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OpenSense

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OpenSense OpenSense Karl Aberer, EPFL Boi Fal6ngs, Alcherio Mar6noli, Mar6n Ve<erli, EPFL Lothar Thiele, ETH Zürich
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Page 1: OpenSense

OpenSense

OpenSense  

Karl  Aberer,  EPFL  Boi  Fal6ngs,  Alcherio  Mar6noli,    

Mar6n  Ve<erli,  EPFL  Lothar  Thiele,  ETH  Zürich  

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OpenSense

Overview  

•  Research  challenges  •  Research  progress  and  results  •  Deployments  •  Conclusion  

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OpenSense

Air  Pollu6on  •  Air  pollu6on  in  urban  areas  is  a  global  concern  –  affects  quality  of  life  and  health  –  urban  popula6on  is  increasing  

•  Air  pollu6on  is  highly  loca6on-­‐dependent  –  traffic  chokepoints  –  urban  canyons  –  industrial  installa6ons  

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Air  Pollu6on  Monitoring  •  Precise  loca6on-­‐dependent  and  real-­‐6me  

informa6on  on  air  pollu6on  is  needed  •  Officials  

–  environmental  engineers:  loca6on  of  pollu6on  sources  

–  municipali6es:  crea6ng  incen6ves  to  reduce  environmental  footprint  

–  public  health  studies  •  Ci6zens    

–  advice  for  outside  ac6vi6es  –  assessment  of  long-­‐term  exposure  –  pollu6on  maps    

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Opportunity  •  Monitoring  today    –  few  sta6onary  and  expensive  sta6ons  –  models  that  extrapolate  from  pollu6on  sources  

–  data  mostly  inaccessible  to  the  public  •  Opportuni6es  –  wireless  communica.on:  deploy  larger  numbers  of  sta6ons  

–  mobility:  deploy  mobile  sta6ons  –  mobile  devices:  gather  context  informa6on  and  deploy  applica6ons  for  ci6zens  

 Nabel  sta6on  Zürich  

wireless  fixed  nodes  mobile  nodes  

GPRS  GPS  

Nabel  sta6on  Zürich  

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Value  of  Dense  Measurements  •  Tradi6onal  approach  

–  Few  sta6ons  –  Low  resolu6on  interpolated  

es6mates  of  pollutant  concentra6ons  across  massive  regions  

•  Recent  results  –  Massive  deployment  of  

sta6ons  (150)  at  street-­‐level  (2008/2009  New  York  City  Community  Air  Quality  Survey)  

–  Pollutants  of  interest  heavily  concentrated  along  roads  with  high  traffic  densi6es  

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OpenSense

Overview  •  Mo6va6on  

•  Research  progress  and  results  •  Deployments  •  Conclusion  

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OpenSense

Research  Challenge  

•  More  data,  more  noise,  but  also  more  redundancy  –  Can  we  produce  be<er  quality  data?  

•  Exemplary  use  case  for  other  environmental  phenomena  –  Radia6on,  noise,  energy  

SENSING  SYSTEM  From  many  wireless,  mobile,  heterogeneous,  unreliable  raw  measurements  …  

INFORMATION  SYSTEM  …  to  reliable,  understandable  and    

Web-­‐accessible  real-­‐Dme  informaDon  NAN

O   TERA  

 Nabel  sta6on  Zürich  wireless  fixed  nodes  

mobile  nodes  

GPRS  GPS  

sensor  network  control  opDmizaDon  of  data  acquisiDon  

informaDon  disseminaDon  

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Technical  Challenges  •  Wireless  sensing  devices  

–  energy  efficiency,  data  transmission  and  compression,  sensors  control    •  Mobile  sensors  

–  sampling  under  mobility,  data  collec6on  and  dissemina6on  with  mobile  devices,  freshness  of  data,  stream  data  management  

•  Community  sensing  –  privacy  protec6on,  trustworthiness  of  data,  relevance  of  data  gathered  and  

informa6on  produced    

•  Modelling  –  behaviour  and  mobility  of  sensing  devices  è    

 sensor,  device  and  mobility  models  –  air  quality  informa6on  from  raw  data  è      

 air  quality  models  –  behaviour,  interests  and  mobility  of  informa6on  consumers  è      

 privacy,  trust  and  acDvity  models    

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What  is  the  problem?  •  A  measurement  system  such  

as  OpenSense  is  a  complex  system  –  layers  –  dependencies  –  dynamicity  

•  Op6miza6on  becomes  a  complex  task    –  mul6ple  op6miza6on  

dimensions    –  many  system  components  and  

layers  –  feedback  

•  Illustra6on  1.  Node  decides  individually  

depending  on  its  state,  e.g.  energy  

2.  Nodes  communicate  WSN  and  coordinate  

3.  Base  sta6on  schedules  nodes  4.  Mobility  model:  a  third  node  

arrives,  don’t  measure!  5.  Air  quality  model:  don’t  need  

measurement!  6.  Privacy  model:  node  1  should  

measure!  7.  Applica6on  model  (e.g.  

health  no6fica6on):  no  measurement  needed!  Two  mobile  nodes:    

who  should  measure?  

