint Narrowleaf Mountain-mint, pycnanthème à feuilles étroites 1 4 5; Rare/Uncommon Pycnanthemum tenuifolium -prairies; meadows, grassy areas, open woods, thickets, forest edges, Pine barrens, Oak woods, limestone glades; low wet areas, prairies, meadows, bogs, thickets, gravelly areas along streams, gravel seeps; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields. >Full to Part Sun. Wet to average, rocky/sandy/gravely to rich loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic and to clayey. Accepts drought, but the leaves may yellow. Deer resistant. >2-3’ tall and equally as wide. The abundant blooms (peak summer into early fall) are very pale purple to white with purple spots. They are gathered into flower-heads that are in clusters at the ends of the upper stems. Slender is the word for both the leaves and the stems. The 4-sided stems branch so frequently that the plant can look bushy. Its many leaves are opposite, up to 3" long and ¼” across, and are stemless (sessile). Not the blossoms so much, but the rest of the plant gives off a mild, minty fragrance. One of the most powerful of the bee, butterfly, and insect magnets. Bunch forming, then colony forming,
and can be aggressive to invasive via a taproot with rhizomes. Mint family. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/126891-Pycnanthemum-tenuifolium/browse_photos https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1584 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Pycnanthemum.html https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/94040/#b https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pycnanthemum/tenuifolium/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/497 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/slm_mintx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=r690 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pyte.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_pyte.pdf
Whorled Mountain-mint pycnanthème verticillé Pycnanthemum verticillatum 1 5; Extremely Rare -prairies, meadows, limestone glades, thickets, open woods, rocky forest edges/openings; moist sandy shores; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, borrow pits. >Part to Full Sun. Average to dry, nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. Suffers during hot droughts but survives. Accepts rocky to clayey and julgone. Benefits from afternoon shade and wildfires or occasional mowing to reduce woody competition. Deer resistant. >2-3’ Quite similar in appearance and behaviour to the other Mountain-mints described above and in other garden types of this catalogue. Leaves a little wider than Slender Mountain-mint. Variety Hairy Mountain-mint has fuzzy leaves and stems, the upper surface of the leaves are greyish-green, and the plant is a little more clay tolerant than the others. The fuzz can give the leaves a silvery appearance. Mint family. Varieties verticillatum (Whorled Mountain-mint) and pilosum (Hairy Mountain-mint, pycnanthème poilu) are both native, but pilosum is the more common. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/153908-Pycnanthemum-verticillatum/browse_photos https://guides.nynhp.org/whorled-mountain-mint/ -var. verticillatum http://www.southeasternflora.com/view_flora.php?plantid=2509 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1585 https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/species/description/14348/Pycnanthemum-verticillatum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pycnanthemum/verticillatum/ http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Pycnanthemum.html -genus Pycnanthemum http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=848 —var. pilosum https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1583 —var. pilosum http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/hm_mintx.htm -var. pilosum https://www.inhs.illinois.edu/collections/plants/data/il-gallery/species/pycnanthemum-pilosum/-var. pilosum http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281501&isprofile=0& -vr. pilosum
American False Pennyroyal American Pennyroyal, Pudding-grass, hédéoma faux-pouliot 1 5 Hedeoma pulegioides -open woods (often Oak or Beech-Maple), barrens, slopes, meadows; cliffs, balds, ridges, ledges, rocky glades; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, forest clearings, burnt/logged clearings, woodland trails, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Full Sun habitats require more moisture. Average to dry, rocky to loamy soil. Accepts nutritionally-poor and acidic. Intolerant of taller competition. Prefers barren sites and disturbed habitats to reduce competition and to allow for self-sowing. Deer resistant.
>6-12'' A little darling. Pinkish-blue, tubular blooms (peak summer into early fall). Though the blossoms are small, about 1/4” across, they are backed by bright green leaves that makes them really stand out. A short plant, but a long flowering period, up to 3 months. Except for the petals, every part of the plant is a light, bright green. The leaves are about 1” long, opposite, sparsely distributed up the stem, and are quite aromatic (mint). A very simple, delicate looking plant that may require a cultured eye to appreciate and a well practiced eye not to pull it out for a weed. Appreciated by small (maybe really small) bees. Love that name Pudding-grass. Self-sows or dies out, hence, a copious seed producer. May form colonies if things are just right. A thick taproot. Annual. Mint family. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/am_pennyroyal.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/hedeoma/pulegioides/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/244 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1549 https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/163545-Hedeoma-pulegioides/browse_photos
Tall Blue Lettuce Blue Wood Lettuce, Biennial Lettuce, laitue bisannuelle Lactuca biennis all -shady meadows, thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests, glades; floodplains, swamp edges, stream banks; disturbed habitats, fields, trailsides, roadsides, clearings, logged forests. >Light Shade to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade. Moist to wet soil - the sources are mixed. Most give the habitat as a type of forest clearing (more sun than shade). A few include fields and meadows (full sun). Yet not one source actually states that it grows in Full Sun contrary to photographs of specimens in New England growing under a solid blue sky. I am concluding that it tolerates Full Sun at the edge of woods with consistent and adequate moisture. >3-7’; reportedly as tall as 12’ or more. Small, pale blue to whitish blooms (peak-summer and well into fall) in branching, roughly cylindrical clusters at the top of the plant and from upper leaf axils. Clusters are tightly packed at first, but expand as the plant matures and may end up to be massive. When the blossoms have gone to seed they turn into fluffy, dandelion-like heads. The foliage is very lush with large (to 6x16”), deeply and pointedly lobed leaves (again, something like a dandelion leaf gone wild). There is a single, stout, hollow stalk. The plant contains a milky sap (Lactuca). Excellent for increasing the biodiversity of your garden. Biennial to a short lived annual. In its first year, it is a basal cluster of, yes, dandelion-like leaves so don’t pull it out. A thickened, stout taproot. Aster family. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Lactuca-biennis.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Lactuca_biennis.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/07_Lactuca/biennis.htm http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/lactuca-biennis/r-lactuca-biennis.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lactuca/biennis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/tall-blue-lettuce https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=384 http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/tallbluelettuce.html https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LABI
Downy Wood Mint Ohio Horsemint, Downy Pagoda Plant, bléphilie ciliée Blephilia ciliata 1; Extremely Rare -dolomite prairies, hill prairies, limestone glades, meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, barrens, thin woods, forest edges; limestone bluffs, thin soil over limestone/granite; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, power-line clearances; rarely edges of fens. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts mildly acidic and gravelly to
clayey. >1-3' Large clusters of small, fragrant, blue-purple blooms (summer) in a series of rings that encircle the top of the sturdy, unbranched stalk. A young cluster may remind you of the old-fashioned image of a beehive or a very extravagant, but pretty, woman’s hat; however as the stem grows it gets longer and the rings move apart turning the flower stem into a tall, colourful pagoda. Being a member of the Mint family it has many of the classic hallmarks: a 4-sided stem with fuzzy (ciliata) opposite leaves, a minty fragrance, and is a favourite especially of bees, but butterflies like it too. The leaves may look a little worse for wear by the middle of summer, but remember the bees. Clump forming via short rhizomes so is not nearly as aggressive as many of the others. Mint family. Don't confuse this with Blephilia hirsuta (Hairy Wood Mint, bléphilie hirsute) which is hairier but still native and desirable. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1537 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/blephilia.html -genus Blephilia http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=819 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/blephilia/ciliata/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/dwn_mintx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/downywoodmint.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j530 http://www.missouriplants.com/Blephilia_ciliata_page.html
Nodding Onion Nodding Wild Onion, ail penché Allium cernuum 1; Manitoulin Island; Very Rare -prairies, dolomite prairies, sand prairies, gravel prairies, hill prairies, shrub prairies, meadows, swales, deciduous to coniferous open woods, grassy shady stream banks, rocky stream banks, lake shores, rocky outcrops, thinly wooded bluffs, cliffs; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, road/railroad embankments, ditches; occasionally marshy ground. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to average to dry, well-drained, neutral to alkaline soil. In full sun sites it grows best with moisture. Accepts sandy, rocky, and average garden soil. One source reports that it accepts juglone. Deer resistant. Does best with more sun than a glade, but mine have been flowering and producing seed just fine in its frontyard glade. >12-16'' White to rose blooms (peak summer). The flower stalks, most often just one, bends over and down just behind the cluster of blossoms giving the plant its name. The flowers are not hidden at all by foliage and look like a loose cluster of many, little dangling bells. They mature into little black seeds held conspicuously at the end of tiny stems. Generally speaking, the plant itself looks like a delicate common onion, with long, graceful, ribbon-like leaves. Enjoyed by a variety bees, especially Bumbles. Already rare and becoming even rarer due to habitat destruction and poaching. Remember that the wild doesn’t belong to you. Clump forming from bulbs and short rhizomes. Aamaryllis family, superorder Lily. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Allium-cernuum.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=754 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/allium.html -see the last paragraph https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/nodding-wild-onion https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=39 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/nod_onionx.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/nodding-wild-onion https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/NoddingOnion.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=z580
Yellow Pimpernel ténidia à feuilles entières, ténidie très entière Taenidia integerrima 1 2 5 -prairies, edges of hill prairies, low dunes, meadows, Jack Pine plains, open woods (often Oak, Pine, Aspen), thickets, deciduous forests (often rocky), glades; shores/glades/thickets of streams/lakes; open rocky slopes, slopes, ledges, bluffs, eroded clay banks; disturbed habitats, trailsides. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun to almost Full Shade. Dry to average, rocky to clayey, often over calcareous bedrock, well-drained, nutrient-poor soil. Prefers sparse competition and disturbed soil. Accepts drought. >1-3’ Copious, tiny, bright yellow blooms (late spring) grouped into flat-topped, open clusters of smaller open clusters that float above the plant like constellations; long lasting. There are 2 sets of dull green leaves on the plant: the larger lower leaves and the upper smaller leaves. The lower leaves are double to triple compound, while the upper leaves may be single to double compound. In each leaf the leaflets are mostly in groups of three. It is not a bushy plant because the leaves are on long stems (petioles), creating an airy effect. This plant benefits many varieties of bees, wasps, flies, beetles, and butterfly larvae and is a darling in the garden. Taproot. Carrot family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=144 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=768 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/taenidia/integerrima/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/617 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/yellow-pimpernel http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/yl_pimpernel.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=276034&isprofile=0& http://www.missouriplants.com/Taenidia_integerrima_page.html
Common Pokeweed Inkberry, Pigeonberry, phytolaque d’Amérique Phytolacca americana 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -thickets, open woods, forest edges, moist meadows; gravelly seeps, marsh edges; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, road/railroad sides, drainage ditches, barnyards, fencerows, vacant lots, neglected gardens, disturbed forests. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts gravelly to clayey, acidic to calcareous, and juglone. Deer resistant. Has a fondness for disturbed sites. >4-9’ A large, bushy plant of many, multi-branching, green to red-purplish stems. Under its preferred conditions it becomes almost a shrub. Abundant dangling, long spikes of small white or pinkish blooms (early summer into mid-fall). In bud, the blossoms look like tiny, green pumpkins. When in flower, 5 petals open to present a tiny, green, acorn squash inside - like a magic trick. The buds on the spike (raceme) flower from the bottom to the top over enough period of time to sometimes allow for fruit at the base and blossoms at the tip. The leaves are alternate and so deeply veined that the leaf looks quilted; they can be up to 4 x 10” in size. The tons of shiny, dark purple, grape-like berries produced are made for songbirds, but Grey Fox, Raccoon, and Opossum like them too. A thick, deep taproot. Pokeweed family. Variety americana is also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=137 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/phytolacca/americana/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/443 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1915 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/pokeweed.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/Pokeweed.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284958&isprofile=0&n=1
Early Saxifrage Virginia Saxifrage, saxifrage de Virginie Micranthes virginiensis all Saxifraga virginiensis -rocky wooded glades, hillsides, slopes, cliffs, outcrops, alvars, balds, ledges, ridges, rock barrens, crevices, stream banks. >Part Sun to Full Shade. Moist to dry, sandy/rocky, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts shallow soil. Requires excellent drainage. Drought tolerant, but may go dormant. >4-14'' Only 4” tall when not in flower. All the rest is flower stalk. Fragrant clusters of up to 30 small, brilliant white blooms (through spring). Five dainty, spreading petals surround a pale green centre of 10 bright yellow anthers. The clusters grow from short branching stems at the top of a single, tall, thick, hairy stalk. Actually, everything except the blossom is a little hairy. The stalk rises from an attractive rosette of fleshy basal leaves, oval, 1-3” long, tipped with reddish-brown, and with coarsely toothed edges. The fruit is a green to purplish capsule containing many tiny seeds in vertical rows. Sometimes the fruit is paired and joined at their bases but their tips are angled away from each other like 2 conical party hats. Grows solitary or in clumps. Fibrous roots. Saxifrage family. https://www.marylandbiodiversity.com/viewSpecies.php?species=2155 http://floreduquebec.ca/english/micranthes%20virginiensis http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=624 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/micranthes/virginiensis/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/543 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/early-saxifrage https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2667 http://www.missouriplants.com/Micranthes_virginiensis_page.html https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=savi5
Wild Senna American Senna, casse à fruits velus, casse sauvage Senna hebecarpa 1; Extremely Rare -moist sites; floodplains, stream slopes/banks, moist shores, glades, thickets; occasionally drier, sandy meadows, open woods; disturbed habitats, roadsides. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts sandy/rocky and juglone. Deer resistant. >3-6' Clusters of showy, irregularly shaped, yellow blooms (peak summer) with prominent dark brown anthers. I can’t do a good job of describing them so look at the photographs, but I can tell you that they are gathered into large, eye-catching clusters. When ripe they form more clusters, but of dangling, flat but bent, very dark brown seed pods, about 3-4" long; each pod has 10-18 segments, and in each segment is a single seed. The pods are so dark in colour that you may not find them attractive, but I find they remind me of a unique set of wooden wind chimes. The leaves are lovely, long and wide, compound with 5 to 10 pairs of pleasingly shaped, oblong leaflets along a central stem (petiole) on a plant that can get quite bushy. They don’t fall until rather late in the season. Attracts many members of the bug world but Bumblebees are the most common and with some butterfly larvae dependent on its foliage for food. The plant can form colonies from fibrous roots with rhizomes. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1345 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=956 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/senna/hebecarpa/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/551 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wild_senna.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildsenna.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sehe3.pdf
White Snakeroot eupatoire rugueuse Ageratina altissima 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -deciduous to coniferous shaded disturbed/degraded habitats, trail/roadsides, fencerows, pastures; thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, ravines, bluffs; floodplains, stream banks; occasionally swamps, Cedar swamps, seeps. >Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade; tolerates Full Sun with consistent moisture. Moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts clayey. Deer resistant. >2-4' An erect stalk with branchlets near the top bearing many flat-topped clusters of fuzzy, bright white, button-like bloom-heads (through early fall); they seem to glow as the sun begins to set. Produces black seeds with small tufts of white hairs to catch the wind. Pointed, broad to narrow heart-shaped, dark green, textured leaves, 2-6” long, with toothed edges. Can be aggressive via its rhizomes and self-seeding. A colony may be in flower for up to 2 months. Wildlife magnet. Good for Restoration. A Pioneer species. Aster family. Variety altissima (Common White Snakeroot) is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=211 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Ageratina_altissima.html -variety altissima http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Ageratina/ageratina.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ageratina/altissima/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/14 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/white-snakeroot http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/wh_snakeroot.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/whitesnakeroot.html -variety altissima http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/white-snakeroot http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277391&isprofile=0&
