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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr _crjcs

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Xbc Onsc ka tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn

Obu-Ujg` Dk

Gk. 31>Inrob <5>1 

 Nsjng Hcvcdkpicgt Lngf Jgstjtutc

8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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Xbc Pkrfjg` Unpcr scrjcs js n okgtjguntjkg ka tbc akricrdy gnich Hjsoussjkg Unpcr scrjcs6tbc guilcrjg` ka tbc pnpcrs okgtjguch wjtbkut jgtcrruptjkg kr obng`c. NHLJ‚s wkrfjg`pnpcrs rcadcot jgjtjnd jhcns kg n tkpjo ngh nrc pkstch kgdjgc akr hjsoussjkg. NHLJ cgokurn`csrcnhcrs tk pkst tbcjr okiicgts kg tbc injg pn`c akr cnob wkrfjg` pnpcr (`jvcg jg tbcojtntjkg lcdkw). _kic wkrfjg` pnpcrs iny hcvcdkp jgtk ktbcr akris ka puldjontjkg.

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Dk, O.-U. <5>1. Kpcggcss ngh Srlngjzntjkg= Xbc Onsc ka tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn. NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31>. Xkfyk= Nsjng Hcvcdkpicgt Lngf Jgstjtutc. Nvnjdnldc=bttp=//www.nhl.kr`/puldjontjkgs/kpcggcss-ngh-urlngjzntjkg-onsc-pro/

Udcnsc okgtnot tbc nutbkrs akr jgakrintjkg nlkut tbjs pnpcr.

Cinjd= opdkEgtu.chu.tw

Obu-Ujg` Dk js ng nsskojntc prkacsskr nt tbc Hcpnrticgt ka N`rjoudturnd Cokgkijos,GXS, Xnjpcj,Objgn.

Xbc vjcws cxprcssch jg tbjs pnpcr nrc tbc vjcws ka tbc nutbkr ngh hk gkt gcocssnrjdy

rcadcot tbc vjcws kr pkdjojcs ka NHLJ, NHL, jts Lknrh ka Hjrcotkrs, kr tbc `kvcrgicgtstbcy rcprcscgt. NHLJ hkcs gkt `unrngtcc tbc noournoy ka tbc hntn jgoduhch jg tbjs pnpcrngh noocpts gk rcspkgsjljdjty akr ngy okgscqucgocs ka tbcjr usc. Xcrijgkdk`y usch inygkt gcocssnrjdy lc okgsjstcgt wjtb NHL kaajojnd tcris.

Pkrfjg` pnpcrs nrc sulmcot tk akrind rcvjsjkg ngh okrrcotjkg lcakrc tbcy nrc ajgndjzchngh okgsjhcrch puldjsbch.

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© <5>1 Nsjng Hcvcdkpicgt Lngf Jgstjtutc

8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 Nlstrnot

Srlngjzntjkg usunddy koours wjtb struoturnd trngsakrintjkg hrjvcg ly n —pusb’ arkin`rjoudturnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb ngh n —pudd’ arki jghustrjnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb, ngh usunddytbc akricr cxocchs tbc dnttcr. Xbjs pnpcr prcscgts n sjipdc ikhcd tk jddustrntc bkw tbc kpcgpkdjoy jg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn (U\O) sjgoc >:0: rcvcrsch tbc pnttcrg suob tbnt tbc—pudd’ caacot hkijgntch tbc —pusb’ caacot hurjg` tbc U\O‚s struoturnd trngsakrintjkg nghurlngjzntjkg. Xbjs ikhcd bcdps cxpdnjg wby tbc U\O, wbksc jghustrjnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtbcxocchs jts n`rjoudturnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb, bns cxpcrjcgoch n stnghnrh pnttcrg ka struoturndtrngsakrintjkg. Xbc pnpcr ndsk hcikgstrntcs bkw n hcvcdkpjg` okugtry‚s lusjgcss scrvjocsjgtcgsjty jgorcnscs wjtb jts urlngjzntjkg.

MCD Odnssjajontjkg= D>16 K>86 K85

8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

>. JGX\KHSOXJKG

Jt bns lccg wcdd hkouicgtch tbnt struoturnd trngsakrintjkg rcadcots skic stydjzchanots nikg` tbc Kr`ngjsntjkg akr Cokgkijo Ok-kpcrntjkg ngh Hcvcdkpicgt (KCOH)okugtrjcs= Jg tnghci wjtb cokgkijo hcvcdkpicgt, cipdkyicgt sbnrc (ngh vnduc-nhhchsbnrc) hcorcnscs jg tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr lut jgorcnscs jg tbc scrvjoc scotkr (Fuzgcts>:116 Inhhjskg >:256 Fkg`sniut, \clcdk, ngh Rj <55>). G`nj ngh Ujssnrjhcs (<550)aurtbcr nr`uc tbnt tbc cipdkyicgt sbnrc ajrst jgorcnscs lut dnttcr hcorcnscs jg tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr ngh akddkws n buip sbnpc. Ikrckvcr, Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn(<5><) sbkw tbnt tbc rcdntjvc sbnrc ka trnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs (j.c., pcrskgnd scrvjocs)hcorcnscs wbjdc tbnt ka gkgtrnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs (j.c., lusjgcss scrvjocs) jgorcnscs wjtbhcvcdkpicgt. >  Bkwcvcr, tbjs wjtbjg-scrvjoc-scotkr struoturnd obng`c klscrvch lyHunrtc ngh \cstuoojn (<5><) js ngktbcr stydjzch anot tbnt bns gkt lccg nhhrcssch jg tbcdjtcrnturc (Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj <5>8).

Xbcrc nrc twk tbrcnhs ka djtcrnturc nlkut struoturnd trngsakrintjkg. <  Xbc ajrst

okrrcspkghs tk tbc ngndysjs akugh jg Fkg`sniut, \clcdk, ngh Rjc (<55>), jg wbjobstruoturnd obng`c js hrjvcg ly jgokic caacot lut rcdntjvc prjocs rcinjg tbc snic.Xk cgtnjd tbc jgokic caacots, tbcy nssuic n gkgbkiktbctjo _tkgc‟@cnry utjdjty jgwbjob n`rjoudturnd `kkhs nrc jgacrjkr `kkhs wjtb dcss tbng kgc jgokic cdnstjojty,inguanoturjg` `kkhs nrc gkrind `kkhs wjtb ugjty jgokic cdnstjojty, ngh scrvjoc`kkhs nrc supcrjkr `kkhs wjtb dnr`cr tbng kgc jgokic cdnstjojty. _jgoc tbc rcdntjvcprjocs rcinjg tbc snic ndkg` jgokic `rkwtb, tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr, wbjob jsobnrnotcrjzch ly ugjt jgokic cdnstjojty, iust `rkw ikgktkgjonddy wjtb jgokic. Ns nrcsudt, tbjs ajrst ikhcd onggkt nookugt akr kgc ka tbc stydjzch anots= tbnt tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr akddkws n buip-sbnpch pnttcrg.