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U6lity-­‐based  Control  

Sensors:    Individual  state  

Wireless  sensor  network:  Local  coordinaDon  

Mobility  model:  PredicDon  

Air  quality  model:  Sampling  and  correlaDon  

Trust  and  privacy  model:  Reliability  and  security  

User  acDvity  model:  Mobility  and  user  state  

ApplicaDon  model:  Relevance  and  cost  

Control:  translate  high  level    u6lity  to  low  level  u6lity  

Data:  translate  low  level    data  to  high  level  informa6on  

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Testbed  Sensors  •  CO2,  infrared  based    •  CO  electrochemical    •  NO2  electrochemical    •  SO2  electrochemical    •  O3  silicon  based    •  Fine  par6cles  mechanical  

Deployments  •  Lausanne:  buses  •  Zürich:  trams  •  Basel:  sta6onary  wireless  

network  

pDr1000:  ultrafine  par6cles  (FH  Nordwestschweiz)  

Telaire  T6613:  C02  Langan  T15n:  CO  

SHT75:  air  temp  and  humidity  

Power  suppliers  

 

Sensorscope  Smart  Interfaces  

Sensorscope  DataLogger  

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Overview  •  Mo6va6on  •  Research  challenges  

•  Deployments  •  Conclusion  

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Overview  •  Mo6va6on  •  Research  challenges  

•  Deployments  •  Conclusion  

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Sensor  Behavior  Open  sampling  

 

Sensors  directly  exposed  to  environmental  measurand  Benefits:  •  simple  &  “slim”  solu6on  •  con6nuous  sampling  Drawbacks:  •  no  absolute  concentra6on  values  •  noisy  signal  Typical  response:  

Closed  sampling    

Sensors  exposed  to  measurand  inside  controlled  chamber  Benefits:  •  absolute  measurements  •  noise  due  to  environment  filtered  Drawbacks:  •  complex  &  bulky  •  non-­‐con6nuous  sampling  Typical  response:  

IDEA:  Combine  the  two  approaches  and  get  the  benefits  of  both.  

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On-­‐the-­‐Fly  Calibra6on  •  Challenge:    

–  Supplied  calibra6on  may  not  match  project  requirements  –  Baseline  driq  due  to  sensor  aging  

•  Approach:  –  Ini6al  calibra6on  using  sta6onary,  high  quality  instruments  –  When  deployed  periodic  recalibra6on  using  mobile  sensor  nodes  

Original  calibra6on  performs  with  an  average  error  of  

30ppb  

Aqer  recalibra6on  the  average  error  drops  below  3ppb  

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High-­‐resolu6on  measurement  Interpola6ng  measurements  of  two  Opensense  sta6onary  sta6ons  •  A  difference  of  10m  from  road  is  

considerable  

Planned  work  •  Measurements  obtained  along  

the  road  network  +  anisotropic  diffusion  on  lines,  tuned  by  traffic  and  popula6on  density    (from  mobile  sensors)  

Sta6on  1058  

Sta6on  1059  

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Mobility  Modeling  Goal  •  Simulate  realisDc  trajectories  of  

vehicles    Tes6ng  different  control  strategies  before  deployment  •  What  is  the  marginal  benefit  of  

adding  an  addi6onal  vehicle/line  to  the  system  

•  Knowing  the  traffic  pa<erns,  is  the  system  coverage  “suitable”  for  regions  with  fluctua6ng  traffic  (emissions)?  

•  What  is  the  effect  of  a  traffic  event  on  the  coverage  of  the  system?  

3D  view  of  traffic  simulaDon  run  in  front  of  Lausanne  Train  StaDon,  using  SimLo  model  (LAVOC,  EPFL)  

Appropriate  tool:  microscopic  traffic  simulators  (SUMO,  AIMSUN)  

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Route  Scheduling  •  Given  

–  Area  of  interest  Ω  (Zurich)  –  N  measurement  instruments  

•  Each  has  a  limited  budget  E    –  M  tram  and  bus  tracks  

•  Ques6ons  –  Which  subset  of  tracks  (and  trams)  

gives  the  best  coverage  of  the  city?  –  Which  tram  should  measure  over    

shared  track  pieces?  •  The  program  is  NP-­‐Complete  

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Air  Pollu6on  Models  •  Forward  Reasoning  

–  Spa6al  and  temporal  interpola6on  of  pollu6on  levels  –  Advanced  warning  for  dangerous  levels  

