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BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS 2/4/15

•  Pick up and hold on to your review question answer sheets!

•  You can still get partial credit for completing your Angel profile (selfie + short “about me”)

•  Today’s quiz covers chapters 1-2 (no notes!)

•  Today’s lecture: chapter 3

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

What are the 8 properties of life? What are the levels of organization of living things? What is the naming system used for genus and species? What are the three domains of life?

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

What topics cannot be addressed by the scientific method? What are the independent and dependent variables in a scientific experiment? What’s the difference between control treatment and standardized variables? Can a hypothesis be proven true using the scientific method?

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

What subatomic particles contribute to the mass of an atom? What are isotopes? Radioisotopes? Ions? How are atoms joined to form water molecules? Are water molecules polar or non-polar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? How do water molecules stick together?

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

Is low pH more acidic or basic? More H+ or OH-? What is our blood pH? What do buffers do? What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules? Building blocks and examples of each?

CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY

Chapter 3 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PowerPoint Image Slideshow

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FIGURE 3.1

(a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (viewed using a scanning electron microscope) are from very different organisms, yet share certain characteristics of basic cell structure. (credit a: modification of work by Ed Uthman, MD; credit b: modification of work by Umberto Salvagnin; credit c: modification of work by Anthony D'Onofrio; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

FIGURE 3.4

These uterine cervix cells, viewed through a light microscope, were obtained from a Pap smear. Normal cells are on the left. The cells on the right are infected with human papillomavirus. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? What type of scientist would analyze these cells in the lab?

FIGURE 3.5

This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell.

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE RELATIVE CELL SIZES

What things limit how big a cell can get?

FIGURE 3.6

SMALLER CELLS ARE MORE EFFICIENT

Image: www.bbc.co.uk FIGURE 3.7

What are some differences between (a) animal cells and (b) plant cells? Are these cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.

What is fluid about the membrane, and what is mosaic?

Feature of prokarytotes, eukaryotes, or both?

FIGURE 3.8 WHAT IS A PHOSPHOLIPID?

Image: http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/cellmembranes/section1.html

FIGURE 3.9

Cell contents between plasma membrane and nucleus

Cytosol is the gel-like substance that suspends the organelles

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules compose a cell’s cytoskeleton- determines cell shape

CYTOPLASM WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FLAGELLA? CILIA?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9duvzqvVflw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXcEACQv5-8

FIGURE 3.13

The endomembrane system works to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. (credit: modification of work by Magnus Manske)

What role does each organelle play in the endomembrane system?

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM- WHAT ARE ITS COMPONENTS?

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA?

This transmission electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with an electron microscope. Notice the inner and outer membranes, the cristae, and the mitochondrial matrix. (credit: modification of work by Matthew Britton; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

FIGURE 3.14

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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PEROXISOMES? WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL WALL? CHLOROPLASTS?

This simplified diagram of a chloroplast shows the outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, grana, and stroma.

FIGURE 3.15

VESICLES AND VACUOLES?

Image: adapaproject.org

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS

There are four kinds of connections between cells. (a) A plasmodesma is a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells. (b) Tight junctions join adjacent animal cells. (c) Desmosomes join two animal cells together. (d) Gap junctions act as channels between animal cells. (credit b, c, d: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)

FIGURE 3.17

PLASMA MEMBRANES ARE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

In passive transport, diffusion through a permeable membrane follows the concentration gradient of a substance, moving the substance from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

FIGURE 3.20

DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS EXPEND NO ENERGY

In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher concentration (of water) to one of lower concentration (of water). In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.

FIGURE 3.21

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WHAT ARE FOUR FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION? WHAT IS FACILITATED TRANSPORT? DOES IT REQUIRE ENERGY?

TONICITY DESCRIBES THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE IN A SOLUTION

Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

FIGURE 3.22

FIGURE 3.23

The turgor pressure within a plant cell depends on the tonicity of the solution that it is bathed in. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

TONICITY IS MEASURED AS OSMOLARITY WHAT DISTINGUISHES ACTIVE TRANSPORT FROM PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

ACTIVE TRANSPORT MOVES SUBSTANCES AGAINST AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

Electrochemical gradients arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients. (credit: modification of work by “Synaptitude”/Wikimedia Commons)

FIGURE 3.24 FIGURE 3.25

The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium and sodium ions across the plasma membrane. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

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FIGURE 3.26

Three variations of endocytosis are shown:

(a)  In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and pinches off to form an intracellular vacuole

(b)  In pinocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds a small volume of fluid and pinches off, forming a vesicle

(c)  In receptor-mediated endocytosis, uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds at the receptor on the external cell membrane. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

FIGURE 3.27

In exocytosis, a vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane, binds, and releases its contents to the outside of the cell. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW

•  What are the main differences in organelles between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

•  What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

•  What are the components and function of the endomembrane system?

•  What is the function and structure of the cell (plasma) membrane?

•  Know the function of all organelles/ components on your chart!

•  Hypotonic vs hypertonic vs isotonic

•  What is the difference between passive and active transport? Examples of each?

HOMEWORK FOR MONDAY

•  Study chapter 3 for Monday’s ReviewQ!

•  Rewriting/consolidating notes is helpful

•  Blank organelle charts posted on Angel

•  Short videos on chapter 3 topics posted on Angel

•  You can still get partial credit for completing your Angel profile (selfie + short “about me”)

•  Preview chapter 4