Xbc scokgh tbrcnh okrrcspkghs tk tbc ngndysjs akugh jg G`nj ngh Ujssnrjhcs (<550)

ngh ndsk jg Nocik`du ngh @ucrrjcrj (<552), jg wbjob struoturnd trngsakrintjkg js hrjvcgly obng`cs jg rcdntjvc prjocs, lut tbc scotkrnd jgokic cdnstjojty js ka ugjty. G`nj nghUjssnrjhcs (<550) ajrst nhhrcss tbc buip-sbnpch pnttcrg jg tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr lynssuijg` tbnt ndd okgsuiptjkg `kkhs nrc jgcdnstjo sulstjtutcs. Cipdkyjg` n bkiktbctjookgstngt cdnstjojty ka sulstjtutjkg (OC_) utjdjty augotjkg tbnt js jgcdnstjo, tbcjr ikhcdsbkws tbnt kgdy tbc scotkr wjtb tbc sinddcst prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb ngh tbc scotkr tbntprkhuocs onpjtnd `kkhs prcvnjd, wbjdc tbc ktbcr scotkrs tbnt prkhuoc okgsuiptjkg`kkhs cvcgtunddy vngjsb. Xbcjr prjoc caacot npprknob ong nookugt akr tbc stydjzch anotskgdy wbcg n`rjoudturnd prkhuotjvjty `rkws tbc anstcst, scrvjoc prkhuotjvjty tbc sdkwcst,ngh inguanoturjg` prkhuotjvjty jg lctwccg.

Okiljgjg` tbc jgokic caacot (huc tk hjaacrcgt cdnstjojty ka sulstjtutjkg jg prkhuotjkg)ngh tbc rcdntjvc prjoc caacot (huc tk hjaacrcgt rntcs ka scotkrnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb),@kddjg, Mchwnl, ngh Qkddrntb (<5>?) jgtrkhuoc trnhc tk n stntjo ikhcd ka struoturndtrngsakrintjkg wjtb tbc gkgbkiktbctjo _tkgc‟@cnry utjdjty. Xbcy usc tbjs ikhcd tkcxpdnjg wby gnturnd rcskurocs dcnh tbc okugtrjcs jg sul‟_nbnrng Narjon tk urlngjzntjkgwbjdc gkt cxpcrjcgojg` tbc stnghnrh pnttcrg ka struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ns jg tbchcvcdkpch ngh Cnst Nsjng okugtrjcs.

>  Ucr Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn‚s (<5><) hcajgjtjkg, tbc trnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs, okgsjstjg` ka hkicstjo ngh

bkuscbkdh scrvjocs, bcndtb ngh bkusjg` nrc injgdy pcrskgnd scrvjocs. Xbcjr gkg-trnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs,okgsjstjg` ka okiiugjontjkg ngh trngspkrt scrvjocs, jgsurngoc ngh ajgngojnd scrvjocs ngh rcorcntjkgndngh oudturnd scrvjocs, nrc bj`bdy rcdntch tk lusjgcss-rcdntch scrvjocs.

<  _cc Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj (<5>8) akr n survcy ka tbc djtcrnturc.

?

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

Bkwcvcr, ndd tbc ikhcds icgtjkgch nlkvc anjd tk nhhrcss tbc stydjzch anot koourrjg`wjtbjg tbc scrvjoc scotkr, tbnt lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgtngh urlngjzntjkg (Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn <5><6 Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj<5>8). Jg prnotjoc, akr cxnipdc, tbc ajgngojnd ngh lusjgcss scrvjocs sulscotkr jg_jg`npkrc cxpcrjcgoch tbc bj`bcst cipdkyicgt `rkwtb rntc wjtbjg tbc scrvjoc jghustry,wbjdc tbc inguanoturjg` jghustry sbch >5% ka jts wkrfcrs jg tbc >::5s. Jg okgtrnst, tbcpcrskgnd scrvjocs sulscotkr jg _jg`npkrc ns n sbnrc ka tktnd scrvjoc kutput hcodjgcharki 85% jg >:15 tk <5% jg >::1. ? 

_truoturnd trngsakrintjkg dcnhs tk urlngjzntjkg wbcg prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg tbcn`rjoudturc scotkr hcorcnscs `rnhunddy wjtb hcvcdkpicgt huc tk tbc —pudd’ caacot. Jtjs oruojnd jg tbc djtcrnturc tbnt, hurjg` tbcjr pcrjkh ka struoturnd trngsakrintjkg nghurlngjzntjkg, KCOH okugtrjcs klscrvc tbc `rcntcst prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg tbcn`rjoudturc scotkr, akddkwch ly tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr, ngh tbc dcnst prkhuotjvjty`rkwtb jg tbc scrvjoc scotkr. Jg nhhjtjkg tk stuhyjg` tbc KCOH okugtrjcs, tbcrc nrcskic onsc stuhjcs ka dcss hcvcdkpch okugtrjcs= Fuzgcts (>:11) cxnijgcs gkt kgdy>? KCOH okugtrjcs lut ndsk akricr _kvjct rcpuldjos lctwccg >255 ngh >:15, wbjdc

Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj (<5>8) cxnijgc tbc injg KCOH okugtrjcs nghtbc \cpuldjo ka Fkrcn ns wcdd arki >:05 tk <550. Xbcsc stuhjcs rcpkrt tbnt tbcn`rjoudturc scotkr rngfs ajrst jg tktnd anotkr prkhuotjvjty (XAU) `rkwtb, akddkwch ly tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr ngh tbcg tbc scrvjoc scotkr. Gktc tbnt tbc akricr _kvjct Sgjkg(>:>0‟>::>) okgsjstch ka >3 rcpuldjos‘Nricgjn, Nzcrlnjmng, Lcdnrus, Cstkgjn,@ckr`jn, Fnznfbstng, tbc Fyr`yz \cpuldjo, Dntvjn, Djtbungjn, Ikdhkvn, \ussjngAchcrntjkg, Xnmjfjstng, Xurficgjstng, Sfrnjgc, ngh Szlcfjstng. Lktb tbc \cpuldjo kaFkrcn ngh tbc akricr _kvjct rcpuldjos jg tbc >:tb ocgtury okudh lc okgsjhcrch dcsshcvcdkpch okugtrjcs.