Ohio Spiderwort Bluejacket, tradescantie d’Ohio, éphémère d'Ohio Tradescantia ohiensis 1; Very Rare -meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, forest edges, prairies, sandy ridges, limestone glades; disturbed habitats, road/railroad sides, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average moisture. Accepts wet. Accepts shallow rocky to gravel to sandy to clayey, drought, and juglone. >18-24'' Simple, 3-petalled, brilliant blue/violet blooms (early to mid-summer) with gold tipped stamens. The gold together with the rich blue are especially beautiful. The buds are in clusters but they open only one or a few at a time; each blossom lasts for only a short while but will be replaced by another. Usually, there is only one stalk that branches only near its very top. The leaves are similar to long blades of grass, less than an inch across and up to 15” long. Each has a groove down the centre created by a deep mid-vein. They are stemless with their bases wrapped around the plant’s stalk. Beneficial for butterflies and hummingbirds. Its foliage feeds many, but the species continues. Fleshy rhizomes that may form colonies where the competition is minimal. Spiderwort family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=825 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/ohio-spiderwort https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/oh_spiderwortx.htm http://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/spiderwort_ohioensis.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/OhioSpiderwort.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=r820 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/tradescantia/ohiensis/
Carolina Spring Beauty Wide-leaved Spring Beauty Claytonia caroliniana all, not southwest 10 claytonie de Caroline, claytonie feuille-large -deciduous to mixed open woods thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, lightly shaded bluffs, slopes, talus; stream floodplains; rarely in swamps. Often found growing with Nodding and White Trilliums and Dutchman's Breeches >Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts wet and rocky to clayey. >to 12” Very similar to Eastern Spring Beauty, below. The leaves are the most distinguishing characteristic between the 2 species. Dainty, pretty, and ephemeral. The blooms (early spring) in an open cluster poke up from a pair of opposite leaves that are shorter and broader than those of Virginia Spring-beauty. The petals are white to pale pink with darker pink veins. A very simple, small, pretty plant that may carpet the forest floor each spring, but don’t be fooled, it spreads slowly. Produces tiny potato-like corms which Chipmunks and White-footed Mice may dig up and may replant farther away. Goes dormant in early summer when the forest canopy appears. Water Chickweed family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=177 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/deciduous.htm#springbeauty http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004989 http://floreduquebec.ca/english/claytonia-caroliniana http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Claytonia_caroliniana.html http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Portulacaceae/Claytonia/Caroliniana/caroliniana.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/claytonia/caroliniana/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/128 http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-carolina-springbeauty-claytonia-caroliniana.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/carolina-spring-beauty https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1696
Eastern Spring Beauty Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty, Virginia Spring Beauty Claytonia virginica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 clayeytonie de Virginie, laytonie feuille-étroite Claytonia virginica -thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests (often Beech/Maple, Oak), glades, thinly wooded bluffs, ravines, meadows; floodplain/mucky forests; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, roadsides, clearings. >Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey, and nutrient-poor. Will adapt to shady lawns if mowing is delayed until the end of spring. Deer resistant. Principally a woodland species. >6-9'' Five perfect petals, pink to whitish and stripped with light pink, encircle 5 deep pink stamens. A loose cluster of these lovely blooms (early spring) grace the top of the plant’s stem. They close at night and with cloudy weather. Interestingly, the blossoms face up when open, but down when closed or in bud. The stem has only a single pair of opposite, narrow, green leaves, less than 6” long. There may also be a few basal leaves. Being ephemeral, the plant disappears by mid-summer to be forgotten until their beauty shocks you again early the next spring. Being such an early spring riser, it’s an important source of nourishment for bees and such. A feeder of Chipmunks, White-footed Mice, and many little flying things. Ants help to disperse the seeds. Spreads quickly for a gorgeous, spring Ground Cover. A tiny potato-like corm with side fibrous roots Water Chickweed family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1698 http://floreduquebec.ca/english/claytonia_caroliniana&text=iden http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=178 https://brucetrail.org/system/downloads/0000/0582/Spring_Beauty_for_Archive.pdf http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/springbeauty.html-don’t get confuse d with the leaves of the weed or the Trout Lily https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/claytonia/virginica/
Barren Strawberry waldsteinie faux-fraisier Geum fragarioides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8; as far west as Thessalon; from south of Timmins Waldsteinia fragarioides -deciduous to coniferous open woods thickets, forests, glades, wooded bluffs; stream floodplains, stream/lake shores; disturbed habitats, clearings, waste roadside areas. >Part Sun to Light Shade; tolerates Full Shade. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky/loamy, acidic to neutral, well-drained soil. Accepts clayey and thin soil over rock. The more sun the more consistent moisture required. Intolerant of heavy leaf-fall or more aggressive taller plants. Deer resistant. >3-7'' Prolific, bright yellow, 5-petalled blooms (early spring) in sparse clusters are held above the foliage by short branching stems. Fan-shaped basal leaves on relatively long stalks (up to 6”) are divided into 3 leaflets with frilly edges, similar to its true strawberry relatives. The leaves are semi-evergreen but become a dark purplish-red during winter. Combines well with other short forest floor plants. Spreads by shallow rhizomes to form a very pretty, genteel Ground Cover. Especially good for shady, dry conditions. Not a strawberry. Its fruit are dry seeds (achenes). Rose family. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003235 http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/2041-waldsteinie-faux-fraisier.html http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/barrenstrawberry.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=179 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/geum/fragarioides/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/705 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/barren-strawberry https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2577 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/bar_strawberry.html https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/barren-strawberry http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=w950
Wild Strawberry Virginia Strawberry, fraisier des champs Fragaria virginiana all fraisier de Virginie -prairies, hill prairies, meadows, grassy places, limestone glades, open woods, forest edges, deciduous to coniferous forests, dry sandy wooded areas (often Jack Pine, Oak, and other similar-habitat trees), rocky areas, dry rocky summits/bluffs; shores, the drier parts of swamps; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, rocky to clayey, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts acidic, drought, and juglone. >3-6'' Very similar to Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). While short, it’s quite perky. Pretty, little white blooms (early spring) in groups of 2-6 are accompanied by spring fresh green foliage. By late spring or very early summer, you’ll have clusters of small, but bright red, juicy strawberries. The leaves are at the ends of long petioles (stems) and have 3 almost equally sized leaflets with pointy-toothed edges and prominent veins. Usually the blossoms are held beneath the level of the leaves, yet they are still plain to see. They make a most pleasant sight in spring. Of great benefit to our flying, crawling, and 4-footed world. It may go dormant in the heat of summer to return in the fall. Can spread aggressively by stolons (runners) to make a loose Ground Cover even on poor soil. With time this short plant will cover
your garden floor and mingle in and around your other, taller plants. A truly pan-Canadian plant. It’s your patriotic duty to choose this species. A very small, potato-like corm and a thick rhizome with fibrous roots lurk beneath the runner of the plant. Rose family. For you keeners out there, the actual fruit is not precisely the strawberry, but are the seeds (achenes) that are embedded in little indentation on the surface of the fleshy ‘pseudocarp’, which is considered an ‘accessory fruit’. Subspecies virginiana and glauca (Smooth Wild Strawberry, fraisier glauque) are also native; subspecies platypetala is not. Read the labels carefully, especially when shopping for strawberries, relying on the scientific name. Their common names are often misleading. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2483 http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Fragaria-virginiana.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/fragaria.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=679 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002875 http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb15.htm http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Fragaria_virginiana.html -subspecies virginiana https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/050_Rosacees/15_Fragaria/02_virginiana.htm http://floreduquebec.ca/english/fragaria-virginiana http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1798-fraisier-des-champs.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/fragaria/virginiana/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/216 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-strawberry https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wld_strawberryx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/virginaistrawberry.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-strawberry https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/WildStrawberry.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291715&isprofile=0&= https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_frvi.pdf
Woodland Strawberry European Strawberry, fraisier des bois Fragaria vesca all -deciduous to coniferous thickets, forest edges, forests, boreal forests, glades, meadows (often rocky), rocky open woods, steep rocky/talus slopes, north facing slopes, rocky outcrops, alvars, cliffs, balds, ledges, wooded bluffs; floodplains; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, roadsides, trailsides, clearings. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, fertile, medium moist to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey and juglone. >3-9'' Pretty, little white blooms (early spring) wth yellow centres are in groups of 1-5, reportedly as many as 9 on a plant, on tall stems (petioles), that hold them up above the spring fresh, bright green foliage. By very early summer you’ll have small, but bright red juicy strawberries. The leaves have 3 almost equally sized leaflets with deeply-toothed edges, have very prominent veins, and are at the ends of tall, erect stems. However, the leaflets themselves are stemless, originating from a single point at the leaf’s stem end. Interestingly, the end tooth of each leaflet extends past its neighbouring teeth, unlike on Wild Strawberry (above). Also this species has fewer flowers, but usually makes up for it by holding them above the leaves, unlike on Wild Strawberry. In addition, Woodland Strawberry has its seeds sitting on the surface of the berry, while Wild Strawberry’s seeds are set into tiny indentations. The stems of both the leaves and the blossoms seem to rise straight from the soil, but actually originate from the plant’s
mother stolon. The plant makes a most pleasant sight so soon after winter. Of great benefit to our flying, crawling, and 4-footed world. With time this short plant will cover your garden floor and mingle in and around your other, taller plants. Can spread aggressively using red stolons (runners) to make a loose Ground Cover even on poor soil. A very small, potato-like corm and a thick rhizome with fibrous roots lurk beneath the runner of the plant. Rose family. For you keeners out there, the actual fruit is not precisely the strawberry, but are the seeds (achenes) that are on the surface of the fleshy ‘pseudocarp’, which is considered an ‘accessory fruit’. Subspecies americana (American Woodland Strawberry) is also native, while bracteata (Western Woodland Strawberry) and vesca (European) are not. Read the labels carefully when shopping, relying on the scientific name. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Fragaria-vesca.html http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1798-fraisier-des-champs.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=680 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001844 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/fragaria/vesca/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/215 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/woodland-strawberry https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2482 https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/woodstrawberry.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b346 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_frve.pdf
False Sunflower Smooth Oxeye, Sweet Oxeye, héliopsis faux-hélianthe Heliopsis helianthoides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 9 10; not Bruce Peninsula -prairies, meadows, thickets, open woods (often Oak, Aspen, Birch, others), limestone glades, bordering woods; floodplains, valley bottoms; disturbed habitats, clearings, road/railroad sides, road banks, prairie remnants, fields; occasionally fens, stream banks, marshes. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, nutrient-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. >3-5' Many large (up to 3.5” across), rich yellow, long lasting blooms (peak summer) with golden centres, glow from the ends of long stems at the top of a tall, sturdy, coarse stalk. A patch of False Sunflower in flower in the sun is hard to beat. The leaves are scattered along the stalk, are opposite, vary from spear-head to narrowly ovate shaped, and have sharply coarse toothed edges. The plant becomes bushier in full sun. Attracts big red aphids which don’t seem to do much harm, but feel free to squish them. Sometimes aggressive through self-sowing and creeping rhizomes with fibrous roots. As it is loved by pollinators, moths, butterflies, and other insects and excels in difficult habitats, its occasional aggressiveness is a plus. Neither a sunflower nor a daisy. Aster family. Varieties helianthoides and scabra (héliopsis scabre) are also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=360 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/heliopsis.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=584 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/native-sunflowers.html -go to the very bottom of the page http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Heliopsis/heliopsis.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/heliopsis/helianthoides/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/253 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/smooth-oxeye http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fs_sunflowerx.htm
Woodland Sunflower Rough Sunflower, hélianthe à feuilles étalées Helianthus divaricatus 1 2 3 4 5 6 hélianthe divariqué -open woods (often Oak, Pine, Aspen), thickets, edges of woods, thin woods, thinly wooded bluffs, limestone glades, hill prairies, sand prairies; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, fencerows, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to moderately dry soil. Accepts rocky to clayey and juglone. >2.5-5’ A sturdy plant with large (up to 3” across), bright yellow blooms (late summer into fall). A gorgeous Sunflower that can tolerate from full to part sun and rocky to clayey. What’s not to love? A wildlife feeder and shelterer for bees, butterflies, moths, a bunch of bugs, birds including game birds, plus 4-footed animals. Excellent for Naturalizing. It’s often aggressive forming dense colonies from long rhizomes. Aster family. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/helianthus/divaricatus/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=685 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/helianthus.html -genus Helianthus; don’t be mislead by Helianthus strumosus http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/native-sunflowers.html —see near the bottom of the page https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/250 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=348 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wd_sunflower.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k390
Panicled Tick-trefoil Narrow-leaved Tick-trefoil, Perplexed Tick-trefoil, desmodie paniculée all Desmodium paniculatum -thickets, open woods (often Oak), forest edges, thinly wooded bluffs, rocky forests (openings), shady meadows/prairies, limestone glades, rocky glades, ravines, sandy hillsides, banks, shores; disturbed habitats, burnt/logged clearings, roadside embankments. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun. Moist to dry soil. Accepts rocky to light clayey. >2-3½’ Many, small, purple-pink blooms (peak summer). Looking at a blossom face-on may remind me of a comical face, but pretty and colourful. At the top of the flower are 2 petals joined at their medial edges to create a beautiful, erect, very wide forehead. Near the bottom are a twin of yellowish-green spots for the eyes. What you might take to be the bulbous nose are another 2 fused petals (the same bright colour) that hang beneath the face. Between the eyes and the nose is the mouth with an exceptionally long, protruding white tongue of a style. A not pleasant description for a beautiful blossom. The alternate leaves are compound, being compose of 2 to 3 leaflets. The leaflets are all approximately the same size, fairly narrow but longish and is widest in the middle, narrowing to a point at each end. There is a prominent light coloured vein down the centre. The mature fruit is a chain of jointed, dry, flat pods (loments) which break into one-seeded segments that lightly stick to animal fur for dispersal. It’s a variation on the bean pod. The multiple stems and the thin, long leaflets give the plant an airy bushy look. Highly valued by wildlife, sheltering/feeding rabbits, mice, a variety of bees, insects, butterflies, moths, larvae, hummingbirds, game birds, deer,. Self-sows. A Pioneer species. A long caudex with fibrous roots. Legume family. Variety paniculatum is our one and only native. There’s a long list of scientific synonyms.
