OPENING ASSIGNMENT

TURN IN YOUR WORKSHEET TO MR. CROFT AS HE WALKS AROUND.

How would you resolve a conflict between two neighbors?

How might the United States resolve a conflict between two nations?

WHAT ARE WE LEARNING TODAY• Essential Learning Goal:

• America became an Imperial power during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by extending military control over areas outside of the U.S. and expanding markets for American made goods thanks to a belief in cultural superiority and global competition.

• Learning Targets:

• The student will recognize the expansion of US interests around the world and which areas of the globe became spheres of American influence.

• The student will identify the economic interests of American business as a key factor in shaping American foreign policy including; Big Stick, Dollar, and Missionary Diplomacy, during the early 20th Century.

• TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING TOPICS TODAY.

1. The Panama Canal

2. The Police Power

3. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

4. Big Stick Diplomacy

5. Dollar Diplomacy

6. Missionary Diplomacy

TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND FOREIGN POLICY

• When President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901 Teddy Roosevelt became the President of the United States.

• Roosevelt soon helped to mediate peace between Russia and Japan who were involved in an imperialist war for the Korean peninsula and Manchuria (northeast China).

• Roosevelt helped convince the Japanese to accept only part of their demands and helped establish a lasting peace between the two nations.

• President Teddy Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his part in helping ending the Russo-Japanese War.

THE PANAMA CANAL• Many Americans believed a canal through

central America was not only possible but would improve global transportation.

• In the 1850’s the US and Britain agreed to share the rights to such a canal in central America. By 1901, however the British had lost interest and gave up their rights to the canal via a treaty.

• A French company had attempted to build a canal through Panama in the late 1800’s but were not successful. They then sent Mr. Bunau-Varilla to sell the claim to the US.

THE PANAMA CANAL• The US Congress agreed to buy the claim in Panama,

which at this time was a part of the nation of Colombia, for $40million.

• Before they could begin working on the canal the US had to get permission from the Colombian government. Colombia refused to cooperate and Mr. Bunau-Varilla helped organize a Panamanian rebellion.

• The Panamanians were interested in forming their own nation and with the assistance of US warships they successfully declared their independence on November 3, 1903.

PICTURES, CAUSE THEY ARE AWESOME.

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL

• Fifteen days after independence from Colombia the new nation of Panama signed a treaty with the United States in which the US agreed to pay $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000 for an area of land across Panama, this area became known as the Canal Zone.

• Work on the canal began in 1904 and was not completed until 1914. The building of the canal cost the US $380 million and cost 5,600 workers their lives. Many died from disease or accidents.

• In the first year it was open 1,000 ships passed through the Panama Canal.

THE PANAMA CANAL

• US support for the Panamanian rebellion caused many nations in Latin-America to distrust the United States.

1. Why would nations distrust the US after this incident?

2. What “interests” were in fact being supported by the US involvement in the Panamanian rebellion?

3. Besides the US government what other Americans benefited from the Canal’s existence?

CRITICAL THINKING

President Teddy Roosevelt was fond of the saying “speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

What Presidential power do you think Roosevelt was referring to when he says carry a big stick?

In what ways did Roosevelt speak softly with foreign countries?

Give an example of how Teddy Roosevelt used this proverb to guide his foreign policy?

ANOTHER QUOTE ABOUT POWER

Another famous American had a similar quote during the 1920’s.

“You can get much farther with a kind word and a gun than you can with a kind word alone.”

- Alphonse (Al) Capone, Chicago bootlegger and gangster

THE WORLD’S POLICE

THE POLICE POWERDO NOT COPY THIS SLIDE, READ, LISTEN, AND CONSIDER.

The authority conferred upon the states by the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and which the states delegate to their political subdivisions to enact measures to preserve and protect the safety, health, Welfare, and morals of the community.

Police power describes the basic right of governments to make laws and regulations for the benefit of their communities. Under the system of government in the United States, only states have the right to make laws based on their police power. The lawmaking power of the federal government is limited to the specific grants of power found in the Constitution.

THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• The Monroe Doctrine said that any European attempts to colonize North or South America would be considered acts of aggression and that the United States would intervene.

• President Teddy Roosevelt became concerned that European banks who had lent money to Central American nations could become a threat if those nations could not pay back their loans.

BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

• Therefore Roosevelt decided in 1904 that the US could if needed “exercise an international police power” or in effect use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• The Taft Administration followed Dollar Diplomacy, a policy of using U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople.

• This policy was called DOLLAR DIPLOMACY by critics and was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean and Central America.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

During the next decade, the US exercised its police power on several occasions.

• In 1911 the US government led by President Taft helped Nicaragua get US bank loans to pay off their debt and in return the US banks gained control of the Nicaraguan Railroad and the National Bank. The banks also received any money Nicaragua earned from import taxes.

• When the Nicaraguan public heard about the deal they revolted against President Diaz and his government.

• The US sent 2,000 Marines to put down the revolt and a Marine detachment stayed in Nicaragua until 1933.

PRESIDENT WILSON’S MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

• In 1913 President Woodrow Wilson attempted to give the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary a moral tone.

• Wilson believed the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government the U.S. viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests. This became known as MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY.

• Prior to this time the U.S. recognized any government that controlled a nation regardless of that nation’s policies or how it had come to power.

MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

• The dictator Porfirio Diaz controlled Mexico for more than three decades. He encouraged U.S. businesspeople to invest in his country.

• As a result, foreigners, mostly Americans, owned large portions of Mexico’s oil industry, mines, railroads, and ranches.

• While many Mexican landowners got wealthy the vast majority of Mexicans were poor.

• In 1911 Francisco Madero, Mexican peasants and workers overthrew Diaz and attempted to start democratic reforms.

MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

When Madero failed to unite the nation behind his reforms General Huerta took over the government and within days Madero was found murdered.

U.S. President Wilson refused to recognize the Mexican government under General Huerta.

Wilson watched and waited for an opportunity to use his POLICE POWER.

When a small groups of U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico the sailors were quickly released and Mexican officials apologized to the U.S.

MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

President Wilson decided the incident was an act of aggression and used it as an excuse to intervene in Mexico.

The U.S. Marine Corp invaded Veracruz, Mexico and occupied the town. 18 Americans and 200 Mexicans died in the invasion.

The two nations came close to war but Argentina, Brazil, and Chile stepped in to negotiate the conflict.

The US proposed that General Huerta step down and the US would leave without paying for damages. Mexico refused to agree and the Huerta government soon collapsed.

REBELLION IN MEXICO

Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata began rebellions against the new leader the new Mexican President Carranza.

When the US government recognized the President Carranza Pancho Villa threatened reprisals against the US. When US businessmen traveled to Mexico to operate a mine Pancho Villa stopped their train and shot them.

The US finally responded by sending the US army after Villa when he crossed the US boarder and raided Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. The Mexican government became angry at US soldiers on their land and the Mexican army under Carranza and the US army under John J. Pershing clashed war seemed eminent.

TICKET OUT THE DOOR

How did President Roosevelt practice his belief in “speak softly and carry a big stick” during the two events in Latin-America?

Why was the United States interested in “protecting” Latin-America from European influence?

How does the United States’ actions connect to the three factors that fueled American Imperialism?

1. Desire for new markets

2. Desire for military strength

3. Belief in cultural superiority