Bkwcvcr, wjtb rcspcot tk bjstkrjond cvjhcgoc jg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn (U\O),ngktbcr skojndjst okugtry dkontch jg Cnst Nsjn, tbc hntn sbkw tbnt tbc XAU `rkwtb rntc

ka tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr js dkwcr tbng tbnt cjtbcr ka tbc inguanoturjg` kr tbc scrvjocscotkr jg tbc U\O (c.`., Xjng ngh Zu <5><6 Lkswkrtb ngh Okddjgs <552). Ns kppksch tktbc su``cstjkg jg tbc rcdntjvc prjoc caacot ikhcd (c.`., G`nj ngh Ujssnrjhcs <550), nssbkwg jg Aj`urc >, tbc U\O‚s urlngjzntjkg sur`ch natcr jt dnugobch jts kpcgjg`-uppkdjojcs ngh inrfct-krjcgtch rcakri jg >:02. Xbc U\O‚s XAU `rkwtb wns odksc tk zcrklcakrc >:02, ngh ikst tcobgjond prk`rcss bns koourrch natcr >:02 (Xjng ngh Zu <5><).Xbnt js, tbc stntus ka tbc U\O cokgkiy lcakrc >:02 js qujtc okipnrnldc tk tbnt kaKCOH okugtrjcs jg tbc >:tb ocgtury wbcg struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh urlngjzntjkgtkkf kaa jg tbksc okugtrjcs.

Aj`urc >(n) sbkws tbnt tbc vnduc nhhch ka tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr hcorcnscs wjtbhcvcdkpicgt ngh tbnt ka tbc scrvjoc scotkr jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt, wbjdc tbnt

ka tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr hjspdnys n buip-sbnpc jg tbc U\O. Ndkg` wjtb tbcscstruoturnd trngsakrintjkgs jg tbc okugtry, Aj`urc >(l) hcikgstrntcs tbnt tbcurlngjzntjkg rntc jgorcnscs sulstngtjnddy. Jg okgtrnst tk KCOH okugtrjcs jg wbjobn`rjoudturnd prkhuotjvjty bns tbc bj`bcst `rkwtb nikg` scotkrs, tbc U\O, wbcrcn`rjoudturnd prkhuotjvjty bns tbc dkwcst `rkwtb nikg` scotkrs, ndsk cxpcrjcgocs tbcstnghnrh pnttcrg ka struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh rnpjh urlngjzntjkg.

?  _cc Ikgctnry Nutbkrjty ka _jg`npkrc (>::2).

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

Aj`urc >= _truoturnd Xrngsakrintjkg ngh Srlngjzntjkg _bnrcjg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuld jo ka Objgn, >:15‟<5>8

@HU 9 ̀ rkss hkicstjo prkhuot.

Hntn skuroc= Pkrdh Lngf. Pkrdh HntnLngf. bttp=//hntnlngf.wkrdhlngf.kr`/hntn/bkic.nspx.

Xk nhhrcss tbc struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh urlngjzntjkg jg tbc U\O, tbjs pnpcrhcvcdkps n sjipdc stntjo ikhcd ka struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ly jgokrpkrntjg` lusjgcssscrvjocs jgtk @kddjg, Mchwnl, ngh Qkddrntb‚s (<5>?) arnicwkrf. J nr`uc tbnt tbjs sjipdcikhcd ong hcikgstrntc ndd ka tbc stydjzch anots jg tbc struoturnd trngsakrintjkg jg nokugtry wjtb kpcggcss tk trnhc. Jg pnrtjoudnr, tbjs sjipdc ikhcd bcdps cxpdnjg wby tbcU\O ndsk sbkwch tbc stnghnrh pnttcrg ka struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh urlngjzntjkgnatcr jt nhkptch jts kpcg pkdjojcs.

Xbc gcxt scotjkg prcscgts tbc ikhcd jg wbjob tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs sulscotkr jsjgokrpkrntch jgtk tbc stnghnrh struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ikhcd ngh bkw tbc rngfjg`ka scotkrnd prkhuotjvjty jg tbc U\O hjaacrs arki tbnt ka KCOH okugtrjcs. J jgtrkhuoctrnhc ngh okipnrntjvc nhvngtn`c jgtk tbc ikhcd jg tbc tbjrh scotjkg. Xbc akurtbscotjkg nhhrcsscs urlngjzntjkg jg tbc U\O, wbjob js hrjvcg ly tbc stydjzch anotska wjtbjg-cokgkiy ngh wjtbjg-scrvjoc-scotkr struoturnd trngsakrintjkg. Xbc ajgndscotjkg okgoduhcs.

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

wbcrc wt js tbc jgokic ka n rcprcscgtntjvc jghjvjhund. Bcrc, pnt, pit, plt, ngh pst hcgktctbc ugjt prjocs ka n ugjt ka n`rjoudturnd `kkh, inguanoturjg` `kkh, ngh lusjgcss scrvjocngh pcrskgnd scrvjoc nt tjic t, rcspcotjvcdy.

Ssjg` cquntjkgs (>) tbrku`b (?), tbc n``rc`ntc prjoc jghcx akr tbc n``rc`ntc `kkh ngh

ikhcrg `kkhs, rcspcotjvcdy, okudh lc hcrjvch ns

> > > > (> )V YOt n nt I It s st  U p p p

∜β ∜β ∜β ∜β9 ζ + ζ + ζ , (8)

> > > (> )V (> ) Y It it lt  p p p∜ρ ∜ρ ∜ρ9 ΰ + ∜ ΰ . (3)

_jijdnr tk @kddjg, Mchwnl, ngh Qkddrntb (<5>?), dct us hcajgc surpdus jgokic ns

t nt n t  w p o zw∜ 9 , (1)

wbcrc >   nt n

t 

 p o z

w9 ∜  js tbc surpdus sbnrc. Xbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt js

spcgt kg tbc n`rjoudturnd `kkhs, jipdjch jg cquntjkgs (>), (<), ngh (8), js `jvcg ly

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_jijdnrdy, jg cquntjkgs (>), (?), ngh (8), tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt js spcgtkg tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs js

>

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Jg cquntjkgs (>), (?), (8), ngh (3), tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt js spcgt kg tbcinguanoturjg` ̀ kkhs js

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ngh tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt js spcgt kg tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs js `jvcg ly

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Arki cquntjkgs (0) tbrku`b (>5), wc kltnjg >nt it lt st  

℡ + ℡ + ℡ + ℡ 9  jg cqujdjlrjui.

<.< Urkhuotjkg

Xbc prkhuotjkg augotjkg jg ndd scotkrs js sjipdjajch ns

, mt mt mt Z N D9   (>>)

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

wbcrc  N mt js tbc prkhuotjvjty ka scotkr  m, ngh D m js tbc tktnd dnlkr cipdkych jg tbc scotkr

 m ∂ (n, i ,s ,l). Gktc tbnt sulsorjpt n  hcgktcs tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr, i  hcgktcs tbcinguanoturjg` jgput, s  hcgktcs tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs scotkr, ngh l  hcgktcs tbclusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr. Dnlkr js arccdy ikljdc norkss scotkrs ngh pcracot okipctjtjkg

dcnhs tk cqujdjlrjui

t nt nt st st it it lt lt  w p N p N p N p N9 9 9 9 . (><)

\cwrjtjg` tbc surpdus sbnrc ns >   n

n

o z

 N9 ∜  tk `ct audd cipdkyicgt cqujdjlrjui `jvcs

.t nt it st lt   D D D D D9 + + +   (>?)