Canada Tick-trefoil Showy Tick-trefoil, desmodie du Canada Desmodium canadense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; southwest 10; not Bruce Peninsula -moist/wet prairies/meadows, rocky/sandy prairies, sandy open ground, limestone glades, open woods, open thickets, forest edges; floodplains, stream/lake edges/shores, fens; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, clearings, waste places, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Moist to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy to clayey and mildly acidic to mildly alkaline. Benefits from a grassfire. >2-4' Many large, showy rose-purple, pea-like blooms (peak summer) coat the lengths of the tops of branching stems. To me, each blossom looks like an old-fashioned lady’s bonnet (see the photos). They mature into jointed pods that break into one-seeded segments that stick, stick, stick to fur for dispersal. A robust, erect plant that may decide to sprawl. The stems are hairy giving a white, velvety appearance. The leaves are alternate and compound with 3, narrowly oblong leaflets (trefoil). They may be either sparsely or densely spaced. Prone to mildew. Highly valued by wildlife: shelters/feeds song/game birds, field-type mice, deer, rabbits, groundhogs, a variety of bees, insects, butterflies, and our hummingbird. May be aggressive through copious seed production and distribution. Good as a fast growing Ground Cover for difficult sites. Often clump forming. A long, slender taproot. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1287 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=708 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Desmodium_canadense.html http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1905-desmodie-du-canada.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/051Legumineuses/07_Desmodium/canadense.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/desmodium/canadense/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/163 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/showy-tick-trefoil http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/shw_trefoilx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/canadaticktrefoil.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Desmodium_canadense_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_deca7.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_deca7.pdf
Tall Tickseed Tall Coreopsis, Giant Coreopsis, coréopsis trifoliolé Coreopsis tripteris 1; Very Rare -dry to wet prairies, sand prairies, meadows, limestone glades, open woods, thickets, thinly wooded bluffs, forest edges (often Oak); marshes, boggy meadows, moist sands, edges of seeps; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, rocky/gravelly to sandy to clayey. Accepts moderate drought and juglone. Benefits from shade-reducing wildfires. >5-7' Tickseed is an unfortunate name for such a beautiful plant. Its height, abundance of large (up to 2” across) yellow blooms (late summer), and crimson leaves in the fall all make it the potential highpoint in
your garden. The blossom may remind you of a sunflower or coneflower but the centre is not yellow; instead it’s a dark purple to maroon and not coned-shaped but flat and curly-fuzzy. This is a bit of a skinny-winnie because its stalk, stems, and leaves are all long, thin and green, so that it becomes almost invisible except for the lovely flowers waving high in the breeze. A wildlife magnet. Colony forming from rhizomes and self-sowing. Can be aggressive if given consistent moisture. Aster family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=299 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=394 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/tl_coreopsisx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g470 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/coreopsis/tripteris/
White Vervain Nettle-leaved Vervain, verveine à feuilles d’ortie Verbena urticifolia 1 2 3 4 5 6; south 7 verveine blanche -deciduous open woods thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, moist, open sites, meadows, stream floodplains, swamps, gravelly seeps; disturbed habitats, forest trails, clearings, power line clearances, fields, roadsides, fencerows. >Part Sun; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts light clayey. Deer resistant. >2-5' A large plant, with remarkably small blooms (mid-summer into fall) but in abundance. Appreciate nature’s tiny marvels; just look closely to see the artistry. A bit of a loose-limbed, lush plant topped by many spikes, up to 2’ long, of copious tiny, white blossoms on slender branches up to 6” long. The large, erect, shiny green, opposite leaves are lance-blade shaped with a narrow pointed tip, are deeply quilted with veins, and has sharply-toothed edges. While one of its common names is Nettle-leaved, there are no nettles; it just looks like it. Its many seeds are eaten by birds and its nectar by bees, flies, and butterflies. Can be aggressive through self-sowing. Each tiny flower matures into 4 tiny nutlets that eventually split open to release the seeds. Fibrous roots. An annual to biennial to a short-lived perennial. Vervain family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2774 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Verbena_urticifolia.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/verbena/urticifolia/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/669 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/white-vervain http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wh_vervain.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/whitevervain.html
Cream-coloured Vetchling Pale Vetchling, Cream Pea, Yellow Vetchling, gesse jaunâtre all Lathyrus ochroleucus -deciduous to coniferous open woods (often Oak-Hickory, Hemlock), thickets, forest edges, open canopied forests, open boreal forests, glades, trails, ravines/hillsides, sandy bluffs; sandy/rocky ridges/ledges, stream/lake shores/banks. >Part Sun; accepts Full Sun; tolerates almost Full Shade but with reduced flowering. Prefers cooler temperatures. Moist to average to dry, circum-neutral to calcareous, loamy to sandy/rocky loam soil. Accepts rocky to clayey. >A mostly erect, twinning vine to 3’. Who on earth would name a wild flower a vetchling? Creamy-white pea-plant blooms (late spring into peak summer) with a shape that swoops down into an extra large-sized ‘lady’s slipper’. The blossoms are aligned along the underside of their stem (peduncle) which emerges from the axil of pairs of specialized leaves that are joined at their bases around the stalk to give an excellent resemblance of butterfly wings. The stem leaves are alternate and compound with a row of 6 to
10 opposite, oval leaflets. The leaf’s central stem (rachis) ends with a branching tendril to aid in climbing up neighbouring plants. The fruit is similar to a pea pod and, like-wise, splits open when ripe to release its ‘peas’. Both the pollen and nectar are sought after by Bumblebees and other long-tongued bees with pollination the result. Other little critters munch on its foliage and seeds. Creeping rhizomes with additional fibrous roots. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1309 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=964 https://acrre.ualberta.ca/acrre/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2018/04//Lathyrus_ochroleucus.pdf http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb19.htm https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/PrairiesSavannahsofNWOntario.pdf -page 13 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lathyrus/ochroleucus/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/cream-pea http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/pale_vetchling.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/creampea.html
Arrow-leaved Violet Arrowhead Violet, violette sagittée Viola sagittata 1 2 3 4 5 6; not Bruce Peninsula; Rare -open woods, glades, limestone/sandstone glades, prairies; sand, clay, and shrub prairies; meadows, barrens; wetland edges, stream/lake shores, swamps; disturbed habitats, fields, power-line clearings, roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, well-drained, sandy soil. Accepts rocky to heavy clay. Benefits from wildfires. >4-6'' What does it look like? A bushy violet with arrow-head shaped leaves. Light to dark blooms (through spring). Arrow-head shaped leaves (not heart or oval shaped) are its most distinguishing feature. Even in the Ovate-leaved variety where the leaves are more oval, the arrow-head shape is retained. While you may consider violets an amazingly unobtrusive plant (wrongly), it can boast of being a wildlife magnet, even of the Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta). Self-sows. Fibrous roots often with fleshy rhizomes. Violet family. Varieties ovata (Ovate-leaved Violet, Northern Downy Violet, violette à feuilles frangées) and sagittata are also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=732 https://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/violets-of-the-ottawa-district http://floreduquebec.ca/english/viola-sororia https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/045_Violacees/01_Viola/sororia.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viola/sagittata/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/700 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/arrow-leaved-violet https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2796 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/arrow_violet.html
Woolly Blue Violet Common Blue Violet, violette parente, violette commune Viola sororia all; not southwest 10; as far north as Timmins and Kapuskasing -swales, low prairies, meadows; thickets, deciduous to mixed open woods, forest edges; forests, glades, wooded slopes; shores of streams/swamps/lakes, conifer swamps; disturbed habitats, roadsides, lawns, waste ground, fields, pastures. >Part to Full Shade, tolerates to Full Sun with sufficient moisture. Rich, moist to dry, calcareous, well-drained soil. Intolerant of saturated soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, mildly acidic, and juglone. Sometimes
reported as Deer resistant. Prospers in most garden soil. >3-8'' Dark violet to purple (occasionally white) blooms (through spring) with darker veins radiating out from its white throat. During summer it produces blossoms that never open, but self-fertilize and continue on to produce viable seeds. In general, the flowers are over-topped by the leaves but they still remain quite visible. Erect, hairy, heart-shaped, round toothed-edged (crenate) leaves with rounded-lobes forming the cleft at their base. The stems of the leaves and flowers emerge straight from the soil. A wildlife magnet. Able to readily self-sow to the point of being invasive given the right conditions. Ants help by carrying the seeds back to their nests, eating the attached edible parts, and then “planting” the seed in a nutrient-rich waste pile to germinate. Clump forming. Thick, branched rhizomes. Annual to short-lived perennial. Violet family. Has many scientific and common name synonyms. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Viola-sororia.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/photos=viola-sororia http://floreduquebec.ca/english/viola-sororia http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/viola-sororia/r-viola-sororia.php http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1005988 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=734 https://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/violets-of-the-ottawa-district https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viola/sororia/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/702 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/common-blue-violet https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2798 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/cm_violet.htm https://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/es203/viola_sororia.php https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/blueviolet.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Viola_sororia_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m820
Canada Violet Canada White Violet, violette du Canada Viola canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -deciduous (occasionally mixed to coniferous) thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, bluffs, stream banks. >Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts calcareous. Deer resistant. >8-16” The 5 white-petalled (sometimes with a purplish flush), fragrant blooms (spring into summer) with a pretty dab of yellow at their centre hang just right to face outward at the tips of short, slender, purplish stalks. The bottom petal has short, dark purple veins radiating from its base and the side petals have tiny tufts (beards) of short hairs at their bases. The blossom is mauve on its reverse. They mature into capsules that begin green and hanging, then turn brown and become erect as they ripen before splitting into 3 sections to fling out their seeds. The plant often has a second flowering in late summer or early fall. It will also produce blossoms that never open, but instead pollinate themselves. The lush, heart-shaped, deep green leaves are finely-toothed along their edges and have tips that are exceptionally slender and elongated. Clump and colony forming from rhizomes or slender stolons, plus self-sowing. All together, a very pretty plant. A feeder of a variety of wildlife. A good Ground Cover. Violet family. Varieties canadensis and rugulosa (Rugose Violet, Western Canada Violet, violette de l’Ouest) are also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=182 http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_violet.htm http://www.ontariowildflower.com/deciduous.htm#canada_violet
Labrador Violet Alpine Violet, American Dog Violet, violette du Labrador Viola labradorica all violette bleu-pâle Viola conspersa -deciduous to coniferous open woods, thickets, forest edges, forests, glades; cliffs, balds, ledges, summits, plateaus; swampy woodlands, edges of swamps/bogs/streams; occasionally disturbed habitats near woods, trailsides, clearings; low, shaded ground in meadows, fields, pastures. >Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to wet to average soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to loamy and acidic. >4-8'' Dainty, pale blue-violet blooms (later spring) at the ends of 2-4 leafy-stems. A 5-petalled blossom with the lower petal having dark purple lines radiating from its base and a rather long, nectar spur extending from its posterior that curves up behind the flower (like a happy dog’s tail). The side petals (2) each have a tuft of white hairs (beards) at their inside base. Has a long flowering season, about 1 month. Its leaves are light-green to yellowish, heart or kidney shaped, and with small, rounded teeth on their edges. Reportedly one of the cutest of the violets. Spreads modestly from slender rhizomes. A feeder of much wildlife. Violet family. Purchase only from a reputable native plant nursery because many nurseries sell a non-native look-a-like, Viola riviniana. Be sure to read labels carefully and use the scientific name. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=188 https://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/violets-of-the-ottawa-district http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/viola-labradorica/e-viola-labradorica.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viola/labradorica/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/691 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/dog-violet https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2781 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/dog_violet.htm https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/labrador-violet http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287520&isprofile=0&
Grasses, Sedges Bottlebrush Grass Eastern Bottlebrush grass, élyme étalé, hystrix étalé Elymus hystrix 1 4 5 6 7 Hystrix patula -deciduous (sometimes mixed) open woods, wooded slopes, forest edges, forests, glades; ridges/ledges, alvars; bottomlands, stream floodplains. >Part Shade to Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to dry, neutral to alkaline soil, often over calcareous bedrock. Accepts rocky to clayey and juglone. Deer resistant. Benefits from grass fires. >2-4' A cool-season, bunch grass that puts on its display from peak summer onwards and well into fall. Has a distinctive, airy, “bottle-brush” bloom and seed head on tall, slightly arching stems that sway in the breeze. Famous for catching the sunlight even in filtered light. The bottle-brush effect is created by long, stiff bristles. The ribbon-like leaves, 8-12” long, are alternate and evenly distributed along the stem and turn a light brown in autumn. One of the easiest grasses to identify. A good, photogenic grass for dry, shady areas. Hystrix is Greek for swine bristle, Porcupine, Hedgehog, and Badger. The leaves and seeds feed wildlife. Self-sows. Fibrous roots. http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3006 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -page 209; Elymus hystrix https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/elymus/hystrix/-look for and https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/bottlebrush-grass https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2098 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/bottlebrush.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/bottlebrush-grass https://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/easternbottlebrush.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k610 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymus_hystrix
Canada Wildrye Nodding Wildrye, Great Plains Wildrye, élyme du Canada Elymus canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 -dunes, sandy shores, prairies, meadows, depressions, open woods, forest edges, ravines, stream banks; disturbed soil, roadsides, ditches, fencerows; occasionally forest glades, marshy sand. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, gravelly/sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey, acidic to calcareous, drought, and juglone. Tolerates salt. >2-4’ A cool-season, bunch grass that puts on its display from peak summer onwards. Can be aggressive. Showy and graceful with long, arching, bushy, wheat-like bloom heads that turn from silvery green to golden as they mature. Attractive, silvery leaves are up to 13” long. Excellent as a Ground Cover to fill in bare areas quickly, and also for Restoration and Stabilization. This is a Pioneer species that given enough time is usually replaced by neighbouring more Conservative plants. Useful to protect your exposed, newly seeded soil from weeds. Self-sows. Fibrous roots with short rhizomes. Variety canadensis is also native; brachystachys is not. http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3007 http://www.naturesask.ca/rsu_docs/common-range-plants-southern-sask---sask-forage-council.pdf http://cwf-fcf.org/en/news-features/articles/native-grasses-for-the-modern_resource.html http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf - search for Elymus canadensis https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/elymus/canadensis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/canada-wild-rye https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2096
http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/canada_rye.htm -the blue form https://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/wildrye.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/canada-wild-rye http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k200 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_elca4.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_elca4.pdf
Pennsylvania Sedge Common Oak Sedge, carex de Pennsylvanie Carex pensylvanica 1 2; 3 not Bruce Peninsula; 4 5; 6 east -open woods (often Oak), forest edges, forest glades. >Light Shade to Full Shade. Rich, dry to moist, sandy/rocky to loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic and juglone. Fairly drought tolerant. Deer resistant. >6-12'' A cool-season, colony-forming sedge. I hesitate to call it sod-forming because other plants will easily grow within its loose colony. The elongated, thimble-like blooms have a reddish-brown colouring and are topped with attractive, light yellow frills. A very early bloomer showing off its cute little frills. It may be short, but you’ll notice it. The leaves, are long, thin and delicate grow in tidy little tufts. Very useful for adding low, lush green throughout the season. Slowly aggressive; can be used to make a no-mow lawn. Long, shallow rhizomes. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1026 https://www.bluestem.ca/carex-pensylvanica.htm http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/sedges_wildlife_gardens.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/carex/pensylvanica/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/pennsylvania-sedge http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/pa_sedge.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/carex_pensylvanica.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f237 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pensylvanica
Ferns Eastern Hay-scented Fern dennstaedtie à lobules ponctués Dennstaedtia punctilobula 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; not north of the southern townships of Nipissing and Parry Sound Districts, nor west of eastern Perth and Kent Counties -meadows with some shade, within native lowbush blueberry fields, sandy open woods thickets, forest edges, forests, talus/rocky slopes, gently sloping well-drained light sandy soils; disturbed habitats, clearings, rough fields/pastures, roadsides. >Part Sun to Light Shade to Full Shade; accepts our northern regions’ Full Sun. Average to dry, sandy, well-drained, acidic soil. Accepts rocky to light sandy. Deer resistant. I’m guessing that it will probably adapt to an average, not silty/clayey Forest Glade or lightly wooded suburban soil. >to 2’ Each plant produces one, and only one, of the most perfectest fronds you’ve ever seen. It has a pleasing, elegantly stream-lined, but full-bodied form, is from 6 to 36” long and 5 to 12” wide, is divided once, then divided again, and then divided once more into tiny, delicately frilled sub-leaflets (thrice compound). The result is a lush, lacy perfection. The sori (spore producing structures) are organized neatly on the underside of the sub-leaflets and become quite obvious to sight and touch (punctilobula - ‘with small dotted lobes’) by autumn. In the fall the frond begins to turn a yellow brown and then into a bright rust colour to make quite an impressive sight when found as a colony. This fern can be confused with Common Lady Fern (Athyrium filix-femina) or Bulblet Bladder Fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), but the sweet scent of new mown hay emitted (especially late in the season) from its glands when its frond is rubbed between the fingers is the most obvious give away. I found one source that states that in its fresh state it has a fetid odour and does not release its hay scent until dried and crushed, but this source is well in the minority. Under the right conditions this plant can be aggressive, forming dense colonies from rhizomes for a quick, lush, lush, lush Ground Cover. Bracken Fern family. http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Dennstaedtia_punctilobula.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Pteridophytes/007_Polypodiacees/02_Dennstaedtia/punctilobula.htm https://gardening.usask.ca/documents/Ferns_and_Fern_Allies_of_Canada.pdf -search for punctilobula; pages 133, 347 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.4141/cjps77-171 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/dennstaedtia/punctilobula/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/1524 http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-ferns-hay-scented-fern-dennstaedtia-punctilobula.html https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1167 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/hay_fern.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a752 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DEPU2 https://garden.org/plants/view/76189/Hay-scented-Fern-Dennstaedtia-punctilobula/
Vines, Shrubs, Short Trees Here are the vines, shrubs, and trees that will accept “Part Sun with more sun than shade”. Find vines under “V”. Depending on the plant, especially the short trees, they can also be grown in full sun to create a thicket. If you want a tall tree over 30’, then look in the Tall Tree section, TT-1.