•  Backward  Reasoning  –  Crea6ng  an  emission  inventory  –  Iden6fying  previously  unknown  sources  

•  Meta-­‐Reasoning  –  Op6mal  sensor  placement  –  Sparse  sampling  

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A  Region-­‐Based  Model  •  Exis6ng  grid-­‐based  models  

–  computa6onally  expensive  for  fine  grids  

–  do  not  dis6nguish  streets  •  Pollu6on  dispersion  is  not  uniform  

within  a  grid  –  Ground-­‐level  air  pollu6on  is  heavily  

influenced  by  streetscape  and  land  use  –  A  region-­‐based  model  may  be  more  

appropriate  for  OpenSense  

ADMS-­‐Urban,  London  2010  

Page 22: OpenSense

OpenSense Mul6-­‐model  Query  Processing    in  Mobile  Geosensor  Networks    

•  Approach  –  Middle  layer  produces  a  model  

cover  from  a  set  of  regression  models  on  an  area  

–  Con6nuous  sensor  updates  –  Con6nuous  and  ad-­‐hoc  queries    

•  Advantages  –  Handling  spurious  updates  to  the  

data  base  –  Minimizes  data  storage    –  Query  results  useful  from  

applica6on  perspec6ve    

Mobile  Sensor  Data    (Pollu.on  Values)  

Model-­‐based  middle  layer    

Mobile  Sensor  Data    (Pollu.on  Values)  

Con$nuous  Moving  Queries  Give  a  (in  car)  pollu6on  update  every  30  mins  Aggregate  Queries  

COX  emi<ed  yesterday  in  Lausanne  center  

DBMS  (storage  of  raw  sensor  values)  

Page 23: OpenSense

OpenSense Model-­‐Based  Query  Processing    

Over  Uncertain  Data  

what  is  the  probability  that  Bob  is  at  room  4  at  $me  1?  

original  data  stream  ↓  inference  of  Dme-­‐varying  probability  distribuDon  (dynamic  density  metrics)  ↓  creaDng  probabilisDc  views  (Ω-­‐View  builder)  

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Model-­‐based  Anomaly  Detec6on  

original  data  stream  ↓  

approximaDon  using  user-­‐selected  models  ↓  

detecDng  anomalies  ↓  

user  confirmaDon:  anomaly  is  an  actual  error?  

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Cloud-­‐based  Time  Series  Management  

•  TimeCloud:  A  Cloud  System  for  Massive  Time  Series  Management  

•  Key  features  –  manages  large-­‐scale  6me  series  in  the  cloud    –  scalable,  fault-­‐tolerant  –  built  upon  Hadoop  and  Hbase  –  adap6ve  data  storage  through  par66on-­‐and-­‐

cluster  –  model-­‐based  cache  for  fast  model-­‐based  

views    –  model-­‐coding  join  for  fast  distributed  join  

based  on  bitmap  representa6on  of  6me  series.    

 

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Sensor  Context  Extrac6on  Objec6ve:    Automa6cally  annota6ng  trajectories  of  different  types  of  moving  objects  (cars,  people)  

Seman$c  Annota$on  Middleware  

Map Matching

Hidden Markov Model

Spatial Join

region   road  network   point  of  interest  

e1   e3   e5  e2   e6  e4   e7  GPS  

episodes  

home    office   market   home  

bus   metro   walking  Seman$c  trajectory  

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User  Privacy  vs.  Data  Reliability  •  Mobile  devices  with  sensing  

capabili6es  –  ParDcipatory  sensing  –  E.g.  environmental  sensing,  

health-­‐care  monitoring,  etc.  •  Incen6ves  for  par6cipa6on  

–  Privacy  concerns  •  Iden6ty  •  Loca6on  

–  Trustworthiness  

•  Privacy  protec6on  mechanisms  try  to  break  the  link  between  data  and  its  source  

•  Thus,  there  is  a  clear  trade-­‐off  between  privacy  and  trustworthiness  of  data  sources  

Sensor,  air  polluDon,  mobility,  behavior  models  used  to  esDmate  reliability  of  data  

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Privacy  Protec6on  Approach  •  Trust  authority  (e.g.  telco)  

knows  iden6ty  and  trustworthiness  of  users  

•  Aggrega6on  server  receives  trust-­‐rated  but  privacy-­‐preserving  data  –  Anonymize  data  sources  –  Obfuscate  data,  loca6on-­‐  or  

6me-­‐stamps  –  Hide/add  events  

Aggregation Server

Trust Authority

Ratings Trust

Scores

Honest  and  malicious    measurements    clearly  dis6nguished  

Entropy  as  measure  for  uncertainty  about  user  data  remains  high  

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Overview  •  Mo6va6on  •  Research  challenges  •  Research  progress  and  results  