<.? _cotkrnd Urkhuot jvjt y

Fuzgcts (>:11) cxnijgcs >? KCOH okugtrjcs ngh tbc akricr _kvjct Sgjkg lctwccg>255 ngh >:156 Inhhjskg (>:25) cxnijgcs >1 KCOH okugtrjcs arki >205 tk >:206ngh Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj (<5>8) cxnijgc Nustrndjn, Ongnhn,Mnpng, tbc \cpuldjo ka Fkrcn, ngh tbc Sgjtch _tntcs (S_), ns wcdd ns tbc n``rc`ntc>3 Curkpcng Sgjkg (CS) okugtrjcs arki >:05 tk <550. Xbcy ndd rcpkrt tbnt tbcn`rjoudturc scotkr rngfs ajrst jg tcris ka tbc XAU `rkwtb rntc, akddkwch ly tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr ngh tbcg tbc scrvjoc scotkr.

 Ns akr tbc scrvjoc scotkr, Mkr`cgskg ngh Xjiicr (<5>>) hkouicgt sulstngtjndbctcrk`cgcjty nikg` Mnpng, tbc CS ngh tbc S_.  Ucrskgnd scrvjocs bnvc tbc dkwcstprkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg lktb Mnpng ngh tbc CS. 3 Jg tbc S_, bkwcvcr, ajgngojnd nghlusjgcss scrvjocs bnvc tbc dkwcst prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb, hjstrjlutjkg scrvjocs bnvc tbc

bj`bcst prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb, ngh pcrskgnd scrvjocs nrc jg tbc ijhhdc. Gktc tbnt jg tbcjrpnpcr, hjstrjlutjkg scrvjocs nrc odnssjajch jgtk tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr. Xbus,nookrhjg` tk tbcjr rcscnrob, tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr (wjtb hjstrjlutjkg ngh ajgngojndscrvjocs jgoduhch) jg tbc S_ stjdd bns n bj`bcr prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb rntc tbng pcrskgndscrvjocs (wjtb bcndtb onrc jgoduhch).

Xbcrcakrc, J prcsuic tbnt prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr js `rcntcrtbng tbnt jg tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs scotkr lut gkt `rcntcr tbng tbnt jg tbc inguanoturjg`scotkr. Bkwcvcr, rcdnxjg` tbjs nssuiptjkg wjdd gkt ndtcr kur injg rcsudts, prkvjhch tbnttbc inguanoturjg` prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb js suaajojcgtdy bj`bcr tbng tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocsprkhuotjvjty `rkwtb. Okgodusjvcdy, ns jg tbc djtcrnturc icgtjkgch cnrdjcr, tbc `rkwtbrntcs ka scotkr prkhuotjvjty jg tbc wkrdh (c.`., KCOH) nrc rngfch ns

* * * *

* * * *

nt it lt st  

nt it lt st  

 N N N N

 N N N N7 7 7

 wbcg 5 ,t X ≨ ≨   (>8)

wbcrc X  js tbc pcrjkh ka jgtcrcst Gktc tbnt jgokic `rkws wjtb prkhuotjvjty, sk tbntjgokic ndsk `rkws wjtb tjic jg tbc akddkwjg` hjsoussjkg.

3  Xbcjr rcsudts nrc okgsjstcgt wjtb n stuhy ly tbc Pkrdh Lngf rcpkrt (Acrgnghcs <550), wbjob rcpkrts tbnt

rcnd cstntc ngh ajgngojnd jgtcrichjntjkg jg tbc CS-2 okugtrjcs cxbjljtch tbc bj`bcst nvcrn`c dnlkrprkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg >::0‟<558.

2

8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

?. KUCG COKGKIZ

Jg ng kpcg cokgkiy, wc nssuic tbnt scotkr prkhuotjvjty js n okiljgntjkg ka hkicstjongh akrcj`g okgtrjlutjkgs jg Okll‟Hku`dns akri=

>   *f f 

ft ft ft   N N N

∜³ ³9 , (>3)

wbcrc > ≣ ³f ≣ 5 hcgktcs tbc cxtcgt tk wbjob fgkwdch`c spjddkvcrs tnfc caacot ngh

f ∂ {n, i ,s ,l}. _uppksc tbnt tbc bkic okugtry js ughcrhcvcdkpch, suob tbnt* .ft f 

 N N77  Xbcrcakrc,

*

*(> ) .ft ft ft  

f f 

ft ft ft  

 N N N

 N N N9 ∜ ³ + ³

  (>1)

Jg tbc dntc >:05s, tbc U\O kpcgch jts cokgkiy tk akrcj`g jgvcstkrs, dcnhjg` tk n dnr`cjgorcnsc jg inguanoturjg` mkls. Ns jg ingy hcvcdkpch cokgkijcs, tbc kpcg pkdjoy jgtbc U\O (j.c., cxpkrt-krjcgtch pkdjojcs) `cgcrnddy anvkrs tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr nghdcnvcs lktb tbc n`rjoudturc ngh scrvjoc scotkrs bj`bdy prktcotch. Xbus, jt js acnsjldc tk

nssuic i l s n³ 7 ³ 7 ³ 7 ³  jg tbc onsc ka tbc U\O= Pbjdc tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr

okudh cxpcrjcgoc n dnr`cr hc`rcc ka fgkwdch`c spjddkvcrs arki akrcj`g jgvcsticgt tbngtbc ktbcr scotkrs, tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr okudh noqujrc dcss sjgoc jts jgtng`jldcgnturc djijts jts trnhnljdjty (ndtbku`b jt okipdcicgts tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr), ngh tbcn`rjoudturc scotkr ij`bt noqujrc tbc dcnst huc tk sulstngtjnd prktcotjkg. Ns n rcsudt, jgokgtrnst tk tbc rcst ka tbc wkrdh, ns jghjontch jg cquntjkg (>8), jg tbc onsc ka tbc U\O jgtbc pcrjkh okgocrgch, tbc rngfjg` ka prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb js suppksch tk lc

, .it lt nt st  

it lt nt st  

 N N N N

 N N N N7 7

  (>0)

Akr sjipdjojty, huc tk s n³ 7 ³  ngh tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>3), wc hk gkt hjstjg`ujsb

tbc rngfjg` ka tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs ngh n`rjoudturc scotkrs jg prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb.

Xbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>0) js jg djgc wjtb scvcrnd stuhjcs. Akr cxnipdc, Xjng ngh Zu(<5><) prcscgt n ictn-ngndysjs ka 3,?52 klscrvntjkgs ka tbc XAU `rkwtb rntc jg tbcU\O arki >35 puldjsbch ngh ugpuldjsbch stuhjcs ngh ajgh tbnt tbc nvcrn`c XAU`rkwtb rntc jg tbc U\O natcr >:02 js nlkut <.?%. Xbcy ndsk ajgh tbnt lctwccg >:35ngh <55:, tbc nvcrn`c XAU `rkwtb rntc akr tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr js 0.3:%, wbjdctbc aj`urcs akr tbc scrvjoc ngh n`rjoudturc scotkrs nrc 3.3% ngh <%, rcspcotjvcdy.Icngwbjdc, Lkswkrtb ngh Okddjgs (<552) okipnrc Jghjn ngh tbc U\O ngh rcvcnd tbnttbc U\O‚s XAU `rkwtb rntc jg tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr js >.0%, tbnt ka tbc inguanoturjg`scotkr (jgoduhjg` okgstruotjkg, puldjo utjdjtjcs, ngh ijgjg`) js 8.?%, ngh tbnt ka tbcscrvjoc scotkr js >.2% pcr ycnr arki >:02 tk <558.

Xbc stuhjcs ly Xjng ngh Zu (<5><) ngh Lkswkrtb ngh Okddjgs (<552) okgoduhc tbnttbc inguanoturjg` scotkr jg tbc U\O bnh tbc `rcntcst nggund XAU `rkwtb natcr>:02, sj`gjajongtdy bj`bcr tbng ktbcr scotkrs (c.`., nlkut <.3 tjics `rcntcr tbng tbcn`rjoudturnd XAU `rkwtb). Okipnrntjvcdy, tbjs ajghjg` jg tbc U\O‚s scotkrnd XAU `rkwtbjs qujtc hjaacrcgt tbng jg KCOH okugtrjcs jg tcris ka rngfjg`, suob tbnt tbc ourrcgtrcdntjvc prjoc caacot ikhcd onggkt nppdy tk tbc onsc ka tbc U\O‚s struoturnd

trngsakrintjkg. Xbjs hjsorcpngoy iktjvntcs kur ourrcgt stuhy.

:

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

?.> Okipnrntjvc Nhvngtn`cs jg Xrnhnldcs

 Ns js wcdd fgkwg, tbc U\O bns bnh n okipnrntjvc nhvngtn`c jg inguanoturjg``kkhs ngh n hjsnhvngtn`c jg lusjgcss scrvjocs sjgoc jipdcicgtntjkg ka jts kpcg

pkdjoy jg >:02. Xbcrcakrc, jt js acnsjldc tk prcsuic, jg tbc onsc ka tbc U\O, tbnt* * ,it lt it lt   p p p p4  wbcrc tbc nstcrjsf * hcgktcs tbc rcst ka wkrdh (pnrtjoudnrdy KCOH

okugtrjcs). Akddkwjg` tbc kpcg pkdjoy, tbc U\O bns jipkrtch lusjgcss scrvjocs nt n

prjoc ka*

*  .it 

it 

lt 

 p p

 p Xbcrcakrc, wjtb cquntjkgs (8), (3), ngh (><), tbc prkhuotjvjty jghcx ka

ikhcrg `kkhs js

*> > > ( >)

*V (> )( ) Y ,it 

 It it it it 

lt 

 p N N N N

 p

ρ∜ ρ∜ ρ∜9 ΰ + ∜ ΰ 9 α   (>2)

wbcrc*

> > ( >)

*V (> )( ) Y .it 

lt 

 p

 p

ρ∜ ρ∜α 9 ΰ + ∜ ΰ  

_jijdnrdy, tbc prkhuotjvjty jghcx ka n``rc`ntc `kkhs js `jvcg ly

> > > > ( >)

> > > > > ( >)

V Y

V Y .

t O n nt I It s st  

n nt I it s st  

 N N N N

 N N N

β∜ β∜ β∜ β∜

β∜ β∜ β∜ β∜ β∜

9 ζ + ζ + ζ

9 ζ + ζ α + ζ  (>:)

Jgokrpkrntch wjtb cquntjkgs (1) ngh (>:), tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt jsspcgt kg tbc n`rjoudturnd `kkhs jg cquntjkg (0) ong lc rcwrjttcg ns 

>

>.n nt 

nt 

Ot 

 N

 N

β∜

β∜

ζ℡ 9   (<5)

_jijdnrdy, tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic spcghjg` kg pcrskgnd scrvjocs jgcquntjkg (2) js

>

>.s st 

st 

Ot 

 N

 N

β∜

β∜

ζ℡ 9   (<>)

Jgokrpkrntch wjtb cquntjkgs (>2) ngh (>:), tbc arnotjkg ka tbc surpdus jgokic tbnt jsspcgt kg tbc inguanoturjg` `kkhs jg cquntjkg (:) ong lc rcwrjttcg ns

> > >

> > >( )( ) ( ), I It it I it 

it 

Ot It Ot  

 N N N

 N N N

β∜ ρ∜ β∜β∜ρ

β∜ ρ∜ β∜

ζ ΰ ζ℡ 9 9 ΰα   (<<)

ngh tbc arnotjkg ka surpdus jgokic tbnt js spcgt kg tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs jg cquntjkg(>5) ong lc rcwrjttcg ns

>>

>( )( ). I it 

lt 

Ot 

 N

 N

β∜ρ∜

ρ∜β β∜

ζα ∜ ΰ℡ 9

α  (<?)

>5

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

8. _X\SOXS\ND X\NG_AK\INXJKG NGHS\LNGJ]NXJKG

Gkw dct us ondoudntc tbc arnotjkg ka cipdkyicgt jg cnob scotkr, wbjob js ndsk tbcscotkrnd vnduc-nhhch sbnrc jg `rkss hkicstjo prkhuot (@HU). Pjtb cquntjkgs (1) ngh(<5), tbc arnotjkg ka dnlkr cipdkych jg tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr js `jvcg ly

> > >

>> (> )V Y.n n I it s st  

nt Ot  

 D o N N

 D N N

β∜ β∜ β∜

β∜

ζ α + ζ9 ∜ ∜   (<8)

Jt js cnsy tk hctcrijgc tbnt, wjtb β 7 > ngh tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>0), cquntjkg (<8)jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt ndkg` tbc tjic nxjs, ns sbkwg jg Aj`urc <. Jg djgc wjtb@kddjg, Mchwnl, ngh Qkddrntb (<5>?), n `rccg rcvkdutjkg (ng jgorcnsc jg  Nnt) dcnhs tk tbc—pusb caacot’ ngh ng jghustrjnd rcvkdutjkg (ng jgorcnsc jg Nit) dcnhs tk tbc —pudd caacot’ jgtbc n`rjoudturc scotkr.

Aj`urc <= Cipdkyicgt _bnrcs ka Ndd _cotkrs

Gktc= Cipdkyicgt jg tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr (Di) ngh scrvjoc scotkr (Dl + Ds) okgstjtutc urlng pkpudntjkg, ngh Dn jsn`rjoudturnd cipdkyicgt.

_kuroc= Nutbkr.