Northern Bush-honeysuckle Bush-honeysuckle, dièrville chèvrefeuille, herbe bleue Diervilla lonicera all -open woods (often Aspen, Birch, Oak, conifers), thickets, forest edges, forests, glades, hillsides, bluffs, talus/rocky slopes, rocky shores; disturbed habitats, clearings, pastures, fields, roadsides, railroad embankments, fencerows, burnt-out areas. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Dry to average, rocky/sandy to loamy soil. Tolerates drought. Deer resistant. >2-3' Small, funnel-shaped, yellow blooms (late spring into peak summer) are borne in threes at the ends of arching branches. Opposite leaves are egg-shaped, and tooth-edged. In the fall the leaves turn orangey to red. Attracts birds, hummingbirds, butterflies, and moths. A low, aggressive shrub excellent for landscaping and as a Ground Cover. Rhizomes. Honeysuckle family. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000420 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Diervilla-lonicera.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Diervilla_lonicera.html http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2134 http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub13.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/diervilla/lonicera/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/bush-honeysuckle https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1169 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/bush-honeysuckle http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278946
Sweet Crabapple Wild Crabapple, American Crabapple, pommier odorant Malus coronaria 1 -open woods (generally deciduous; often Oak-Hickory, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, forests, glades; sandy prairie-like ground; bottomlands, stream banks; disturbed habitats, fencerows, roadsides. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates almost Full Shade. Rich, moist to average to dry soil. Accepts mildly-acidic to mildly-alkaline and sandy to clayey-loam. If they are growing in a forest they benefit from a disturbance to reduce over-head canopy shade. >15-25’ x 10-24’ A small tree with an irregularly-shaped, wide spreading crown of stiff branches with thorns sparsely on older wood. These are true thorns (modified branches), unlike the “prickles” found on roses. Showy, fragrant, pinkish-white blooms (spring) mature into small, edible but sour-tasting, yellow apples. I’ve seen a few photos of specimens with red apples, but these may be on misidentified trees. The leaves are alternate and with toothed edges; they turn a rich amber colour for fall. The wood is hard and heavy and useful for the making of small tool handles and carving. The only native Apple in Ontario so if you you live in Region 1 and you have the space in your frontyard, or anywhere, plant it to celebrate Ontario and its beautiful Apple. Besides that, it gives of itself freely to birds, bees, butterflies, larvae, borers, beetles, and more. Roots woody and branching often forming thickets and colonies. Rose family. A whole lot of scientific synonyms. http://www.mortonarb.org/places/wild-sweet-crabapples https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2497
Downy Arrowwood virone de Rafinesque Viburnum rafinesqueanum 1 2 3 4 5 6; south 10 Viburnum rafinesquianum -thickets, open woods (generally deciduous; accepts mixed; often Oak, Hickory Pine, Beech, Maple), forests, glades; hillsides, stream banks, fencerows; occasionally swampy sites along streams. >Part Shade to Full Sun; tolerates to Full Shade. Moist to dry, neutral to alkaline well-drained, less-fertile soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to loamy-clayey. Accepts most garden habitats. >to 6' An erect or spreading, multi-stemmed shrub with wide and rounded, dense clusters of white blooms (late spring) at the ends of its fine twigs. Reportedly, its straight and narrow stems were used for making arrows by Indigenous peoples, giving the species its name. The under surface of the pleasingly oval-shaped, toothed-edged, heavily-veined leaves are furry, giving the plant’s name its adjective. In the fall, they turn a dark reddish-purple colour and purple-black fruit clusters (of drupes; e.g. cherries) mature. The flowers and fruit feed more birds, bees, and mammals than I can list here. Also used to shelter bird nests. The roots are woody and spreading and may form dense colonies creating even more wildlife shelter. Moschatel (Elderberry) family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=23 http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub57.htm http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2005 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/rafinesquianum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/downy-arrrow-wood http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/raf_arrowwood.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/downy-arrowwood http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/arrowwood_downy.html
Smooth Arrowwood viorne litigieuse, viorne dentée Viburnum recognitum 1 5 Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum -wooded, low, wet areas; thickets, open woods (often Oak), swampy woods, seeps, floodplains, stream/lake shores/banks, meadows; drier areas; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, trail edges. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, wet to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, acidic to slightly alkaline, and juglone. Salt tolerant. Somewhat drought tolerant. A frequenter of disturbed, treed habitats having reduced shade. >5-15' Very similar to Downy Arrowwood, above, but with much less hairy leaves. A common understory shrub; upright or slightly spreading with long, straight stems, usually not branching until higher up, that originate directly from the earth. Small, creamy white blooms (late spring) in small to large, dense, often rounded, sometimes flat clusters at the end of twigs. The glossy green, opposite leaves are widely oval shaped with saw-toothed edges. They usually turn a bright red in late autumn, though sometimes they opt for a dull yellow; either way they contrast nicely with the plant’s blue berries (that eventually turn to black if not eaten first). Each berry (a drupe) is held out separately on its own stem seemingly to make it easier for birds and other wildlife to pluck. The complete plant is a smorgasbord for our planet earth comrades, including the Beaver, and yet it survives very well. An alternative name for
this shrub is Southern Arrowwood, presumably because its range extends as far south as Texas and Florida, unlike Downy Arrowwood’s. The roots are woody and branching. Moschatel (Elderberry) family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=15 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2006 https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/PrairiesSavannahsofNWOntario.pdf -search for Viburnum recognitum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/dentatum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/679 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_arrow.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m720
Northern Prickly-ash Common Prickly-ash, clavalier d’Amérique, frêne épineux 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zanthoxylum americanum -shrublands, open woods, thickets, edges of forests, glades, meadows, bluffs, open rocky places, ridges/ledges, talus/rocky slopes, seeps; floodplains, swamps, stream banks, moist ravines; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, clearings, fencerows. >Part Shade; tolerates Light Shade to Full Sun. Moist to wet to average, well-drained soil, rocky to clayey-loam. Accepts calcareous, nutrient-poor, and drought. May not bloom or produce fruit under too much shade. Benefits from wildfires to reduce overhead shade. >to 10' An upright, much branched, very hardy shrub loaded with sharp, stout prickles. Inconspicuous, small, greenish blooms (through spring) in clusters on old wood. The leaves have a delicate appearance due to their small, 7-11 leaflets; medium green on upper surface, turning yellow in the fall. Fruit is a small, round, reddish-brown, fragrant pod which splits open towards autumn to release 2 seeds. Can be aggressive via its suckering shallow roots and from self-sowing to form dense, impassable colonies. Makes a great Ground Cover and shelter for small wildlife and nests. Also good for Bees, Butterflies (e.g. Swallowtails) and Moths. Not an Ash. Rue family. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2072 https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/485 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/zanthoxylum/americanum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/prickly-ash https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2610 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/prickly_ash.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/prickly-ash http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m900 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_zaam.pdf
Alleghany Blackberry Common Blackberry, ronce des Alléghanys, mûrier Rubus allegheniensis 1 3 4 5 6 7 -open woods, thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone glades, forests, meadows; disturbed habitats, roadsides, rights of ways, clearings, fields, burnt over areas; occasional in marshy/swampy ground. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, average to moist to dry, acidic soil. Accepts rocky to clayey-loam, to alkaline and moderate drought. Tolerates nutrient-poor and overly shady sites but resulting in diminished vigour. >to 6' The many (can be more than 20), beautiful, white blooms (late spring into peak summer) that will remind you of apple blossoms form a nice, elongated flower head at the end of a cane. The plant itself consists of these high arching canes that may arch sufficiently to reach the ground and take root. Scattered along each one are stout spines. It will not flower until its second year after which it dies but remains standing to prick you over and over again. However, new canes appear each year in a never-
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
ending life-death cycle. Lush, dark green leaves. The blackberries mature in fall. Can spread aggressively from underground runners to form colonies and the dead and live canes and their bristles will form a formidable “briar patch” to shelter small wildlife. Once again, a plant that gives of its self freely to prosper a vast number of woodland critters. A sub-shrub. Rose family. Many scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2552 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003126 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rubus/allegheniensis/ https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/cm_blackberry.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-blackberry http://www.missouriplants.com/Rubus_allegheniensis_page.html
American Bladdernut staphylier à trois folioles, staphylier trifolié Staphylea trifolia 1 2 3 4 5 6 -deciduous shrublands, thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests, floodplains, stream banks, wooded bluffs, talus/rocky slopes; disturbed habitats; occasionally wooded sand dunes. Associates: Sycamore, Silver Maple, Sugar Maple, Basswood, River Birch. >Part to Full Shade. It does prefer some sun, even if filtered. Rich, moist to average, loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky/sandy, juglone, and alkaline. Deer resistant. >12-16' An erect, many stemmed, tall, open shrub, stiffly and somewhat sparingly branched. Stems and branches striped when young, turning slightly ridged or warty with age. The compound leaves of 3 leaflets with finely toothed edges that begin a lovely green turn a lovelier yellow to brighten up your garden in fall. Greenish and cream-white, bell-like blooms (late spring) in dangling clusters. Each blossom matures into a large, three-sided and three-pointed, papery-skinned capsule containing 1-4 seeds. These many, brown inflated bags dangle freely like ornaments after the shrub is bare of leaves, persisting into winter with the seeds inside making a rattling noise. The roots are woody and consist of a taproot with branching laterals that will sucker to form colonies. A feeder of wildlife. Can be considered a tree. Bladdernut family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2717 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=26 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/staphylea/trifolia/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=472 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/bladdernut http://www.restoringthelandscape.com/2011/01/native-plant-of-week-american.html http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/bladdernut.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/bladdernut.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/american-bladdernut http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=i890
Blue-beech American Hornbeam, Ironwood, charme de Caroline Carpinus caroliniana 1 3 4 5 6 -shady moist areas, thickets, forest edges, forests (often Aspen, Oak-Hickory, Beech-Maple), glades, stream/lake/swamp shores/floodplains, moist lower slopes. >Part to Full Shade; tolerates Full Sun with sufficient moisture. Deep, rich, moist to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, to neutral, and flooding. Deer resistant in adulthood. >to 20' A slow-growing, wild looking, picturesque short tree or shrub with a short, crooked, hard-wooded trunk and a broad, rounded crown. The small, green blooms (spring), both male and female, are
clustered into dangling catkins. The alternate leaves are born light green but mature to a dark green that may appear bluish giving the tree its romantic (I think) common name; they are sharply spear-head shaped with doubly toothed edges. Its wood is extremely dense and strong and its mature trunk has a thin, hard, smooth, silvery bark that has a strongly ridged, sinewy (or fluted) appearance, like a flexed muscle, suggesting one of its alternate names, Musclewood. The mid-summer fruit are paired nutlets borne at the base of a 3-lobed bract (similar to the leafy part of a Maple key) that begins green, but changes to brown, papery wings. The bracts aren’t as boring looking as Maple keys because they stick out in all directions along what was once the female catkin. The nutlets are eaten by a plethora of mammals and birds. The larvae of Eastern Tiger Swallowtail and other small critters feed on the leaves. However the rest of the plant seems mostly to be considered unpalatable, so as a result it will thrive and prosper turning the understory of a deciduous forest into a second forest of Blue-beech. The blossoms are wind pollinated and so are not visited by bees and such. Ornamentally, this short tree is prized for its attractiveness of shape, its summer colour of green, and its fall colours of orange and red. Deep, wide-spreading lateral roots make it difficult to transplant. Not a beech. Birch family. Subspecies virginiana (charme de Virginie) is also native. https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/bluebeech http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://arbres.hydroquebec.com/page-tree-shrub/4545 https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/327 https://www.ontario.ca/page/blue-beech https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/carpinus/caroliniana/ http://www.point59.ca/bluebeech.htm http://bhort.bh.cornell.edu/tree/americanhornbeam.htm https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/blue-beech https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=555 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/musclewood.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/american-hornbeam https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/BlueBeech.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=h540 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_caca18.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_caca18.pdf
Eastern White Cedar Northern White Cedar, Arborvitae, Swamp Cedar Thuja occidentalis all; sparse to absent in southwest 1 thuya occidental, cèdre blanc, balai -swampy areas: swamps, classic Cedar swamps, peat swamps, fens, bogs, sphagnum bogs, seeps, springs, lowland forests, shorelines, sand dunes, stream banks, moist slopes; dry forests; alvars, cracks in rocks, rocky cliffs, ledges, balds. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Obtains its best form in plenty of sun. Rich, cool, moist to wet to average, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts poorly-drained to dry, acidic, peat to rocky/gravelly/sandy to clayey, and juglone. Tolerates salt and air pollution. Associates: occasionally small pure stands; Eastern White Pine, Yellow Birch, Eastern Hemlock, Silver Maple, Black Ash, White Elm; Mountain Maple, Red-osier Dogwood, Canada Fly-honeysuckle; Balsam Fir, Tamarack, Speckled Alder; Dwarf Raspberry, Wild Lily-of-the-Valley, Bunchberry; False Solomon’s Seal, Common Labrador Tea, blueberries, wintergreens; sphagnum and other mosses, liverworts. >to 30' A slow growing, evergreen tree/shrub that can live 300-400 years under good conditions; however, the Niagara escarpment hosts cliff-dwelling specimens over 1,500 years of age. As you would expect from such long lifespans, they are often damaged by fire, strong winds, ice storms, and heavy
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
snow, but they do survive and look all the more handsome for it. One of the most versatile of evergreen shrubs; used extensively for Restoration, hedges, and windbreaks. Benefits from afternoon shade in the province’s most southern reaches. An excellent provider of food, shelter, and nesting sites for birds and mammals - a life saver in winter (Arborvitae). Excluding where the shade they create is too deep, they are usually accompanied by a ground cover of flora, including other shrubs. Roots shallow and wide-spreading. Cypress family. https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/can/manitoba/piney/8614_munrd404and210highway/ http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2026 http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://www.ontario.ca/document/forest-resources-ontario-2016/white-cedar-thuja-occidentalis https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/northernwhitecedar http://northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001217 http://www.borealforest.org/trees/tree14.htm https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/73 http://www.point59.ca/easternwhitecedar.htm http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Thuja_occidentalis.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/thuja/occidentalis/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=500 http://bhort.bh.cornell.edu/tree/arborvitae.htm https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/white-cedar https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=890 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/white_cedar.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/eastern-arborvitae http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279599&isprofile=0& https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_thoc2.pdf
Chokecherry cerisier de Virginie, cerises-à-grappe Prunus virginiana all -sunny open areas; slopes, meadows, shrublands, thickets, Jack Pine plains, open woods, forest edges, swamp edges, stream banks, shores, sand dune thickets; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, logged areas, rights-of-ways, fencerows, roadsides. >Full Sun; tolerates Part Shade. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to clayey and glacial till, moderately dry, acidic to alkaline. Salt tolerant. >6-30’ x 10-20’ Tends to be more of a shrub than a short tree at the northern limit of its range. Many white, fragrant blooms (spring) are clustered into a stiff, elongated arrangement at the ends of branches. They mature into, yes, dangling bunches of bright red to dark purple cherries by late summer. The plant has multiple stems that become almost black with age. The older bark is marked with irregular vertical striations (lenticels) which is interesting because most cherry specimens have horizontal lenticels. The glossy, dark green leaves arrive at the same time as the blossoms and are a favourite of Tent Caterpillars. As you can probably guess, the cherries are adored by many kinds of birds and other wildlife, including bears, all of which freely distribute the pits during their travels. In fall the leaves turn a nice yellow. A fast growing, thicket-forming shrub good for Restoration and Stabilizing stream banks. Highly susceptible to the fungus Black Knot (Apiosporina morbosum) which creates black, tar-like swellings on the stems (trunks) and branches. It is fatal if not managed early by pruning them off in the winter flush with the wood and burnt. A Pioneer species. Its rhizomes can spread to form dense colonies. Rose family. Variety virginiana is also native, but not demissa (Western Chokecherry). https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/chokecherry
