Opera 3
Job Costing
Training Manual
MTS Training Manual
R 1.1 2 Job Costing
Contents
Overview ...............................................................................................................4
Linked Modules .......................................................................................................... 4
Features ..................................................................................................................... 5
Module Set-up .......................................................................................................5
System Preferences ................................................................................................... 5
Parameters ................................................................................................................. 5
Maintenance .........................................................................................................8
Cost Rates .................................................................................................................. 8
Cost Codes.................................................................................................................. 8
Framework ................................................................................................................. 9
People Profiles ........................................................................................................... 9
Sub-Contractors ......................................................................................................... 9
Job Processing ..................................................................................................... 10
Creating a New Job .............................................................................................. 11
Budgets .................................................................................................................... 11
Processing Views ................................................................................................. 12
Completing a Job ................................................................................................. 12
% Complete by Actual/Uplift ................................................................................ 12
Matching ............................................................................................................. 13
Posting Values ..................................................................................................... 13
Linked Modules ........................................................................................................ 13
Document & Purchase Order Processing ................................................................ 14
Purchase Order Processing – New Invoice .............................................................. 14
SOP/Invoicing Processing ......................................................................................... 15
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Sales Processing – Invoice or Credit ........................................................................ 15
Purchase Processing – Invoice or Credit .................................................................. 16
Stock Processing ...................................................................................................... 16
BOM Processing ....................................................................................................... 16
Batch Processing .................................................................................................. 17
Estimate Processing ............................................................................................. 19
Estimate Creation .................................................................................................... 19
Reports and View ................................................................................................ 20
Views .................................................................................................................. 21
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Overview The Job Costing module, sometimes known as Costing or Project Management, allows the
analysis of large orders/projects which could potentially span over several months. The
module has the ability to show total costs and revenue against a single job/project or just for
a set period. Costing also has the feature to record hours used if employees’ times are
recorded and assets used on a job if the Stock module is integrated giving a comprehensive
source of resources used against a single or a group of jobs.
Linked Modules The Costing module can be linked with other modules in your Opera system, giving seamless
integration and preventing the need for re-entry of details. The possible links to your other
modules are;
• Purchase Ledger to Costing
• Sales Ledger to Costing
• Stock Control to Costing
• POP to Costing
• Costing to Payroll
• BOM to Costing
• Service Management to Costing
Diagram of Potential Links
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Features There are different features which can be applied to your Costing module, some being
mandatory and some being optional.
Cost Codes (Mandatory) → Cost Codes allow jobs to have their costs grouped together for
easy analysis of costs incurred and comparing these costs against agreed budgets.
Budgeting (Optional) → If budgets are used they can be recorded against the whole job or
simply against a specific type of cost or revenue. These budgets can then be agreed – revised
budgets can be added at a later date. Comparing budgeted costs or labour against actual
costs in the present time allows better management of intermittent or final invoicing.
Phases (Optional) → Jobs can be broken down further into Phases. (Sub sets of the whole
job). If using Phases within the Costing module, it will allow management of different stages
of a larger job and this then allows for analysis of individual stages or the whole job.
Contracts (Optional) → Use the Contract to maintain contract records to which related jobs
can be assigned. Contract reports accumulate the transaction details entered for all jobs and
phases associated with the contract so you can have an overall picture of the main contract
or project.
Departments (Optional) → Use Departments to allow further grouping of jobs to allow
analysis of multiple jobs belonging to a single department.
Module Set-up There are two places you can potentially set up your Costing module.
System Preferences The terms Contract, Job, Phase and Department as used in the ‘Overview’ section may not
be the suitable terminology used in your organisation. Opera gives you option to change the
wording throughout the system if required. To change these, you will find within the
Administration module, from the Utilities menu the ‘System Preferences’.
Parameters The module’s parameters can be set within the ‘Set Options’ function located under the
Utilities menu. This will govern how the module can be used.
Set Options
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Backdate Overs → An option that determines whether overheads can be backdated on
existing transaction. If you select this option, you can change the overheads for one or more
cost codes and apply the changes to existing transactions as well as new ones. If the option
is cleared, changes to overheads will only apply to transactions entered subsequently.
Hours and Minutes → An option that controls how hours and fractions of hours are entered
in timesheets. With this option selected, numbers after the decimal point are taken to be
minutes; for example, an entry of 1.25 would mean 1 hour and 25 minutes. If this option is
cleared, entries will be treated as decimal; for example, an entry of 1.25 would mean one
and a quarter hours (that is 1 hour and 15 minutes). If the Costing module is integrated with
the Payroll module, the default for this option is the one defined on the Set Options form in
the Payroll module and cannot be overridden here.
Use Contracts → An option that determines whether you want to use the contract feature. If
selected, two or more job records and phases can be associated with a single contact code
for reporting purposes. You can then use the Contract Summary command on the Reports
menu to produce a summary of costs, revenues or write-offs for a range of contracts,
optionally including completed contracts and assigned job details. Note; The term used for a
contract depends on the entry in the Contract Description field on the System Preferences
form in the System Application.