Pjtb cquntjkgs (1) ngh (<<), tbc arnotjkg ka dnlkr cipdkych jg tbc inguanoturjg`scotkr js

>(> )( ) .i n it   I 

nt Ot  

 D o N D N N

β∜ρ β∜9 ΰζ α ∜   (<3)

Pjtb β 7 > 7 ρ  ngh tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>0), lktb tbc scokgh ngh tbjrhtcris jg cquntjkg (<3) jgorcnsc wjtb hcvcdkpicgt ndkg` tbc tjic hjicgsjkg.

Bkwcvcr, ns jipdjch jg cquntjkg (>8), wc ong rcwrjtc*

> > ( >)

*V (> )( ) Yit 

lt 

 p

 p

ρ∜ ρ∜α 9 ΰ + ∜ ΰ  

*> > ( >)

*V (> )( ) Yit 

lt 

 N

 N

ρ∜ ρ∜9 ΰ + ∜ ΰ , jghjontjg` tbnt α  hcorcnscs wjtb tjic. Kg gct, jt turgs kut

>>

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

tbnt i D

 D prcscgts n buip-sbnpc wjtb hcvcdkpicgt ndkg` tbc tjic nxjs, ns sbkwg

jg Aj`urc <.

_jijdnrdy, wjtb cquntjkgs (1) ngh (<>), tbc arnotjkg ka dnlkr cipdkych jg tbc pcrskgndscrvjocs scotkr js `jvcg ly

>

>(> )( ).s n s st  

nt Ot  

 D o N

 D N N

β∜

β∜

ζ9 ∜   (<1)

Jg ng ngndysjs sjijdnr tk tbnt jg cquntjkg (<3), wjtb β 7 > ngh tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg(>0), dnlkr cipdkyicgt jg tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs scotkr stnrts nt n dkw dcvcd ngh sdkwdyjgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt, ns sbkwg jg Aj`urc <. Xbjs nr`uicgt js jg djgc wjtbBcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj (<5>8), wbk hkouicgtch tbnt tbc cipdkyicgtsbnrc ka tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr okudh bnvc lccg ns bj`b ns 05% ngh tbc cipdkyicgtsbnrc ka tbc inguanoturjg` ngh scrvjoc scotkrs okudh bnvc lccg ns dkw ns >5% lcakrc>:05 jg KCOH okugtrjcs, jipdyjg` tbnt tbc cipdkyicgt sbnrc ka pcrskgnd scrvjocs jsanjrdy dkw nt tbc lc`jggjg` ka tbc pcrjkh okvcrch. Xbcrcakrc, wc ong jddustrntc tbnt tbcsbnrc ka cipdkyicgt jg tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs scotkr ndsk akddkws n buip-sbnpc ns jgtbc inguanoturjg` scotkr. Xbjs js okgsjstcgt wjtb tbc klscrvntjkg jg _jg`npkrc, wbcrctbc sbnrc ka pcrskgnd scrvjocs jg tbc tktnd scrvjoc scotkr odjilch tk 85% jg >:15 nghtbcg hrkppch tk <5% jg >::1.

Pjtb cquntjkgs (1) ngh (<?), tbc arnotjkg ka dnlkr cipdkych jg tbc lusjgcss scrvjocscotkr js

>>

>(> )( )( ).l n I it  

nt Ot  

 D o N

 D N N

β∜ρ∜

ρ∜β β∜

ζα ∜ ΰ9 ∜

α

  (<0)

 Ns wc ndrcnhy fgkw tbnt α  hcorcnscs wjtb tjic, jt js cnsy tk hctcrijgc tbnt

>

( )ρ∜

ρ∜β

α ∜ ΰα

 

jgorcnscs wjtb tjic (ngh hcvcdkpicgt) wbcg β 7 > 7 ρ. Ns n rcsudt, ndd tbrcc tcris jglrnofcts jg cquntjkg (<0) jgorcnsc wjtb hcvcdkpicgt kvcr tjic.

Xbcg, dct us hcajgc lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty ns

>>

>( )( ).l I it  

s s st  

 D N

 D N

β∜ρ∜

ρ∜β β∜

ζα ∜ ΰ9

α ζ  (<2)

Xk sui up, arki cquntjkgs (<1) ngh (<0), lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty js ikgktkgjonddyjgorcnsjg` wjtb hcvcdkpicgt kvcr tjic. Cquntjkg (<2) ndsk hcikgstrntcs n wjtbjg-scrvjoc scotkr hjvcr`cgoc= Xbc lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkr iny cxocch tbc pcrskgndscrvjocs scotkr jg vnduc nhhch ngh cipdkyicgt jg n hcvcdkpch cokgkiy. Okiljgjg`cquntjkgs (<1) ngh (<0), tktnd cipdkyicgt jg tbc scrvjoc scotkr js

> >>

> >(> ) ( ) ( )( ) ,l s n s st I it  

nt Ot Ot  

 D D o N N

 D N N N

β∜ β∜ρ∜

β∜ ρ∜β β∜

+ ζ ζα ∜ ΰ9 ∜ + α

  (<:)

wbjob jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt kvcr tjic.

><

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

8.> _truoturnd Xrngsakrintjkg

Jt js wkrtb gktjg` tbnt sjgoc

>ρ∜

ρ∜β

α ∜ ΰα

  jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt kvcr tjic, ns jipdjch

jg tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>8), cquntjkg (<2) ndsk jipdjcs tbnt ikrc hcvcdkpchcokgkijcs tcgh tk bnvc bj`bcr lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty. Xbjs nr`uicgt js jg djgcwjtb Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn (<5><), wbk nsscrt tbnt tbc rcdntjvc sbnrc ka trnhjtjkgndscrvjocs (j.c., pcrskgnd scrvjocs) jg tbc tktnd scrvjoc scotkr hcorcnscs wjtb jgokic,wbjdc tbnt ka gkgtrnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs (j.c., lusjgcss scrvjocs) jg tbc tktnd scrvjoc scotkrjgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt.

Pjtb cquntjkgs (<8) tbrku`b (<:), wc ong tbcg suiinrjzc tbc cipdkyicgtsbnrc norkss scotkrs ndd tk`ctbcr, ns jddustrntch jg Aj`urc <. Jgjtjnddy, tbc n`rjoudturcscotkr bns tbc `rcntcst jgokic sbnrc (ngh cipdkyicgt  sbnrc), wbjdc lktb tbcinguanoturjg` ngh scrvjoc scotkrs nrc rciktcdy dkw lcbjgh.1 Kvcr tjic, ns jgokicsjgorcnsc ns prkhuotjvjty `rkws, tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr `rnhunddy hrkps tk wcdd lcdkw

tbc ktbcr twk scotkrs jg tcris ka jgokic sbnrc (ngh cipdkyicgt sbnrc) huc tktbc sk-onddch —`rccg rcvkdutjkg’ ngh —jghustrjnd rcvkdutjkg.’ Xbc scrvjoc scotkr‚s jgokicsbnrc (ngh cipdkyicgt sbnrc) jgorcnscs tk lcokic tbc bj`bcst jgokic vcrsustbc ktbcr twk scotkrs. Xbc sbnrc ka tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr ajrst jgorcnscs lutdntcr hcorcnscs wjtb jgokic, akddkwjg` n buip sbnpc. Xbjs jddustrntjkg js okgsjstcgt wjtbtbc stydjzch anots arki Fuzgcts ngh js jg djgc wjtb tbc ourrcgt djtcrnturc rc`nrhjg`struoturnd trngsakrintjkg.