Northern Dewberry Common Dewberry, ronce à flagelles Rubus flagellaris 1 3 4 5 6 7; south 10 -dry sandy shores, sandy plains, meadows, thickets, Cedar thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests (deciduous; often Oak-Hickory), cliffs, balds, ledges; shorelines, swamp edges; disturbed habitats, fields, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Sandy, average to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to loamy to clayey, drought, and nutrient-poor. >6-12” Stems (runners, canes or whips; flagellaris) up to 8’ or more (rarely) in length scattered with prickles. This kind of ground-hugging plant which cannot support its own weight is called a “liana”. Sparse white booms (late spring) with five, almost round petals with a pretty cluster of long stamens in the centre. During the day the petals open widely, but then close up at night. Each blossom matures into a red, conglomerate of tiny berries (similar to blackberries), loved by birds, chipmunks, white-footed mice, and raccoons. Rabbits and deer brave the stems, prickles and all. The compound leaves have 3 or 5 lobes that are deeply veined, toothed-edged, and oblong-shaped but narrows right at its end to a distinctively long point. In fall they turn a mottled burgundy. If you’re not up on your leaves it may be mistaken for poison oak or ivy, but these almost always have 3 shiny lobes that lack the elongated tip and their teeth are lacking or rounded or much less fine; also Dewberry does not climb, but just creeps along close to the ground. Propagates by stem tips taking root and also by self-sowing. An aggressive Ground Cover, spreading by surface runners in nutrient-poor soil and under drought conditions. Good for Restoration, Stabilizing, and attracting wildlife. A taproot with additional fibrous roots. A sub-shrub. Rose family. Has enough scientific synonyms to give students nightmares. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2556 http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/69717-Rubus-flagellaris/browse_photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rubus/flagellaris/ https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/cm_dewberry.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/dewberry.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/CommonDewberry.pdf http://www.missouriplants.com/Rubus_flagellaris_page.html
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
Alternate-leaved Dogwood Pagoda Dogwood, cornouiller à feuilles alternes Cornus alternifolia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; southern 8 9 10 Swida alternifolia -shrublands, thickets, forest edges, (deciduous to mixed) forests, glades, rocky slopes, ravine slopes, stream banks, floodplains, occasionally Cedar swamps. >Part Sun; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Deep, moist to average to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts moderately acidic and juglone. Deer resistant. Prefers colder regions (scarce in deep southwest 1). >12-18' A valuable forest floor shrub or small tree with a handsome looking structure of a single trunk with horizontally tiered branches that create a pagoda effect (keep your pruners away). Clusters of creamy white blooms (late spring) produce blue berries by the end of summer which disappear to leave their red stems in autumn because the birds, squirrels, and chipmunks have eaten them all. The leaves turn a rich burgundy. Good for Restoration and makes an elegant shrub for the frontyard. A bird feeder. Suckers from woody, branching, shallow roots. Dogwood family. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2107 https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/alternateleaveddogwood https://www.ontario.ca/page/alternate-leaf-dogwood http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000310 https://arbres.hydroquebec.com/page-tree-shrub/4573 https://treecanada.ca/resources/trees-of-canada/alternate-leaf-dogwood-cornus-alternifolia/ http://www.parcdesfalaises.ca/index.php/la-flore-du-massif/les-arbustes/les-cornouillers/#1517674660985-2907b41c-6174 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/genusdescription.cfm?genusid=1000072 -Dogwood family http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/dogwood.html -near the bottom of the page https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/swida/alternifolia/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=122 https://arboretum.wisc.edu/content/uploads/2015/03/PI_Pagoda-dogwood.pdf https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/pagoda-dogwood https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=863 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/al_dogwood.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/pagoda-dogwood http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b992
Eastern Flowering Dogwood cornouiller fleuri, cornouiller de Floride Cornus florida 1; Endangered -rich deciduous to mixed woods; dryish open woodlands (often sandy), open woods (often Black Oak), thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone/sandstone glades; wooded lower/middle slopes, bluffs; floodplains, bottomland woods, stream banks, ravines; disturbed habitats, roadsides, fencerows. Associates: drier sites: Oak, Hickory; moister: Maple, Beech, Ash, Hawthorn; mixed-woods: White Pine, Eastern Hemlock. >Part to Light Shade; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, moist to dryish, neutral, well-drained, often sandy soil. Prefers sunny, but sheltered sites under the protection of taller trees. In habitats with abundant sun the tree may be out competed. Accepts sandy to well-drained light clayey, modest acidity, and juglone. Intolerant of drought and harsh winters (so don’t plant it north of its range). Some resistance to Deer, but definitely not to rabbit when a sapling. >9-30’ x 35’. A slow growing tree or shrub of very hard wood that can live for over 100 yrs. This is probably our easiest tree to identify in spring. Why? The lovely, showy blooms (spring) appear before the leaves and have four large white petals that together form a large, white, circular blossom (4-5" across). Furthermore, each petal ends with a rounded indentation often gilded with a rose-coloured blush. It’s a
true stand-out! Okay, now for the truth. The actual flowers are these tiny, innocuous, yellowish or green things in clusters of 20-30 located at the base of the “petals”; and what we call the petals are technically not petals but bracts, which on most plants are green, leaflike, often unobtrusive things. However, regardless of these minor technicalities, it is most definitely a large, lovely, showy white bloom that will be the envy of your neighbours whose trees are comparatively pretty ordinary looking at this time of year. The fruit (late fall) is a bright red, plum-shaped (like a rose hip) berry (drupe), with usually just one seed in each, that occur in tight clusters. Interestingly, once the tree reaches maturity at 6 years of age it bears a heavy crop only every other year. The quantity of the crop is increased with cross-pollination, so it may be a good idea to plant more than one in close proximity. While insects are the primary pollinators the berries are enjoyed by a variety of wildlife including Crows, Robins, Cardinals, Turkeys, Squirrels, Raccoons, and Deer, that all carry the seeds away to help with dispersal in their droppings. The mature bark is rough and divided into quadrangular plates or large scales. Its light green leaves are opposite and wedged to oval shaped with a point at its tip. They have several prominent veins originating from the mid-vein that all sweep up in parallel arcs as if striving to reach the leaf’s tip. In autumn they turn a bright, rich red - just one more reason to plant this endangered native. The leaves play an important role in nutrient cycling because they are rich in many minerals, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, fluorine and others and, once fallen to the forest floor, they decompose exceptionally quickly enriching the soil to help nourish all its community members. They are smooth and turn bright red in late summer. When not in flower the mature tree is still pretty easy to recognize because of the patterned bark, and, when in fruit, by the clusters of red drupes. Unfortunately, this gorgeous, beneficial tree has been decimated in the wild since the introduction of Dogwood Anthracnose (Discula destructiva), https://www.ontario.ca/page/dogwood-anthracnose. A woody taproot with shallow, branching roots. Dogwood family. Do not confuse our endangered and needing-help, native tree with the Asian import Cornus kousa (Kousa Dogwood) which is often sold in nurseries as a substitute. It is almost identical to ours, but the most obvious give-away is that its leaves appear before the blossoms and its bracts (the white, major part of the flower) are pointed at their end rather than rounded. https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/easternfloweringdogwood http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2035 http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-flowering-dogwood https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-flowering-dogwood-species-risk http://www.norfolkwoodlots.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Dogwood-Sheet.pdf http://www.point59.ca/easternfloweringdogwood.htm http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/genusdescription.cfm?genusid=1000072 -genus Cornus http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/dogwood.html -near the bottom of the page https://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/plans/rs_eastern_flowering_dogwood_e_final.pdf https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/SpeciesHabitats_ForestsFlora.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=867 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/flw_dogwood.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/flowering-dogwood https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/FloweringDogwood.pdf http://www.missouriplants.com/Cornus_florida_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c280 https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_cofl2.pdf https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cofl2.pdf
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
Grey Dogwood Gray Dogwood, cornouiller à grappes Cornus racemosa, Swida racemosa 1 2 3 4 5 6; very southwest 10 Cornus foemina -meadows, thickets, forest edges, slopes, ridges, limestone glades, floodplains, stream/lake banks/shores; marshes, swamps; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, fencerows, power-line clearings. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates Full Shade with sub-optimal growth. Moist to average to wet, rocky to clayey soil. Accepts calcareous and pollution. Deer resistant. >6-8’ Clusters of white blooms (late spring) mature into bunches of small, white berries before fall. Once the berries are eaten, and they will be, only their prominent red stems remain. The bark is grey to light brown to reddish near the stem ends. An upright, multi-stemmed shrub that can form dense colonies via suckering from rhizomes. Good for Restoration and Stabilizing. A wildlife magnet and bird feeder. Dogwood family. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2130 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/dogwood.html -genus Cornus http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/genusdescription.cfm?genusid=1000072 -genus Cornus https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/swida/racemosa/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=126 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/gray-dogwood https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=868 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/gr_dogwood.htm http://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/graydogwood.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/gray-dogwood https://extension.illinois.edu/shrubselector/detail_plant.cfm?PlantID=371 https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/GrayDogwood.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j930 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_cora6.pdf
Round-leaved Dogwood cornouiller rugueux Cornus rugosa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 9 10 -open woods, thickets (often Fir, Aspen, Paper Birch, Cedar), deciduous to mixed forest edges, forests, ridges, ledges, ravine slopes; sandy, gravelly, or rocky/talus slopes; wooded bluffs; often over top of limestone bedrock, rock outcrops; wooded floodplains, shores, dunes; clearings, fencerows. >Part Shade to Full Sun. Moist to dry soil. Accepts gravelly and calcareous. >3-10' A roundish-leaved, upright shrub for dry, gravelly places, particularly calcareous soil. Clusters of small white blooms (late spring) mature into pale blue to greenish white berries on red stalks. After the berries are eaten, the red stalks remain in remembrance. Colourful fall foliage. Good for Restoration and to just look pretty. The leaves are especially big and round near the base of the shrub. A bird feeder. Dogwood family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=869 https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/58745-Cornus-rugosa/browse_photos http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004757 http://www.parcdesfalaises.ca/index.php/la-flore-du-massif/les-arbustes/les-cornouillers/#1517674660985-2907b41c-6174 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/dogwood.html -near the bottom of the page http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/genusdescription.cfm?genusid=1000072 -genus Cornus https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/swida/rugosa/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/round-leaved-dogwood
Rough-leaved Dogwood Drummond's Dogwood, cornouiller de Drummond 1 Cornus drummondii -forest edges, stream banks. >Part Shade to Full Sun. Average to dry soil. >9-12' An erect and multi-branched shrub with clusters of small, creamy white blooms (late spring) that mature into white berries on purplish-red stalks. The leaves turn an orangey-amber colour in the fall giving your garden that true Thanksgiving look. A bird feeder. Dogwood family. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/31686/#b http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/dogwood.html -genus Cornus https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=866 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/rgh_dogwood.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/rough-leaved-dogwood https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/RoughleavedDogwood.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g810 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=codr
Red Elderberry Red-berried Elder, sureau rouge Sambucus racemosa all -shrublands, open woods, thickets, forest edges, deciduous to mixed forests (often Beech-Maple), glades, stream banks, shores; rocky sites, ridges, ledges, talus/rocky slopes, ravines; roadsides, fencerows, fields, clearings, trails; occasionally bogs, wetland edges. >Part Shade to Full Sun; tolerates Full Shade. Moist to average, rocky soil. Accepts accepts wet, sandy to silty, and acidic to calcareous. >10-12' Creamy white clusters of blooms (spring) that mature into sprays of brilliant red berries will make this shrub a focal point of your garden. Has made itself a favourite food source for over 23 species of birds by producing one of the first berry crops of the season (after Serviceberry). Colony forming from suckering rhizomes making it good for Naturalizing and Stabilizing. Moschatel (Elderberry) family. S. racemosa ssp. pubens and S. racemosa ssp. pubens var. pubens are also native. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001106 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2180 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Sambucus-racemosa-var-racemosa.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/sambucus-racemosa https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sambucus/racemosa/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=453 -considers the plant introduced from Europe http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-red-elderberry-sambucus-racemosa-l-var-racemosa.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/red-berried-elder https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=12 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/red_elder.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278937&isprofile=0&cv=4 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sara2.pdf
Eastern Prickly Gooseberry groseillier des chiens, groseillier piquant Ribes cynosbati 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -open woods, rocky ground. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average, calcareous soil. Prefers calcareous but adaptable to acidic. >2-3' A low, upright shrub with fine thorns along the outer stems and spines at the nodes. Yellowish-
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
green blooms (late spring) mature into wine-coloured berries by the end of summer. The berries also are covered with prickles. It’s a prickly affair. Good for wildlife. Currant family. http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Grossulariaceae/Ribes/Cynosbati/cynosbati.e.shtml http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2042 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003087 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ribes/cynosbati/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/prickly-gooseberry https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1413 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/pr_gooseberry.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/pricklygooseberry.html
Dwarf Hackberry micocoulier rabougri, micocoulier de Géorgie Celtis tenuifolia 1; 5 circum-Belleville; Threatened -dry, sandy areas; plains, dunes, lake shores, sand spits, ridge tops, occasionally alvars, open dryish sandy deciduous woods; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Dry, sandy/rocky, well-drained soil. Accepts calcareous and drought. >3-13' Can be bush-like or a very small tree. Small, green-yellow blooms (spring). Male and female blossoms occur on the same tree and are wind pollinated; longer, fuzzy males and more rounded females. Thick, broad, leathery leaves and small. The orangey fruit (not bluish as is the case with the Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry), occur through autumn. In the fall the leaves turn yellow. Attracts and feeds butterflies, moths, small mammals and birds. Hemp family. https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/dwarfhackberry http://www.point59.ca/hackberrydwarf.htm https://www.ontario.ca/page/dwarf-hackberry https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/413 http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CW69-14-359-2004E.pdf https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=713 https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/DwarfHackberry.pdf http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/54859-Celtis-tenuifolia/browse_photos
Hawthorn species aubépine Crataegus species -open areas, meadows, shrublands, brush, thickets, forest edges, open woods (often Jack Pine, Oak, Aspen, Beech-Maple), bluffs, rocky slopes, stream sides, floodplains; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, forest clearings, roadsides, fencerows, hedgerows. >Full Sun; tolerates to Part Shade. Moist to dry, rocky/sandy, well-drained soil. Prefers calcareous. Adaptable to most gardens and yards. Accepts juglone. The species listed below in orchid accept wetter conditions than the other hawthorn species. >16-36' A tall shrub or short tree with white to pink blooms (late spring) in flat-topped clusters. By the end of summer they mature into small, red or yellow crabapple-like fruits (haws) which in themselves are showy. Its many branches often sprawl horizontally making a handsome silhouette, sometimes wider than the tree’s height; they are crooked, long thorned, and form a dense, formidable mass that’s excellent in the summer for sheltering hidden homes. The trunk is short, often crooked, composed of hard, heavy wood with bark that shreds. It is without thorns. The haws provide an important source of nourishment for wildlife right into winter, whether they remain on the tree or fall to the ground so just leave them there. If you have space for it, it’s a beautiful and beneficial tree to have. A blessing to wildlife. Good for Stabilizing. A Pioneer species. Colony forming via suckers and self-sowing (usually with the help of birds). A long, branching taproot. Rose family.