•  Conclusion  

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Deployment  Status  Basel/Sapaldia  Status  •  Calibra6on  tests  performed  in  

2010  •  Sta6onary  sta6ons  will  be  

delivered  on  May  18    

Sapaldia  study  •  Swiss  Tropical  and  Public  Health  

Ins6tute  of  Basel  University  •  Es6mate  individual  exposure  

indoors  and  outdoors  Sapaldia  will  use  sta6ons  for  indoor  air  quality  monitoring  

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Deployment  Status  Lausanne  2  prototype  sta6onary  sta6ons  and  1  prototype  mobile  sta6on    •  Currently  under  tes6ng  at  EPFL  •  Mobile  sta6on  will  be  mounted  on  a  

bus  on  May  23  Measured  parameters  •  NO2,  CO  (2  sensors),  Humidity,  

Temperature,    CO2  (only  mobile  sta6on)  

Power  •  Solar  panel  (sta6onary  sta6ons)  •  Bus  power  (mobile  sta6on)  Data  •  Transmission  via  GPRS  to  a  central  

server   Sta6on  1058  

Sta6on  1059  

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Deployment  Status  Zürich  •  1  node  @NABEL  sta6on  in  Dübendorf    

(for  reference  measurements):  –  Communica6on:  GSM,  WLAN  –  Sensors:  2  x  O3,  CO,  temperature/humidity  –  GPS  

•  1  node  on  top  of  Tram              in  Zürich  is  in  prepara6on  (mid.  July  2011):  –  Communica6on:  GSM,  WLAN  –  Sensors:  O3,  temperature/humidity  –  GPS  –  Accelerometer  

•  2  further  nodes  in  construc6on  (July)  

14  

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GSM  

Processor  

GPS  

USB-­‐Hub  

WLAN  

Ozone-­‐Sensor   CO-­‐Sensor  

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Calibra6on  of  CO  Sensor  @EMPA  Lab  

Ini6ally  not  calibrated  

calibrated  

gas  bo<le  empty  

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Installa6on  @NABEL  Dübendorf  

Originally  calibrated  O3  sensor:  correct  trend,  but  wrong  absolute  value.  

Calibra6on  required.  

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OpenSense  Visualiza6on  Portal  

sensordata  cache  

Image  grid  cache  

Visualiza6on  Server  

Significant    Change  Condi6on  

GSN  

Interpola6on  

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OpenSense  CrowdMap  

The  data  from  NABEL  sta6ons  are  already  integrated.  It  is  possible  to  add  data  via  SMS,  Email  or  online  Form.  Based  on  open  source  plaworm.    

OpenSense  CrowdMap  is  not  yet  publicly  available.  

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Overview  •  Mo6va6on  •  Research  challenges  •  Research  progress  and  results  •  Deployments  

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Conclusion  •  End-­‐to-­‐end  system  view  crucial  –  Inves6gate  all  system  layers:  sensor  –  user  interfaces  –  U6lity-­‐based  framework  as  integra6ve  approach  

•  Results  applicable  beyond  air  pollu6on  –  Complex,  distributed,  par6cipatory  measurement  

•  Involvement  of  Nokia  –  Personalized  health  applica6on  

•  For  more  informa6on:  opensense.epfl.ch  

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Team  •  Karl  Aberer,  EPFL-­‐LSIR,  project  leader          

–  Thanasis  Papaioannou,  postdoc    –  Dipanjan  Chakraborty,  (on  leave  from  

IBM  Research  India),  visi6ng  researcher    –  Hoyoung  Jeung,  postdoc    –  Rammohan  Narendula,  PhD    –  Mehdi  Riahi,  PhD    –  Zhixian  Yan,  PhD    –  Sofiane  Sarni,  engineer    –  Alex  Arion,  PhD    –  Saket  Sathe,  PhD    

•  Mar6n  Rajman,  EPFL-­‐LIA,  coordinator    •  Boi  Fal6ngs,  EPFL-­‐LIA,  PI    

–  Jason  Jingshi  Li,  postdoc    •  Mar6n  Ve<erli,  EPFL-­‐LCAV,  PI    

–  Guillermo  Barrenetxea,  postdoc    –  Andrea  Ridolfi,  postdoc    –  Heather  Miller,  PhD    

•  Alcherio  Mar6noli,  EPFL-­‐DISAL,  PI    –  Chris  Evans,  PhD    –  Emanuel  Droz,  engineer    –  Adrian  Arfire,  PhD    

•  Lothar  Thiele,  ETH  Zürich,  PI    –  Olga  Saukh,  postdoc    –  Jan  Beutel,  postdoc    –  Jayashree  Ajay-­‐Candadai,  PhD    


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