• This cartoon (1819) says a lot about what will happen in the Radical Phase of the French Revolution. What details do you see in this cartoon and what might that mean about what will happen?
• Who could have made this cartoon and why? What statement is being made in this cartoon?
• Identify the causes of the Radical Phase during the French Revolution
• Analyze the decisions of the French Government during the Radical Phase
• Evaluate the actions of Maximillien Robespierre during the Radical Phase
• Examine the fragility of Democracy
1. Moderate Phase (National/Legislative Assembly) 1789-1791– France becomes
Constitutional monarchy2. Radical Phase 1792-
1794/5– Reign of Terror
3. The Directory 1795-1799
4. Age of Napoleon 1799-1815
• The “sword” has been violent– Peasants– Paris
• Government (pen) has made the right moves with new Constitution, but the LA has made a mistake…
• 2 Threats– Internal– External
• The threats all attack at the same time…what a mess! What chaos! (hmm)
• 2nd Constitution is made in Sept. 1792– Legislative Assembly
now called the National Convention• EG-NA-LA-NC
– New gov is a…– What is King Louis
XVI?– Suffrage for all males– More Conservative or
Liberal than the past Constitution?
• Leaders (co-GWs)– George Danton =
Minister of Justice – Maximilien
Robespierre• Two factions/parties
from within the Jacobins lead the NC– Mountain =
Radicals– Girondins =
Moderates • What will happen
between the 2 parties?
• What to do with Louis XVI?–Alive or dead?
• Who wants what?• monarchy always a
threat• Louis and Marie
are helping the enemy
–Some think you can’t truly move forward until the monarchy is dead and gone (Dr. Zhivago)
• France losing war with European coalition…– Panic in Paris (blame…)
• August 1792, Louis XVI attacked again by mob in Tuileiries Palace– Not killed– Royalists were killed in
prisons• Why is this a problem?
1792
• January 1793, Louis XVI on trial as regular citizen (the charge?)– life almost
spared…by whom?• “Jacobins” have
him executed• Louis XVI is
executed like what English King?
• 2 more threats– Internal– External
• The threats all attack at the same time…what a mess! What chaos! (hmm)
• Violence inside France from two sources…– Counter-Revolutionary
rebels in France who are resisting the Revolution
– Sans-Culottes (where) who want to do what with the Revolution?
• What recipe does France need?– Order!!– What has to be
prevented?
• Jean Paul Marat– Writer and radical who
has a newspaper– Tells sans-culottes who is
new enemy to kill or capture
– Promotes violence– But he’s a Jacobin, so
he’s on the side of some powerful men
• Committee of Public Safety–Created in 1793 (2nd year
of Radical Phase)–Created by Danton–Led by Robespierre–Group of 12 men in the
NC that run everything–Goal?????????
(spectrum)
a. Solution for the External Threat = A Nation in Arms–Order citizens to join
• January 1793 – 650K army
• September 1793 – 1.2 million army (largest ever in Euro History at that point)
–Army begins to win along border and take land
• Jean Paul Marat• Killed July 13, 1793
–by Charlotte Corday, a Counter-Revolutionary
• Painting makes him look like?
• His assassination creates a ripple effect…what is it?
• What was it?• What was part of
it? How was it seen throughout France?
• What inspired it?• Who were the
leaders of it?• Thoughts?
Republic of Virtue
Whatdetails
do you seehere in this
cartoonthat
defendsthe FrenchRevolution
• Reign of Terror– After Marat was
killed– September 1793 to
July 1794..one year– Committee protects
Republic with execution of internal enemies
– Who are enemies?
Who were the victims?• What classes?
• October 1793• Unfair, quick trial• Accused of many
crimes…why again?– Orgies in Versailles– Ordering murders– WORST ONE…
Molesting her son• She makes a moving
speech• Executed at 38
• The Vendee (western France)– 42 percent of all executions– Towns wiped out
• Lyons (central France)– Used cannons when guillotine overused
• Marseilles (southern France)– Blood poured down street from guillotine
• Democracy??– What has taken its place?