An alien hawthorn to be aware of: Crataegus monogyna (English Hawthorn, One-seeded Hawthorn, aubépine monogyne); “Very distinctive in its deeply lobed leaves, which are smaller than in other species in the genus (blades up to 6.5 cm broad but usually less than 3 cm broad, except on sprouts).” https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2466, http://www.tree-guide.com/common-hawthorn, https://www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/common-hawthorn.aspx
In general, hawthorns prefer average to dry, well-drained soil. The species listed with their scientific name in orchid readily accept wetter sites.
The Hawthorns https://www.ontario.ca/page/hawthorns
Species restricted to Region 1: Brainerd's Hawthorn aubépine de Brainer - Crataegus brainerdii Clustered Hawthorn Compact Hawthorn, aubépine compacte - Crataegus compacta Different Hawthorn Northern Hawthorn, aubépine différente - Crataegus pruinosa var. dissona Dodge’s Hawthorn Yellowish Hawthorn, aubépine de Dodge - Crataegus dodgei Downy Hawthorn aubépine duveteuse, aubépine soyeuse - Crataegus mollis Middlesex Frosted Hawthorn Pear Thorn, aubépine agréable - Crataegus perjucunda Pear Hawthorn Blackthorn Hawthorn, aubépine à fruits piriformes - Crataegus calpodendron Round-leaved Hawthorn Jack's Hawthorn, aubépine ronce - Crataegus lumaria Schuette's Hawthorn aubépine de Schuette - Crataegus schuettei
Northern species (7 and north, but not restricted to): Fan-leaved Hawthorn, aubépine flabelliforme - Crataegus flabellata Fleshy Hawthorn, aubépine succulente - Crataegus succulenta Fireberry Hawthorn, aubépine dorée - Crataegus chrysocarpa Scarlet Hawthorn, aubépine écarlate, épine écarlate - Crataegus coccinea Douglas' Hawthorn Black Hawthorn, aubépine de Douglas - Crataegus douglasii Large-thorned Hawthorn, aubépine à épines longues - Crataegus macracantha Dotted Hawthorn Hillside Hawthorn, aubépine ponctuée - Crataegus punctata Plum-leaved Hawthorn, aubépine à feuilles de prunier - Crataegus persimilis
Douglas' Hawthorn Black Hawthorn, aubépine de Douglas - Crataegus douglasii http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/black_hawthorn.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2446 https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_crdo2.pdf http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250100087
Middlesex Frosted Hawthorn Pear Thorn, aubépine agréable - Crataegus perjucunda only Middlesex county http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250100076 -see note on C. perjucunda
Ontario Hawthorn Shiny Hawthorn, aubépine chatoyante - Crataegus nitidula https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2473 -see note on C. nitidula
American Hazelnut American Hazel, noisetier d'Amérique Corylus americana 1 2 4 5; southwest 10 -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, shrublands, open woods, sandy open woods (often Oak), thickets, forest edges, forests, wooded hillsides, stream banks; disturbed habitats, roadsides, fencerows, fields. >Full to Light Shade; tolerates to Full Shade. Average to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky/gravelly/sandy to loamy, alkaline, nutrient-poor to rich, and drought. >6-8' Tight, golden-brown catkins hang from the branches in the fall, hang all through the blizzards of winter, and then swell into dangling maturity the next spring before the leaves arrive. The nuts ripen in late summer in clusters of 2-6, each enclosed by a pair of ragged-edged, first green then brown bracts. The leaves turn a lovely burnt orange. Provides a food source for deer, squirrels, chipmunks, Blue Jays, and other friends. Its overall shape would be loved by Picasso - angles everywhere. Don’t prune it; enjoy it for its uniqueness. Resembles a scarecrow with multiple limbs akimbo. Can make an interesting ragged hedge that never requires pruning. Colony forming via rhizomes. Birch family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=556 http://www.naturemanitoba.ca/sites/default/files/AMERICAN%20HAZELNUT%20copy.pdf http://northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004635 -see Similar Species’at the bottom of the page https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/corylus/americana/ https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2016/04/american-hazelnut-tasty-treat-native-landscaping.html https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2010/02/nut-trees-hazelnuts-in-the-adirondacks.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/american-hazelnut https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/am_hazelnut.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/american-hazelnut https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/Hazelnut.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c350 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_coam3.pdf
American Mountain-ash sorbier d'Amérique Sorbus americana all, but not west of a line from Niagara Falls stretching north to perhaps Kincardine -Cedar to deciduous swamp edges, stream banks, rocky shores; deciduous to coniferous open woods, thickets, forest edges, forest glades; summits, plateaus, bluffs, slopes, talus slopes, rocky hillsides, ridges/ledges; disturbed habitats, roadsides, forest clearings. >Full to Part Sun. Its saplings, while often plentiful, will not survive more than a few years under a forest canopy. Cool sites with rich, moist sandy/rocky to clayey, moderately acidic soil. Tolerates dry and harsh, northern conditions with sub-optimal performance, perhaps becoming shrub-like. Intolerant of drought. While it performs best in full sun, I have added it to the Forest Glade section because, with what seems to be an increasingly hot and droughty climate, it may benefit from more cool shade with moist
soil. >10-30’ x 10-25’ A relatively slow-growing, short-lived tree rightly prized for five good reasons: its shapely canopy; its abundance of large, white bloom heads (late spring into summer); its large, elegant leaves that turn yellow-orange to a deep burgundy in the fall; its bright orange-red, heavy clusters of berries that mature at the end of summer; and the wildlife it will draw to your yard and nourish. From a short trunk spread multiple, slender branches to form a narrow, round-topped crown that spreads openly as the tree ages. The blossom-head, 3-6” across, is a showy, dense, upright cluster of 125 to 400+ tiny flowers. The leaves are alternate, up to 10” long, and compound with 11-19 slender, lance-shaped, stemless leaflets, sharply toothed from tip to base. The fruit resemble berries but is similar to apples in the way the seeds are packaged within. They do not fall but remain on the tree until they disintegrate or have been a source of food to such birds as Pine Grosbeaks, Waxwings, Robins, Jays, and Grouse; their importance to wildlife increases as winter progresses. At the same time, its leaves, twigs, and bark are a delicacy for such animals as Moose, Deer, Hare, and Martens. Fibrous roots. Propagates by the dispersal of seeds by birds. A Pioneer species. Not an Ash. Rose family. Easily mistaken for the related Sorbus decora (Showy Mountain-ash, sorbier plaisant) which has more oblong-shaped leaves. See below. European Mountain-ash, Sorbus aucuparia, is not native. https://www.ontario.ca/page/american-mountain-ash http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub46.htm https://treebee.ca/trees/american-mountain-ash/ https://arbres.hydroquebec.com/page-tree-shrub/4955 https://notsohollowfarm.ca/hollow-farm-trees/american-mountain-ash/ https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sorbus/americana/ https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2018/12/american-mountain-ash.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/american-mountain-ash https://www.michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2569 https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/mountainash_amer.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a376
Showy Mountain-ash sorbier plaisant, sorbier de montagne Sorbus decora 3 5 7 8 9 10 -deciduous to mixed to coniferous, moist to dry open woods (often Fir, Cedar, Pine; sometimes Beech-Maple), thickets, forest edges, glades; rocky shores, forested dunes; forested mountain summits, plateaus, bluffs, ridges, ledges, slopes; swamps. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, rocky/sandy, rich to nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic and salt. Poorly tolerant of hot, humid summers. >15-35’ A fast growing, bushy-looking tree, often with multiple trunks. In shade it may be a tall shrub. Many clusters of showy, white blooms (later spring, early summer) that mature into glossy, bright red berries that dangle in clusters. The berries are so enjoyed by birds that they are the main disperser of the seeds. A life saver to Robins in winter and Bluebirds in early spring. Mammals gorge also. Not an Ash. Rose family. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001141 https://www.ontario.ca/page/showy-mountain-ash http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub47.htm https://treecanada.ca/resources/trees-of-canada/showy-mountain-ash-sorbus-decora/ https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/showymountainash http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sorbus/decora/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/showy-mountain-ash https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2571 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286371&isprofile=0&cv=5
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
Red Mulberry mûrier rouge Morus rubra 1; Endangered -moist, sheltered coves near streams; moist forested habitats in both sandy and calcareous soils in sites such as floodplains, stream valleys, slopes of the Niagara Escarpment and swales in sand spits; meadows, open woods, forest edges; ridges/ledges, talus/rocky slopes; fencerows. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic to calcareous and sandy to clayey. >18-30’ An understory tree. A short trunk topped by a large, dense, rounded canopy of stout branches. Blooms are in catkins. Requires male and female trees to produce fruit. The juicy fruit resembles a blackberry, about 1” long with a dark, reddish-purple colour. Of course, loved, loved, loved by birds and birdwatchers. In the fall the leaves turn yellow. Populations are in decline. Roots shallow and spreading. Mulberry family. https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/redmulberry http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://www.ontario.ca/page/red-mulberry https://www.ontario.ca/page/red-mulberry-species-risk http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/27005/317041.pdf https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/SpeciesHabitats_ForestsFlora.htm http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/eccc/CW69-14-142-2015-eng.pdf https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/morus/rubra/ https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1703 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/red_mulberry.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/red-mulberry https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/RedMulberry.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c125 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_moru2.pdf
Nannyberry Sheepberry, Blackhaw, viorne flexible, alises, viorne lentago Viburnum lentago 1 2 3 4 5 6; south 10 -stream banks, lake shores, swamps, marshes; low forest edges, glades. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average soil. Accepts calcareous. >12-18' Fragrant, white clusters of blooms (late spring) mature into berries that change colour from green to yellow, then pink, red and finally to black. The leaves usually turn brick-red in fall. Very pretty and has very basic requirements. Feeds birds and mammals. Forms large colonies given enough time. Good for Restoration. Moschatel (Elderberry) family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=18 https://arbres.hydroquebec.com/page-tree-shrub/4950 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2062 https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/207 http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://treebee.ca/trees/nannyberry/ http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/viburnum-lentago/r-viburnum-lentago.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/lentago/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=529 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/nannyberry http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/nannyberry.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/nannyberry
Eastern Ninebark Common Ninebark, physocarpe à feuilles d’obier, sept écorces all Physocarpus opulifolius -shores, gravel bars, stream banks, floodplains, thickets, forest edges, forest glades, sandy seeps; alvars, cliffs, bluffs. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, rocky/sandy/gravelly soil. Accepts acidic to alkaline and to clay. Tolerates salt. Officially a Lowland species but adaptable to average Ontario gardens, benefiting from supplemental watering. >6-10’ x 6-10’ Stiffly arching branches and an upright spreading shape from multiple stems can form a hedge or a protective wildlife pocket. White blooms (early summer) turn into a large, hanging tassel of red, dry fruit. Its diversity of display through the season adds to your garden’s beauty. Good for Restoration and butterflies. Self-sows. Rose family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2500 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Physocarpus_opulifolius.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/physocarpus.html http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000787 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/shrub.htm#ninemark https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/physocarpus/opulifolius/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=308 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/ninebark https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/ninebark.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/common-ninebark http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g840 https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_phop.pdf
Pawpaw asiminier trilobé, aciminier Asimina triloba 1, south of London along the St. Clair, Detroit and Niagara Rivers, and the south shore of Lake Ontario in the lee of the Niagara Escarpment; Rare -deciduous open woods, forests, glades; wooded bottomlands, floodplains, stream valleys/ravines, swamp edges. >Dappled Shade to Part Sun. Rich, moist to wet, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy to clayey. Intolerant of harsh winters, strong winds, standing water and soil too dry. Deer resistant. Associates: alone or in colonies; Beech, Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Sassafras, Butternut, Tuliptree, White Ash, Witch-hazel, Spicebush; Black Walnut, White Elm, Bur Oak, Bitternut Hickory, Shumard Oak, Red Ash, Black Maple, Sycamore. >6-30’ x 15-20’, but usually a bushy shrub under 10’. Slow-growing, and relatively short-lived but will create colonies to continue its line. Impressive, light-green leaves up to 12” long and 4” across that droop in clusters at the end of branches giving the whole tree a characteristic weepy look. The unique bloom (spring) has 3 fleshy petals that expand as they mature and turn a showy, reddish-purple maroon colour. Reportedly pollinated by beetles, but it requires multiple trees for cross-pollination. Produces roundish pear-shaped, fleshy berries up to 5” long that contain several flattish seeds. A wildlife magnet. Eaters of the fruit include raccoons, opossums, fox, skunks, squirrels, and turtles. It can form dense, wildlife-sheltering thickets in the shade of other trees. Easy to grow with little maintenance once it’s past its infancy. Good for Stabilizing. Rare due to deforestation. A large, thick taproot with rhizomes. Custard-apple family.