8.< Srlngjzntjkg

Dct us prcsuic tbnt wkrfcrs jg tbc inguanoturjg` ngh lusjgcss scrvjocs scotkrs, ns

wcdd ns jg tbc pcrskgnd scrvjocs scotkr okgstjtutc tbc urlng pkpudntjkg. Jg cquntjkgs(<3) ngh (<:), tbc urlngjzntjkg rntc jg tbc cokgkiy okudh lc hcsorjlch ns

> > >

>(> )( ).i l s n s st I it  

nt Ot  

 D D D o N N

 D N N

β∜ ρ∜ β∜

β∜

+ + ζ + α ζ9 ∜   (?5)

Jg tbc djtcrnturc, ng jgorcnsc jg prkhuotjvjty jg tbc n`rjoudturc scotkr dcnhs tk tbc —pusb’caacot, rcdkontjg` dnlkr tk ojtjcs, ngh ng jgorcnsc jg prkhuotjvjty jg tbc ikhcrg scotkrdcnhs tk tbc —pudd’ caacot, `jvjg` rjsc tk urlngjzntjkg. Gcvcrtbcdcss, tbc urlngjzntjkgjg tbc djtcrnturc, ns jghjontch jg tbc jgcqundjty jg cquntjkg (>8), js injgdy hrjvcg lytbc —pusb’ caacot. Xbnt js, prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb jg n`rjoudturc bns tk kutstrjp tbnt jg tbc

ktbcr scotkrs tk `jvc rjsc tk tbc struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh urlngjzntjkg. Bkwcvcr,jg okgtrnst tk tbc ourrcgt djtcrnturc, ns bj`bdj`btch jg kur jgcqundjty cquntjkg (>0),kpcggcss tk trnhc ndsk bcdps rcsbnpc ng cokgkiy‚s struoturnd trngsakrintjkg, suob

tbnt tbc —pudd’ caacot ij`bt hkijgntc tbc—pusb’ caacot, nt dcnst jg tbc onsc ka tbc U\O.

Xbc jgtujtjkg js odcnr. Pjtb jts kpcg pkdjoy ngh okgscqucgt fgkwdch`c spjddkvcrsarki nhvngoch okugtrjcs, tbc U\O‚s prkhuotjvjty bns `rkwg sulstngtjnddy jg tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr (j.c.,  Nit) jg okipnrjskg tk tbc ktbcr scotkrs, suob tbnt U\Oinguanoturjg` `kkhs bnvc `njgch ikrc okipnrntjvc nhvngtn`c jg wkrdh inrfcts nghtbus bnvc lccg cxpkrtch ikrc. Xbc jgorcnsc jg kutput ngh cxpkrts jg tbcinguanoturjg` scotkr dcnhs tk tbc —pudd’ caacot, nttrnotjg` dnlkr arki tbc n`rjoudturc

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  Pc nssuic tbnt dnlkr js arccdy ikljdc norkss scotkrs, sk tbnt tbc scotkrnd jgokic sbnrcs nrc cqund tktbc scotkrnd cipdkyicgt sbnrc jg tbc ikhcd.

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8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

scotkr tk tbc inguanoturjg` scotkr. Ns jipdjch jg cquntjkg (?5), ng kpcg pkdjoy ndkgcjs nldc tk prkiktc ng cokgkiy‚s struoturnd trngsakrintjkg ngh urlngjzntjkg. Ns nrcsudt, tbc kpcg pkdjoy sjgoc >:2: bns noocdcrntch tbc struoturnd trngsakrintjkg nghurlngjzntjkg jg tbc U\O. Xbjs nr`uicgt ajghs suppkrt arki rcnd hntn, ns jddustrntch jgAj`urcs ? ngh 8, wbcrc J usc prkvjgoc-dcvcd hntn jg tbc U\O tk cxnijgc wbctbcrurlngjzntjkg jgorcnscs wjtb lktb kpcggcss ngh akrcj`g hjrcot jgvcsticgt (AHJ).

Aj`urc ?= Srlngjzntjkg ngh Kpcggcss norkss Urkvjgocsjg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuld jo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?

_kuroc= Nggund hntn arki tbc Gntjkgnd Lurcnu ka _tntjstjos ka tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?.

Aj`urc 8= Srlngjzntjkg ngh AHJ norkss Urkvjgocsjg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuld jo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?

AHJ 9 akrcj`g hjrcot jgvcsticgt.

_kuroc= Nggund hntn arki tbc Gntjkgnd Lurcnu ka _tntjstjos ka tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?.

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8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

Xbcrc nrc injgdy ?5 nhijgjstrntjvc hjvjsjkgs (prkvjgocs, iugjojpndjtjcs, nghnutkgkikus nrcns) jg tbc U\O. 0  Jg okgvcgtjkgnd wnys, J hcajgc n hjvjsjkg‚surlngjzntjkg rntc ns tbc sbnrc ka jts urlng pkpudntjkg jg tbc tktnd pkpudntjkg, kpcggcssns tbc sbnrc ka n hjvjsjkg‚s jipkrts pdus cxpkrts rcdntjvc tk jts @HU, ngh AHJ ns tbcsbnrc ka utjdjzch AHJ jg n hjvjsjkg rcdntjvc tk jts @HU. J okddcot tbcsc prkvjgoc-dcvcd hntnarki <551 tbrku`b <5>? arki tbc U\O‚s Gntjkgnd Lurcnu ka _tntjstjos. Ns sbkwg jgAj`urcs ?ngh 8, tbcsc rc`jkgnd urlngjzntjkg rntcs dk`nrjtbijonddy jgorcnsc wjtb tbc okugtry‚skpcggcss ngh AHJ, rcspcotjvcdy.

Xbc onsc ka tbc U\O ndsk suppkrts tbc stydjzch anot koourrjg` wjtbjg tbc scrvjoc scotkrtbnt lktb Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn (<5><) ngh Bcrrcghkra, \k`crskg, ngh Qndcgtjgyj(<5>8) pkjgt kut= Lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty jgorcnscs wjtb hcvcdkpicgt nghurlngjzntjkg. Jg okgtrnst tk trnhjtjkgnd scrvjocs, tbc lusjgcss scrvjocs bcrc okgsjst kajgakrintjkg trngsijssjkg, okiputcr scrvjocs, ngh skatwnrc6 ajgngojnd jgtcrichjntjkg6rcnd cstntc6 dcnsjg` ngh lusjgcss scrvjocs6 chuontjkg6 sojcgtjajo rcscnrob, tcobgjondscrvjocs, ngh ̀ ckdk`jond prkspcotjg`6 ngh puldjo ingn`cicgt ngh skojnd kr`ngjzntjkgs.

Lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty js hcajgch ns tbc rntjk ka lusjgcss scrvjocs tk tbc tktndrc`jkgnd scrvjoc scotkr jg tcris ka vnduc. Ns sbkwg jg Aj`urc 3, urlngjzntjkg rntcsjg tbc U\O dk`nrjtbijonddy jgorcnsc wjtb lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty, wbjob aurtbcrokgajris tbc bypktbcscs jg tbjs pnpcr.

Aj`urc 3= Srlngjzntjkg ngh Lusjgcss _crvjocs Jgtcgsjtyjg tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuld jo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?

_kuroc= Nggund hntn arki tbc Gntjkgnd Lurcnu ka _tntjstjos ka tbc Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn, <551‟<5>?.

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  J hrkp tbc Xjlct Nutkgkikus \c`jkg jg tbc pdkts jg Aj`urcs ? ngh 8, sjgoc jt js ng kutdjcr jg ingynspcots.

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8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

3. OKGODS_JKG_

Jg tbc ourrcgt djtcrnturc, tbc rngfjg` ka prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb nikg` scotkrs js oruojndtk tbc stydjzch struoturnd trngsakrintjkg (c.`., @kddjg, Mchwnl, ngh Qkddrntb <5>?).

Bkwcvcr, J bnvc cxtcghch tbcjr ikhcd tk sbkw tbnt, cvcg rcvcrsjg` tbc rngfjg` ka tbcjrscotkrnd prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb, tbc struoturnd trngsakrintjkg jg n okugtry prcscgts sjijdnrstydjzch anots ngh urlngjzntjkg natcr kpcgjg` tk trnhc. Xbjs ikhcd bcdps cxpdnjg wby tbcU\O, wbksc n`rjoudturc scotkr rngfs dnst jg tcris ka prkhuotjvjty `rkwtb ngh wbkscinguanoturjg` scotkr rngfs ajrst, bns cxpcrjcgoch n pnttcrg ka jghustrjndjzntjkg nghurlngjzntjkg sjijdnr tk tbnt jg KCOH okugtrjcs. J nr`uc tbnt jt js tbc kpcg pkdjoy jg tbcU\O tbnt infcs tbc hjaacrcgoc. Xbjs ourrcgt ikhcd ndsk suppkrts tbc stydjzch anotnhhrcssch ly Hunrtc ngh \cstuoojn (<5><) tbnt lusjgcss scrvjocs jgtcgsjty jgorcnscswjtb hcvcdkpicgt.

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8/19/2019 Openness and Urbanization: The Case of the People’s Republic of China

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 NHLJ Pkrfjg` Unpcr 31> Dk

\CAC\CGOC_* 

 Nocik`du, H., ngh Q. @ucrrjcrj. <552. Onpjtnd Hccpcgjg` ngh Gkg-lndngoch Cokgkijo

@rkwtb. Mkurgnd ka Ukdjtjond Cokgkiy >>1(?)= 810‟8:2.

Lkswkrtb, L., ngh _. I. Okddjgs. <552. Nookugtjg` akr @rkwtb= Okipnrjg` Objgn nghJghjn. Mkurgnd ka Cokgkijo Ucrspcotjvcs <<(>)= 83‟11.

Hunrtc, I., ngh H. \cstuoojn. <5>5. Xbc \kdc ka tbc _truoturnd Xrngsakrintjkg jg N``rc`ntc Urkhuotjvjty. ^unrtcrdy Mkurgnd ka Cokgkijos ><3= ><:‟>0?.

 ‘‘‘. <5><. \cdntjvc Urjocs ngh _cotkrnd Urkhuotjvjty. Ingusorjpt, Sgjvcrsjty kaXkrkgtk.

Acrgnghcs, N. I. <550. _truoturc ngh Ucrakringoc ka tbc _crvjocs _cotkr jg XrngsjtjkgCokgkijcs. Pkrh Lngf \cpkrt PU_8?30.

@kddjg, H., \. Mchwnl, ngh H. Qkddrntb. <5>?. Srlngjzntjkg wjtb ngh wjtbkut _truoturndXrngsakrintjkg. Ingusorjpt.

@kvcrgicgt ka _jg`npkrc, Ikgctnry Nutbkrjty ka _jg`npkrc. >::2. _jg`npkrc‚s_crvjocs _cotkr jg Ucrspcotjvc= Xrcghs ngh Kutdkkf. Koonsjkgnd Unpcr Gk. 3.

Bcrrcghkra, L., \. \k`crskg, ngh N. Qndcgtjgyj. <5>8. @rkwtb ngh _truoturndXrngsakrintjkg. Bnghlkkf ka Cokgkijo @rkwtb <= 233‟:8>.

Mkr`cgskg, H. P., ngh I. U. Xjiicr. <5>>. _truoturnd Obng`c jg Nhvngoch Gntjkgs= N Gcw _ct ka _tydjzch Anots. _onghjgnvjng Mkurgnd ka Cokgkijos >>?= >‟<:.

Fkg`sniut, U., _. \clcdk, ngh H. Rjc. <55>. Lcykgh Lndngoch @rkwtb. \cvjcw kaCokgkijo _tuhjcs 12= 21:‟22<.

Fuzgcts, _. >:11. Ikhcrg Cokgkijo @rkwtb= \ntc, _truoturc, ngh _prcnh. GcwBnvcg= Zndc Sgjvcrsjty Urcss.

Inhhjskg, N. >:25. Cokgkijo @rkwtb ngh _truoturnd Obng`c jg tbc NhvngochOkugtrjcs. Jg Pcstcrg Cokgkijcs jg Xrngsjtjkg= _truoturnd Obng`c ngh Nhmusticgt Ukdjojcs jg Jghustrjnd Okugtrjcs, chjtch ly J. Dcvcskg nghM. P. Pbccdcr. Dkghkg= Orkki Bcdi. pp. 8>‟13.

G`nj, D. \., ngh O. N. Ujssnrjhcs. <550. _truoturnd Obng`c jg n Iudtjscotkr Ikhcd ka@rkwtb. Nicrjong Cokgkijo \cvjcw :0= 8<:‟88?.

Xjng, R., ngh R. Zu. <5><. Xbc Cgj`ins ka XAU jg Objgn= N Ictn-Ngndysjs, ObjgnCokgkijo \cvjcw <?(<)= ?:1‟?>8.

* Xbc Nsjng Hcvcdkpicgt Lngf rcacrs tk —Objgn’ ns tbc —Uckpdc‚s \cpuldjo ka Objgn.’

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