Use Phases → An option that determines whether you want to use phases which provide a
further subdivision for the analysis of jobs. If you select this option, you can break down jobs
into separate phases enabling you to produce reports on that basis. Note; The term used for
a phase will depend on the entry in the Phase Description field on the System Preferences
form in the System Application.
Use General Batches → An option that determines whether the Batch Input command can
be used to enter cost transaction in batches. If cleared, costs can only be entered
individually.
Use Timesheet Batches → An option that determines whether the Batch Input command ca
be used to enter timesheets in batches. If cleared, timesheets can only be entered
individually.
Use Period Numbers → An option that determines whether a period number must be
specified when transactions are entered in the system. If selected, you can identify the
current period in the ‘Current Period Number’ box on this Set Options form and it will be
incremented automatically each time you use the ‘Reorganise’ command located on the
Utilities menu. If used, you can also produce reports based on period ranges. Note; If Costing
is integrated with Payroll, the periods are independent; that is, a period to which a
timesheet is posted in the Costing application may be unrelated to the Payroll period to
which it is subsequently transferred in the Payroll application.
Allow Cost Code Additions → An option that determines whether cost codes can be
budgeted on a job-by-job basis. If selected, the cost code structure of jobs can be flexible,
allowing cost code additions if necessary. If the option is cleared, the cost code structure for
jobs is limited to only those for which a budget had been entered; that is, timesheets, costs,
revenues and other transactions can only be entered against budgeted codes. If this option
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is selected, you can add cost codes to the job structure white posting costs, timesheets, and
so on.
Budgets on Headers → An option that determines whether you can enter budgets on job
header records on the Costing Processing Form. If selected, you can enter budgets for the
job as a whole and at cost code level. If the option is cleared, you cannot enter job budgets
directly; instead, they are calculated on the basis of the accumulated cost code budget
figures automatically.
Important – If this option is cleared after manually entering budgets on job headers then the
Budget boxes on the Processing form will be disabled. (You will not be able to change the
values). The values will then be recalculated on the basis of the accumulated cost code
budget figures when you next run the Costing – Utilities – Reorganise command.
Print on Cost Entry → An option that determines whether you want to print details of
transactions entered using Costs, Timesheets and Revenues commands on the Processing
form. If selected, the output destination selection form appears when entering such
transactions and when you complete the transaction entry, a report showing the details is
produced.
Next Batch Number → If you have selected either the Use General Batches or Use
Timesheet Batches options, you can enter the next batch number to be assigned to
transactions entered using the Batch Input command. Each batch is allocated a batch
number which is incremented automatically by the application, starting from the number
entered here. You can change the next number at any time, but we recommend it is best left
unaltered once you begin using the Costing module for batch entries.
Periods in Year → If you have selected the Use Period Numbers option, enter the maximum
number of permitted in any one year. Period numbers are incremented automatically each
time you use the Reorganise command. When the current period matches the number
entered here, the application will restart at period one after the next reorganisation.
Current Period Number → If you have selected the Use Period Numbers options, you need
to identify the current period when you first use the Costing system. It is then maintained
automatically by the application when you use the Reorganise command.
Current Year → Enter the current Costing year. Reports can be produced on the basis of
period and year ranges.
Maximum Employee Hours → Enter the maximum number of hours that can be entered,
per employee, in any one period when entering timesheets. The application will display a
warning if this is exceeded.
Default Invoice Method → An option that determines the invoice method to be used when
you post revenue transactions. The default method is the one offered automatically in the
invoice method box displayed when you use the Revenues command on the Action menu
associated with the processing form. This saves you having to enter or select a method
individually for every revenue entry. The ‘Blank’ option available means no default. The
Invoice Method box is left blank when you use the Revenues command on the Action menu
associated with the Processing, and you must select a method at this time.
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Maintenance Once you have set up your module in ‘Set Options’ you will be ready to start setting up the
functions in Maintenance of the Costing module – although not all of them are mandatory to
create.
Cost-types must be allocated to your costs – they are already pre-defined in the system for
you. There are 11 types;
• Stock → For recording the costs of items issued from stock against jobs
• Labour → For recording employee costs against jobs
• Narrative → For comments not affecting the cost or profit of the job but which may
be included on invoice documents
• Direct Expense → For expenses incurred on jobs that are perhaps not usually
recharged to the client
• Recharge Expense → For expenses incurred on jobs that are recharged to the client
and therefore included on job invoices
• Contractor → For recording subcontractor-related costs against job
• Overhead → For recording overhead costs against jobs
• Interim Billing → For recording interim invoices during the life of the job
• Final Billing → For recording the final invoice when the job is done
• Retention → For recording revenue withheld by the client until certain phases, or
the whole job, is completed
• Write Up/Off → For recording costs written off against jobs such as damaged
materials or additional mark-ups
Cost Rates As stated earlier in the manual, Cost Rates are mandatory. The Cost Rates function is used to
maintain a table of standard codes and descriptions to easily identify different cost rates. For
example, you may have different cost rates for standard costing, premium rates, trade,
exports and so on. The application allows up to 999 different cost rate descriptions to be
defined. When cost code records are created, values can be assigned to each cost rate code
in order to make sure the appropriate cost rates can be applied to a job. At least 1 rate must
be defined.