American Plum Wild Plum, prunier d'Amérique Prunus americana 1 2 3 5; 10 in the corner of the American border and Lake Superior -wooded stream edges, valley bottoms, floodplains, forest edges, shrublands, thickets, open woods, meadows; disturbed habitats/soils, fields, roadsides, fencerows, power-line clearings. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, well drained soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, alkaline, juglone, and moderate drought. >18-25’ x 15-25’ Very similar to the American Plum, below. A slow growing, shrubby to an upright tree with a short crooked trunk and a nicely rounded, spreading crown. Clusters of 2-6 very fragrant, beautiful white blooms (early spring). From each blossom protrudes long, thin stamens tipped with a dab of yellow. Popular with bees. The leaves turn yellow and then red in the fall. Its branches tend to reach low towards the ground and grow thorns that increase in number with time. Its fruit, waxy, small but juicy plums vary in colour from yellow to red begin to ripen in late summer and are enjoyed by many animals including Fox, White-tailed Deer, and birds. May form large, dense colonies from suckering, shallow, wide-spreading, woody roots to create protective wildlife habitats. Good for ornamentation, hedgerows and Stabilization along stream banks. Rose family. https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/wildplum https://www.connonnurseries.com/plant/Prunus-americana https://stwilliamsnursery.com/plantdirectory/american-plum/ https://www.honey-plants.com/calendar/ontario/prunus-americana/ https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/forestry/pdf/health/fieldguidefinal.pdf -page 48; search for Prunus americana http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/prunus-americana/r-prunus-americana.php http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=348 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/prunus/americana/ http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2662 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/wild-plum https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2516 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/am_plum.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/amplum.html https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-plum http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e830 https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pdf https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_pram.pdf http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417055
Canada Plum Black Plum, Wild Plum, prunier noir Prunus nigra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 10 -meadows, deciduous open woods, thickets, forests edges, glades, stream banks/valleys; disturbed
habitats, fields, pastures, fencerows. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, moist to average, alkaline soil. Accepts average acidity and sandy-loam. >to 30’ Very similar to the American Plum, above. Many fragrant, showy, cherry-like, white to pale-pink blooms (mid-spring to early summer) that mature into yellow-red plums; ripe by late summer. Edible by all. Sweetest after the first frost. Good luck in beating out the wildlife. The stem produces sparse thorns. Good for birds and their nests. Fall colour. Excellent for frontyards. Colony forming. Rose family. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2155 http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/prunus/nigra/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/tree/canada-plum https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2523 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/cn_plum.html https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/54832-Prunus-nigra/browse_photos
Wild Raisin Northern Wild Raisin, Witherod, viorne cassinoïde, alises, bourdaine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; eastern edge of 8 Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Viburnum cassinoides -low boggy mixed to coniferous forests, forest edges, open woods, thickets; edges of fens, peat bogs, Cedar swamps; edges of forested Tamarack, Red Maple; deciduous swamps; drier sites often in Oak, Pine, or Jack Pine forests. >Part Shade; accepts Full Sun in moist soil. Wet to damp to average, acidic soil. Accepts peaty to sandy to clayey and neutral. >to 15' A tall, upright, multi-stemmed shrub with large, frilly, white blooms (early to mid summer) in flat-topped clusters, conspicuous at the tops of stems. The blossoms mature into colourful clusters of fruits that begin greenish-white, turn bright pink, then by late summer into bluish-black. The foliage is an attractive dark, glossy green that changes to bright orange to red-purple by fall. Before winter the decaying leaves and fallen fruit produce a distinctively sweetish odour that says “I am decomposing to make for my community a healthy organic soil.” A very versatile shrub. I believe that Witherod is pronounced “withe rod”. Can be considered a tree. Honeysuckle family. Species Viburnum nudum (Smooth Witherod, viorne à cymes pédonculées) is also native. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001272 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Viburnum_cassinoides.html http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2089 --species V. nudum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/nudum/ -species V. nudum http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=523 http://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-northern-wild-raisin-viburnum-nudum-l-var-cassinoides.html https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=14 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/witherod http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d496 https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VINUC
Black Raspberry Thimbleberry, framboisier noir, mûrier, ronce occidentale Rubus occidentalis 1 2 3 4 5 6 -meadows, open woods (often Oak, Beech-Maple), thickets, forest edges, glades, bluffs; boggy ground; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, road/railroad sides, fencerows, waste places. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist to dry soil. Accepts calcareous and rocky. Salt tolerant. >to 6' White blooms (late spring) bunched tightly together at the end of short branches. The plant stems consist of canes that will arch over to sometimes reach the ground and maybe take root. Scattered along each cane are short, curved prickles. A cane will not bloom until its second year after which it will die but
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
its body will remain; however the plant is a perennial producing new canes each spring. Lush, dark green foliage. Produces raspberries which begin white, turn red, and finally black. All parts of the plant attract wildlife. A branching taproot. A sub-shrub. Rose family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2559 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2031 https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/050_Rosacees/11_Rubus/occidentalis.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rubus/occidentalis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/black-raspberry http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/bl_raspberry.htm https://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/es204/rubus_occidentalis.php http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/black-raspberry https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/blackraspberry.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Rubus_occidentalis_page.html
Purple-flowering Raspberry Flowering Raspberry, ronce odorante, Calottes Rubus odoratus 1 3 4 5 6 -clearings, thickets, ravines, woodland edges. >Part Sun. Average moisture. Accepts sandy to clayey. >3-5' Largest of the Raspberries. A showy plant with large Maple-like, coarse textured leaves and large, purple-pink blooms (through summer). Aggressive. Spreads by rhizomes to form colonies. Good for Restoration and for filling large, open areas. A wildlife magnet. Rose family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2560 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Rubus_odoratus.html http://www.ontariowildflower.com/shrub.htm#raspberrypurple http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2212 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/rubusodoratus.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rubus/odoratus/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/527 http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/purpleflowerraspberry.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/purple-flowering-raspberry http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286467&isprofile=0&
Red Raspberry Wild Red Raspberry, framboisier rouge, ronce du mont Ida Rubus idaeus all -open areas, meadows, shrublands, thickets, open woods, edges of woods, glades, stream/lake/swamp/bog edges, talus slopes; disturbed habitats, cut-overs, right-of-ways, fields, burns, clearings, road/railroad sides, waste places. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic to alkaline and sandy/rocky to clayey. Salt tolerant. >to 5' White blooms (mid-spring into mid-summer) in loose clusters at and near the ends of arching canes. Canes do not flower until their second year. Young canes bristly. Lush, dark green leaves. Produces purplish-red raspberries (latter half of summer). Closely related to the red raspberry we buy in stores. A wildlife magnet. Aggressive, forming dense, wildlife-sheltering, colonies. A branching taproot. Rose family. Subspecies strigosus (North American Red Raspberry, ramboisier sauvageis) also native. Subspecies idaeus is not.
Eastern Redbud Canada Redbud, Redbud, gainier rouge Cercis canadensis 1 extreme southwest; Extirpated from the wild and outrageously rare to begin with; common in nurseries -mixed open woods, forest edges, forests, glades, limestone glades, clearings; ridges/ledges; often along stream banks, wooded stream valleys, ravine slopes. >Part Sun to Part Shade. Shade tolerant. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts calcareous and sandy/rocky to clayey. >12-26’ x 15-25’ A short trunk with many branches, ascending and horizontal, creating a spreading, full canopy. Abundant, pea-flower shaped blooms (early spring, before the leaves) in small clusters lining tightly the old wood; begin deep pink when in bud turning pale pink when opening. Quite a sight in spring, making it famous in frontyards. Blossoms mature into flat, reddish brown pods, up to 4” long, that dangle in small groups. Handsome, broadly heart-shaped leaves, about 5” wide and long. Requires a site sheltered from strong winds (it’s brittle). A woody taproot with spreading laterals. The state tree of Oklahoma. Legume family. Variety canadensis is also native and also Extirpated. http://canadiantreetours.org/species-pages/Eastern_redbud.html http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2074 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/cercis.html http://www.point59.ca/redbud.htm http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/SpeciesHabitats_ForestsFlora.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1279 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cercis/canadensis/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/redbud.htm https://treebee.ca/trees/eastern-redbud/
Carolina Rose Pasture Rose, rosier de Caroline Rosa carolina 1 5 -prairies, dunes, sandy banks, meadows, open woods (often Oak, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone glades; stream sides, swamp edges; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, waste areas, fencerows, clearings, roadsides, railroad embankments. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Dry to average to wet soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to clayey, and drought. Grass fire and salt tolerant. >2-3' This low, compact, multi-branched, thorny shrub produces large, pretty, pink blooms (early summer) to nourish bees, butterflies and moths. Fragrant. Large, red rose hips fill birds up with vitamin C in the fall. A short, aggressive shrub making it excellent for Restoration and filling in a space quickly. Shallow rhizomes and a deep taproot with occasional branches. A sub-shrub. Rose family. Subspecies carolina and subserrulata (Glandular Carolina Rose, rosier subserrulé) are both native.
Prickly Rose Bristly Rose, Wild Prickly Rose, rosier aciculaire, églantier Rosa acicularis all -prairies, meadows, thickets, open woods (often Oak, Jack Pine), forests (deciduous to coniferous); rocky/sandy slopes, ridges, ledges, shores, banks, dunes, limestone flats, balds; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, roadsides, railroad embankments, fencerows. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, dry to average to moist, rocky/sandy/gravelly to clayey soil. Accepts acidic to calcareous, nutrient-poor, flooding, and drought. Salt tolerant. >to 3’ Fragrant pink blooms (summer) mature into bright red rose hips in the fall. A short, bushy shrub with reddish branchlets. Slender, straight, needle-like prickles coat the stems. The provincial flower of Alberta. Don’t step on it. Rhizomes with deeper, sinking roots. A sub-shrub. Rose family. Subspecies sayi (rosier de Say) is also native. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Rosa-acicularis.html https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/our-garden/our-plants/alberta-wild-rose https://acrre.ualberta.ca/acrre/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2018/04//Rosa_acicularis.pdf http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2084 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003101 http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub38.htm http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/wild-roses.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rosa/acicularis/ http://www.newenglandwild.org/docs/pdf/Rosaacicularis.PDF https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/prickly-wild-rose https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2535 http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/pricklyrose.html
Smooth Rose Smooth Wild Rose, Meadow Rose, rosier inerme, églantier Rosa blanda all -prairies, meadows, open shrub thickets, open woods (often Jack Pine; coniferous to deciduous), forest edges, rocky/sandy banks, rocky/talus slopes, rocky outcrops, shorelines, wooded stream sides; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows, clearings, roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry soil. Accepts gravelly/sandy to clayey and calcareous. >2-4' Produces lovely, single-petaled blooms (early summer), pinkish-white; matures into a rose hip by late summer. The stems may have a few (or lots) prickles at the base. The hips are peak in Vitamin C and are eaten by birds to keep their gums healthy. A sub-shrub. Rose family. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001037 http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/rosa-blanda/r-rosa-blanda.php http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/wild-roses.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/050_Rosacees/10_Rosa/blanda.htm
Canada Serviceberry Shadblow, amélanchier du Canada Amelanchier canadensis not native
Downy Serviceberry Downy Juneberry, amélanchier arborescent Amelanchier arborea all; rare in deep southwest 1 -meadows, limestone glades, woodland edges, open woods (often Red Maple, Aspen, Oaks, and/or Jack Pine), forests, glades, sandy/rocky bluffs/slopes/ridges/ledges; swampy edges of woods; disturbed habitats, open fields, clearings, fencerows, windbreaks. >Full to Part Sun; tolerates Full Shade. Average to dry, acidic, well-drained soil. Accepts poorly-drained, wet, rocky/sandy to loamy and light clayey, to calcareous, and pollution. >12-15' x 12-15’ A tall, clumping shrub with many white blooms (late spring), followed by small, red berries in early-summer which give birds their first taste of berries for the season. It may be found in windbreaks but does not make a great windbreak. Excellent to delineate property lines, though. A very versatile shrub. Readily self-sows with the help of bird droppings. A massive bird feeder. Every spring, and only in the spring, my neighbours Serviceberries are visited by Orioles. Suckers from woody, branching roots. Rose family. http://floreduquebec.ca/english/photos=amelanchier-arborea https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/downyserviceberry http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://treebee.ca/trees/downy-serviceberry/ https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/trees/factsheet/148 http://www.point59.ca/downyserviceberry.htm http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2218 https://www.ontario.ca/page/serviceberries -genus Amelanchier https://landscapeontario.com/amelanchier-serviceberry -genus Amelanchier http://canadiantreetours.org/species-pages/Serviceberry.html -genus Amelanchier https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/amelanchier/arborea/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/downy-serviceberry http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=44 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2421 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/dwn_service.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=h290 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/downy-serviceberry https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_amar3.pdf
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
>Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, sandy/gravelly/rocky, alkaline, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts to clayey. Tolerates salt and drought. >4-6' Tiny, green blooms (early spring) appear before the leaves. Male and female blossoms on separate plants. A relatively low, much branched, sprawling shrub with smallish, silvery-green-grey, elongated leaves. Yellowish-red berries are produced on female plants in early summer and are what make this shrub especially attractive. Stabilizing. Nitrogen-fixing. Oleaster family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1195 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Shepherdia-canadensis.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Shepherdia_canadensis.html https://acrre.ualberta.ca/acrre/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2018/04//Shepherdia_canadensis.pdf http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001126 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/shepherdia/canadensis/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=457 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/canada-buffaloberry http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/canadian-buffaloberry https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_shca.pdf
Fragrant Sumac Skunkbush, sumac aromatique, sumac odorant Rhus aromatica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -open areas, sand prairies, thickets, open woods (often Oak, Hickory, Pine), hills/slopes, stream banks, sand dunes, alvars, cliffs, ledges, ridges, barren rocky areas, balds; disturbed habitats, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Dry to average, sandy/gravelly, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic to calcareous and nutrient-poor to fertile loam to light clayey. Tolerates salt and drought. >to 5’ Yellow blooms (spring) develop into hairy, sticky reddish fruit clusters by the end of summer. The fruit persists through winter providing a survival diet for birds (such as Robins, Bluebirds) and small mammals. Small, cute, glossy leaves, fragrant when bruised, that turn a rich red in fall. Spreads via suckers to form mounds (colonies) and is excellent at Stabilizing slopes. A Pioneer species. A woody branching taproot. Sumac family. Variety aromatica is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=94 http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/skunkbush.htm http://www.ontariowildflower.com/shrub.htm#fragrant_sumac http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2078 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/staghorn-sumac.html -near the bottom of the page https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rhus/aromatica/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=427 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/fragrant_sumac.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/fragrant-sumac https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/fragrantsumac.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l980 http://www.missouriplants.com/Rhus_aromatica_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_rhar4.pdf
disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, road/railroad embankments, fencerows, waste places, burnt-out areas. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky, well-drained soil. Accepts to alkaline and to clayey-loam. Tolerates drought, juglone, and salt. >to 8' Similar to the common Staghorn Sumac (below) but with smooth stems. Blooms (late spring to mid-summer) are small, yellowish green in clusters up to 5” long at the end of stems. Dry, red fruits, berry-like but hairy, also in dense clusters. Feeds birds and small mammals helping them to survive winter. Multi-branched in an irregular shape. Leaves turn dark red and orange in the fall. Provides much needed food for wildlife through winter into spring. Requires a ground-cover beneath it because all the foliage is held high up. Can be aggressive forming large colonies via suckering from its extensive rhizomatous roots and, so, is excellent at Stabilizing slopes. A Pioneer species. Sumac family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=96 http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/rhus-glabra/r-rhus-glabra.php http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/staghorn-sumac.html -near bottom of page https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rhus/glabra/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=430 https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/797 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/smooth-sumac https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/sm_sumac.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/SmoothSumac.pdf https://extension.illinois.edu/shrubselector/detail_plant.cfm?PlantID=428 http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/smooth-sumac http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l990 http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Clapp_Hansen_Siegel/Pages/Smooth_Sumac.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RHGL -click on Images https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_rhgl.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_rhgl.pdf
Staghorn Sumac Velvet Sumac, sumac vinaigrier, sumac amaranthe Rhus typhina 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rhus hirta -prairies, open meadows, slopes, hillsides, ridges, thickets, open woods, forest edges, rocky openings, rocky barrens; banks, shores; disturbed sites, fields, clearings, road/railroad sides, waste ground. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey, alkaline, juglone, drought, and nutrient-poor. Salt tolerant. >12-18' The most common Sumac in southern Ontario; besides being fast growing it can quickly spread via rhizomes to form colonies. White male and female blooms (early summer) on separate plants or colonies. Produces red, velvety seed clusters in late fall which provide a starvation diet for birds (such as Robins, Bluebirds) through winter. Leaves turn a brilliant deep red. Can be aggressive. Good for Restoration and slope Stabilization. It’s best to grow a ground-cover beneath it because all the foliage is held up high. A Pioneer species. Sumac (Cashew) family. “And all the sumachs on the hills Have turned their green to red.” Indian Summer, W.W. Campbell https://www.uoguelph.ca/arboretum/thingstosee/trees/staghornsumac http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001027 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/staghorn-sumac.html http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rhus/hirta/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/798
Maple-leaved Viburnum Maple-leaved Arrowwood, viorne à feuilles d'érable Viburnum acerifolium 1 2 3 4 5 6; south 7 -thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests (often Beech-Maple, Oak, Pine, Aspen, Sassafras), glades; wooded ravines, slopes, ridges, dunes, stream banks. >Part Shade; tolerates to Full Sun and Full Shade. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey and juglone. >3-6' x 3-4’ A shade tolerant shrub very useful in woodland gardens. Blooms late spring. Pinkish to magenta leaves; very pretty in the fall. The fruit changes from green to red, then dark blue or purple-black as it progresses to maturity. Suckers to form colonies via rhizomes creating a wildlife shelter. Also self-sows. Moschatel (Elderberry) family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=13 http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/siteofficieldumontroyal/vegetal-indigene/viorne-a-feuilles-erable https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viburnum/acerifolium/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=522 http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/678 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/ml_viburnum.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/maple-leaved-viburnum http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a192 https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1471/#b https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_viac.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_viac.pdf
Climbing Bittersweet Vine American Bittersweet, bourreau-des-arbres, célastre grimpant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 9 10 Celastrus scandens -meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges, bluffs; stream/lake shores, wooded dunes; talus/rocky slopes, rock outcrops, limestone glades; disturbed habitats, roadsides, fencerows. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to dry soil. Accepts rocky/sandy, alkaline, and juglone. Tolerates salt. Deer resistant. >to 24' Blooms (late spring) are small and greenish, but this woody vine or twining shrub is famous for its late autumn, attractive orange and red fruits that persist into winter that are often cut used as Christmas decorations. Male and female flowers are on separate plants. Self-sows. A woody taproot. Bittersweet family. Do not confuse with the Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), an invasive, alien habitat-destroyer. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/oriental_bittersweet_an_aggressive_invasive_plant. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=802 https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1619/#b
Virginia Clematis Virgin’s Bower, Old Man’s Beard, clématite de Virginie, herbe aux gueux 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 9; 10 circum-Thunder Bay Clematis virginiana -shrublands, thickets, open woods, forest edges, floodplains, stream/lake banks/shores, wetland edges; disturbed low ground, clearings, ditch slopes, fencerows. >Part Sun; tolerates to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic, to clayey, and juglone. Deer resistant. >6-20' A fast growing vine that impresses with its abundance of small white blooms (peak summer) that cover the plant and its hosts. The blossoms later turn the plant into a wooly cloud of plume-tailed seed heads that last well into winter. Unusual in that it bends its leaf petioles (stems) in order to climb, so it requires a trellis, a shrub, or branch to climb up. Otherwise, it’s a Ground Cover. Blankets everything in sight, but impressively and beautifully. Self-sows. Buttercup family. http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Clematis_virginiana.html http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2086 http://northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000296 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/clematis/virginiana/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/131 https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2009/11/wild-clematis-of-the-adirondacks.html https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/virgins-bower https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2369 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/virgin_bower.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/virgins-bower http://www.missouriplants.com/Clematis_virginiana_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a379
Thicket Creeper Vine Great Woodbine, vigne vierge commune Parthenocissus vitacea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 10 Parthenocissus inserta var. laciniata -meadows, open woods, thickets, open rocky forests, forest edges, forests, large rock outcrops; shrubby slopes, talus/rocky slopes; stream banks, lake shores; disturbed habitats, roadsides, fencerows, clearings; occasionally open swampy forests. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade with diminished flowering. Moist to dry soil. Accepts rocky to loamy. >to 30" in length. Very similar to Virginia Creeper. A very useful vine that climbs with tendrils over just about everything. Glossy, green leaves of five leaflets, arranged like fingers on a hand, turn a bright, rich red in fall. The blooms (early summer) are inconspicuous but mature into bird-feeding, dark blue berries. Can be used as a fast growing Ground Cover. Good for Restoration. Grape family.
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
Note: While P. inserta is often used to refer to this vine, it is also a synonym for Virginia Creeper (P. quinquefolia). Read the sources below carefully. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2803 -uses the synonym, Parthenocissus inserta http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/parthenocissus-vitacea/e-parthenocissus-vitacea.php http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003017 -see bottom of page for species comparison https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/parthenocissus/inserta/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/woodbine http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/virginiacreeper.html -shows all species for comparisons https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/181927-Parthenocissus-inserta/browse_photos
Trumpet Creeper Vine Trumpet Vine, bignone radicant, jasmin de Virginie Campsis radicans 1 in deep southwest; Rare in the wild; common in gardens -meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone glades; gravelly seeps, stream banks; disturbed sites, clearings, fields, fencerows, telephone poles, road/railroad sides, waste ground. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates Full Shade with sub-optimal flowering. Moist to dry, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to clayey, to calcareous, nutrient-poor, and drought. Intolerant of water-logged soil. Salt tolerant. Deer resistant. >to 32" in length. Grown for its large, lovely, trumpet-shaped, orange-red blooms (late spring). Attracts a range of wildlife from Hummingbirds to Orioles to bees to ants. Self-climbing via arial roots but benefits from added support. Ideal for screening or covering rock piles. Requires three years before flowering. Fast growing and aggressive; forms colonies via suckers. A woody taproot with rhizomes. Bignonia (Trumpet Creeper) family. http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2085 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Trumpetcreeper.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/campsis/radicans/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=79 https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/88 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=559 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/trumpet_creeper.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/trumpet-vine https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/TrumpetCreeper.pdf http://extension.illinois.edu/hortanswers/plantdetail.cfm?PlantID=507&PlantTypeID=5 http://www.missouriplants.com/Campsis_radicans_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b840 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cara2.pdf
Glaucous-leaved Honeysuckle Vine Smooth-leaved Honeysuckle, chèvrefeuille glauque not 8 Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens -deciduous to coniferous open woods, thickets, shrublands, forest edges, rocky slopes/outcrops; shores, old dunes; stream banks, Cedar swamps, other lowlands; disturbed habitats, clearings, forests fencerows. >Part Shade; tolerates to Full Sun. Average to dry, calcareous, sandy to clayey soil. >8-12' in length. A twining, climbing vine adaptable to many habitats. The smooth, green branches produce opposite, simple, smooth leaves and tubular yellowish/orange blooms (late spring). Blossoms (sunny locations) feed hummingbirds and butterflies. Bright red to orange berries in tight clusters mature in late summer. Honeysuckle family
Lonicera dioica (Limber Honeysuckle, chèvrefeuille dioïque) and its variety dioica are also native. https://acrre.ualberta.ca/acrre/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2018/04//Lonicera_dioica.pdf The following sources are all for the root species Lonicera dioica. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Lonicera-dioica.html http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004711 http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub25.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lonicera/dioica/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/342 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/wild-honeysuckle https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=718 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/lonicera.html
Canada Moonseed Vine Common Moonseed, ménisperme du Canada Menispermum canadense 1 2 3 4 5; Manitoulin Island -thickets, deciduous open woods, forest edges, forests; cliffs, balds, ledges, ridges; swamps, stream borders; disturbed habitats, hedges, fencerows, clearings. >Light Shade to Part Sun. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts wet, to alkaline, and juglone. >6-15’ in length. This unusual vine has broad, roundish, lobed, handsome, shiny green leaves and will twine its way up a fence or thicket. Blooms (early summer) are whitish-green, small, and almost inconspicuous. The shape of its seeds gives the vine its name. Takes off quickly once the roots are established and then spreads by rhizomes and self-sowing aggressively. Makes it excellent for Restoration and for when you’re in a hurry to hide something. A Pioneer species. Moonseed family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=138 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/menispermum/canadense/ http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Menispermaceae/canadense.e.shtml https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/1905 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/canada-moonseed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1693 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/moonseed.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/moonseed https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/commonmoonseed.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282712&isprofile=0&
Riverbank Grape Vine Frost Grape, vigne des rivages, raisin sauvage Vitis riparia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; extreme southwest 10 -wooded stream/lake shores, dunes, floodplains, swamps; meadows, thickets, open woods, forest edges, open rocky/sandy ground; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Moist to average, calcareous soil. Accepts rocky/gravelly/sandy. >15-20’ in length. A vigorous, woody vine often seen growing over fences, shrubs, and up trees in gardens. The blooms are inconspicuous (late spring), but small bunches of blue-black berries mature late in the season (Frost Grape). Good for Restoration and as a wildlife shelter. May smother small shrubs/trees. A taproot with occasional branches. Grape family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2807 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/vitis/riparia/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/riverbank-grape http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/riverbank_grape.htm https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=viri
Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue April 8, 2020
Virginia Creeper Vine Five-leaved Ivy, vigne vierge à cinq folioles Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 2 3 4 5 -thickets, open woods, deciduous forest edges, forests, glades, rock outcrops, talus/rocky slopes, alvars, bluffs, stream/lake banks, gravelly seeps; floodplains, wooded swamps; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, utility poles, walls, road/railroad sides. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates Full Shade remaining lush but little in the way of fall colour or fruit. Moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts wettish and nutrient-poor soil, rocky/gravelly/sandy to clayey, and acidic to calcareous, drought, and juglone. Salt tolerant. Deer resistant. >to 60’ in length and can reach to the top of trees. Perfect for dead trees you’re letting stand (snags). Self-climbing using short, aerial roots; very vigorous. Tough, versatile and will grow in almost any soil condition or exposure. Deep green foliage becomes brilliant red in fall. Dark blue berries are loved by birds and help non-migrating Robins and newly arrived Bluebirds survive winter. Aggressive to the point of invasive. Can be used as a Ground Cover to end all ground covers; give it space. Use this plant to cover everything else with its lush, colourful foliage and wildlife feeding berries. Excellent for utility poles or fences you never want to see again. Woody roots. Grape Family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2804 http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/virginiacreeper.html http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/virginia-creeper.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=168 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/parthenocissus.html http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/virginiacreeper.html http://northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1003017 -see Similar Species at the bottom of the page https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/parthenocissus/quinquefolia/ http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=301 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/virginia-creeper https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/va_creeper.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/virginia-creeper http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l490 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_paqu2.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_paqu2.pdf
Wild Yam Vine Colic Root, Four-leaved Yam, igname value, dioscorée velue Dioscorea villosa 1 -pond/marsh edges, stream floodplains, valley bottoms, open woods, thickets, forest glades, bluffs; disturbed habitats, fencerows, railroad sides, power-line clearings. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates Full Shade with sub-optimal flowering. Moist to average moisture. Accepts rocky/sandy to calcareous. >3-6' Small, white to greenish-yellow blooms (spring) dangle in clusters from axils of leaves. Male and female flowers on separate plants. Male clusters are up to 12” long. Female clusters to 8”. Each female blossom matures into a golden green, 3-sectioned, broadly winged capsule that turns brown with age. Its lush, wide, heart-shaped, heavily veined, textured leaves and its climbing habit (by twining) make this a short, attractive, easily manageable vine. Rhizomes. Produces tubers. Yam family. Copious scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1170 https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/129324-Dioscorea-villosa/browse_photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/dioscorea/villosa/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/174
American Witch-hazel Common Witch-hazel, hamamélis de Virginie Hamamelis virginiana 1 4 5 -open woods, forest edges, slopes, ravines. >Part Shade; tolerates Full Sun to Full Shade. Rich, dry to moist, sandy/rocky/gravelly to average, acidic to average, well-drained soil. Deer resistant. >15-20’ A large, expansive shrub. The small, squiggly, yellow blooms (just before frost) appear not until after the leaves have fallen and then do not mature into seeds until the next year. Often planted as a large landscaping shrub because its blossoms are the last happy sight you’ll see before Christmas Lights appear. Colonizes via suckers. Witch-hazel family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1433 http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2092 http://www.earthdesign.ca/nati.html http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Hamamelidaceae/virginiana.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/hamamelis/virginiana/ http://hort.uconn.edu/detail.php?pid=200 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/witch-hazel https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/witch_hazel.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/common-witch-hazel https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/witchhazel.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Hamamelis_virginiana_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a749
