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Opening Questions (1/5/11)
• 1) Who was Count Cavour and why is he important to Italian unification?
• 2) How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help the Italian unification process? What was the name of his army that he started out with?
• 3) What country was a barrier to Italian Unification and why?
Unification of Germany
Role of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck
Origins of Unification1. Ideals of French Revolution and
Enlightenment
2. After the Congress of Vienna (1815) – Prussia becomes a major power– Gains power over several German States– Prussia will lead the charge to unite Germany
3. Germany was a group of independent States– Each with their own currency, laws, and rulers– Prussia influence while Austria’s influence
First Major Step towards Unification (Combine Economies)
1. Reform economies to combine them– Abolished tariffs between German States and
Prussian Provinces
A. “Junkers” – German Aristocratic Land Owners (Lead the charge to unify economy)a)Wanted to bring in new economic growth
B. “Zollverian” – German Customs Union (1828)a)Made prices lower and standardized them
b)Ushered in industrialization in Germany
c)Unified measurements, weights, and currency
Otto von Bismarck of Prussia
• Named Prime Minister of Prussia in 1861– Appointed by William I of
Prussia– Staunch Conservative
(opposes democracy and liberalism)
• Goals of Bismarck– Unify German States with
Kingdom of Prussia– Modernize army (bigger,
stronger, more advanced)– Make Prussia and Germany
the dominant power in Europe
Realpolitik
• Definition - to act with little regard to ethics, morals or legalities when it comes to politicsa) A “Machiavellian” concept – the ends justify
the means
b) Bismarck is a huge advocate of this policyi. Uses this policy to justify his actions
ii. Antagonizes Austria and France in order to start wars that will help strengthen Prussia
3 Wars of Unification
• 2 main goals of these wars1) Drive out all Austrian influence over German
Confederation2) Distract the public from liberal protest by
using foreign conflict
• The Three Main Wars– 1st – 1864 – Danish Wars – 2nd – 1866 – Seven Weeks War– 3rd – 1870 – Franco Prussian War
Details of Three Wars
Danish Wars – 1864
Denmark vs. Prussia/Austria
Purpose – fought to take back two territories from Denmark
Outcome – Prussia gets one province, Austria gets the other, done on purpose to create conflict
Goal Accomplished – Bismarck creates a conflict between Austria and Prussia
Seven Weeks War – 1866
Prussia vs. Austria
Purpose – to push Austria out of Germany
How - convinces France to be neutral, Italy is an ally of Prussia – Prussia uses advance military to crush Austria
Outcome – Treaty of Prague – Austria pushed out of Germany, Italy gets Venetia, Prussia dominates Germany States
Effects – Shocks Europe and changes balance of power, use of modern weaponry – War is industrialized (use of railways, telegraph, weapons)
Franco/Prussian War -1870
France vs. Prussia
Purpose – Way to unite North and south Germany
How – Bismarck tricks France into declaring war, South Germany unites to confront France
Outcome – Prussia easily defeats France, Jan 18th 1871 – N. and S. Germany unite
Effects - Crowned William I as “Kaiser” in the Palace of Versailles (angers French), Bismarck named 1st Chancellor “Iron Chancellor”, Germany is dangerously powerful
Post Seven Weeks War Map
Crowning of Wilhelm I as 1st Kaiser of Germany - The room pictured is the hall of mirrors in the Palace of Versailles… Think about how the French People felt
Germany as a nation
• Germany creates a federal form of governmenta) Federal Government controls national
defense, foreign affairs, and commerce
b) State governments control local taxation, law enforcement, and educationi. Much like the US set up their federal government
ii. Very efficient, Germany expands grows rapidly, continues to become very powerful
German Industrialization• Industrializes rapidly
a) Lots of natural resourcesb) Newest technology c) Advanced techniques and methods
• By 1914 (start of WWI) Germany out produces every major European countrya) Germany becomes dangerously powerful
and rich in the processb) Greatly upsets the balance of power in
Europe
Liberals conflict w/ Bismarck• Catholics – no religious tolerance for them
– Kulturkrampf = “Culture Struggle”• Meant to limit the influence and rights of Catholics• Extremely unpopular• Fails by 1887
• Socialists – after industrializationa)Gained continual support from citizens
b)Bismarck reacts by giving in to some demandsi. Ex – Insurance by employers, limiting work hours,
pensions for retired or injured workers, etc…
c)Socialist still keep gaining some limited power
Downfall of Bismarck
1) 1888 – William I dies2) William II takes power (not the son)
i. Wants absolute control (clashes with Bismarck)
a) Bismarck attempts to resign as a threati. 1890 – William II accepts the resignation though
3) William II pursues his own goalsa) Ex- expansion, imperialistic goals, strong
navyi. By the 1900’s he has created conflict with most of
Western Europe (especially Britain and France)
End of Day Question (1.5.11)
• 1) How did Germany first try to unify the country? What group of people pushed for this first step in unification?
• 2) Give me a definition of Realpolitik in your own words? Create an example of Realpolitik.