Left = Jacobins Center = Girondins
Right = Conservatives and Royalists
-Robespierre will TRY to kill them last
-Killed 2nd -Killed 1st
• 50K killed in 9 months• Royalist rebels,
Peasants, Girondins killed
• Jacobins will be all that is left– Jacobins
• What else is preventing a true “Republic” from happening?– Religion!!!
• “saint” removed from street names• Cathedrals shut down and renamed• Why do this?
• Inspired by what to the worst degree?– Enlightenment
• God not worshiped inside new temples…– Female figure
personifying Liberty rises out of Temple of Reason
What is this?
• Started October 5, 1793
• Year 1 begins on September 1792…(?)
• Gregorian Calendar eliminated
• 3 weeks• 10 days a “decade”• No Sunday…why?
– Only 1 day of rest!• primidi (first day) • duodi (second day) • tridi (third day) • quartidi (fourth day) • quintidi (fifth day) • sextidi (sixth day) • septidi (seventh day) • octidi (eighth day) • nonidi (ninth day) • décadi (tenth day)
• The Republican calendar year began at the autumn equinox and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature:
• Autumn: – Vendémiaire (from Latin vindemia, "vintage") Starting Sept 22, 23 or 24 – Brumaire (from French brume, "mist") Starting Oct 22, 23 or 24 – Frimaire (From French frimas, "frost") Starting Nov 21, 22 or 23
• Winter: – Nivôse (from Latin nivosus, "snowy") Starting Dec 21, 22 or 23 – Pluviôse (from Latin pluviosus, "rainy") Starting Jan 20, 21 or 22 – Ventôse (from Latin ventosus, "windy") Starting Feb 19, 20 or 21
• Spring: – Germinal (from Latin germen, "seed") Starting Mar 20 or 21 – Floréal (from Latin flos, "flower") Starting Apr 20 or 21 – Prairial (from French prairie, "meadow") Starting May 20 or 21
• Summer: – Messidor (from Latin messis, "harvest") Starting Jun 19 or 20 – Thermidor (from Greek thermos, "hot") Starting Jul 19 or 20 – Fructidor (from Latin fructus, "fruits") Starting Aug 18 or 19
• 10 hours a day (each hour over twice as long as conventional hour)
• 100 minutes in each hour. Each minute was slightly longer than conventional minute
• Each second shorter than conventional second
• Big Mistake…why?• Laughed at by Europe• Wheezy, Sneezy and
Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety
Left = Jacobins Center = moderates and Girondins
Right = Conservatives and Royalists
-Robespierre will TRY to kill them next!!!
-Killed 2nd -Killed 1st
• Jacobins arrest Robespierre for making lists with more enemies of Rev
• Robespierre and Saint-Just executed
• Jacobins overthrown in Thermidor– Group that overthrows
them are called Thermidorians
• What follows the Jacobin overthrow in Thermidor?– Committee of Public Safety
weakened– Jacobin Club shut down– Paris mobs suppressed– Churches reopened– Laissez-Faire economic
policies return
• “Since the French people has manifested its will, everything opposed to it is outside the sovereign. Whatever is outside the sovereign is the enemy”–Louis de Saint-Just
You are either with us or against us
• The principal concern of constitutional government is civil liberty; that of revolutionary government, public liberty.
• Under a constitutional government little more is required than to protect the individual against abuses by the state, whereas revolutionary government is obliged to defend the state itself against factions that assail it from every quarter.
• To good citizens revolutionary government owes the full protection of the state; to the enemies of the people it owes only death
1. Moderate Phase (National/Legislative Assembly) 1789-1791
– France becomes Constitutional monarchy
2. Radical Phase 1792-1794/5– Reign of Terror
3. The Directory 1795-1799
4. Age of Napoleon 1799-1815
• 3rd Constitution written May 1795– Made by Moderates
(Survived Girondins)• 2-House Leg (NLA)
– Council of 500…– Council of Elders…
• Pick 5 Directors (Executive Branch or Cabinet)
– How were these 750 men picked for office?
– Who could vote?• Spectrum??• Poor decisions by
Directory?
• Old Order returns• Corrupt and Weak• War with Austria
and GB• riots over economy
from sans-cullotte• Relied on army too
much to suppress rebellions– What happens to
the army?– 1799, army
launches coup d'état on the Directory…led by???