Cost Codes Again, as stated in the manual earlier, Cost Codes are mandatory. Cost Codes are used to
maintain cost code records which holds information about the types of cost and revenue
transactions you will process within the Costing module. For example, labour, materials,
sales and so on can be created. The cost type governs the type of transaction you can record
against this code. You would not be able to record a revenue against an expense type code,
or record timesheet details against a stock type code. For additional analysis, where you are
using the appropriate modules, you can assign cost codes to the following;
• Sales Module – Sales Codes
• Purchase Module – Supply Codes
• Stock Module – Stock References
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Framework Frameworks are used to group cost codes that are associated together – however these are
optional. If you do use them, you can create new Framework records on the basis of existing
ones. Any existing Framework record can be selected as a model for a new record. If this is
done, you can amend the details required for the new record. With Frameworks, you are
able to add, amend and remove cost codes associated with Framework records as required.
Cost Rates can also be selected if applicable. This would be based on one of the cost rates
already assigned to the cost code record and therefore only applicable where more than one
cost rate record is defined for the corresponding cost code record. For each Cost Code
record, you specify the quantity to be used on the Framework. The default is the issue
quantity on the Cost Code record.
People Profiles Even though this is not located on the ‘Maintenance’ menu, it is feature which is relevant to
the Costing module. If either Employees, Subcontractors or Project Leaders are required in
the Costing module, you will need to set up some People Profiles first. To set these up you
will find them located within the Administration module, under ‘Maintenance’. These are
optional.
Sub-Contractors Using Sub-Contractors is optional but they can be used to maintain the name and tax details
of a subcontractor which has worked on jobs and contracts for you. Each subcontractor
created will need a reference for themselves to be identified. As stated above, you must
define the Subcontractor within People Profiles in the Administration module – the
‘Subcontractor’ should be ticked which is located at the bottom of the form. A search name
can be identified for the Subcontractor which could potentially be an alternative to the
reference. However, this will default to the individual’s name as stored on the People
Profile.
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Job Processing The Job Processing command can be used to maintain job records which you can optionally
subdivide between phases and assign to contracts. Job reports accumulate the transaction
details entered for all jobs and phases associated with the contract so you can have an
overall picture of the main contract or project. You can specify budgets on a job basis if you
have selected the ‘Budget On Headers’ option on the Set Options form.
Job Header Screen
The header screen on the Job Processing function shows all the pertinent information for a
single job.
Contract → If used, you can link the Contract to a job here.
Account → This is a link to the Customer that will be invoiced for this job.
Project Leader → If used, you can specify the Project Leader here.
Department → If used, you can specify the Department here.
A Description and Reference for a job can be added – the Description is mandatory.
Cost Rate → Select from a dropdown box the Cost Rate for this job.
The Planned Start, Completion & Actual Start dates are optional. However, the Actual
Completion date is populated when the job has been completed.
Allow Cost Code Budgets → This option allows budgets to be entered against each Cost
Code assigned to the job.
Open Item → This is recommended to always have this option selected.
Budgets Agreed → Once the budgets have been agreed, this option should be selected so
that the budgets can no longer be changed. (Revised budgets will be available for change).
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Values → At the footer of the form you will be shown the totals for the job. They are
displayed in three rows as; Costs, Write Off and Revenue. They are then splits into 4
columns; Budgets, Revised Budgets, Actual and Uplifted. The final column shows the
percentage completed – comparing the Actual to Budgets/Budgets Revised.
Creating a New Job To add a new job, you select the ‘New’ icon as usual (Ctrl+N). At this point a form will appear
where you will be asked to enter a Job Number and Phase Number (If used).
New Job
The Job Number can be up to 10
characters. (Alphanumerical)
The Phase Number can be up to 3
characters. (Alphanumerical).
A job can be created using another
Job as a model. This process will
then ask if you wish to copy the budget figures or set them to zero.
You should then populate the fields on the Job Header screen as described in the previous
section and save the changes once completed.
Budgets The Job has now been created, however you may need to finalise the Cost Codes and/or
Budgets for the job. To complete this, select ‘Budgets’ from the Action menu. (F5 shortcut
key) to enter or modify the budgets for this current job.
Budgets
Additional Cost Codes or
Frameworks can be added by
using the ‘New’ icon and
populating the Framework or
Cost Code field.
If the Budgets have not been
agreed, then the budgeted
units, cost/unit or total can be
modified.
Once all the required Cost
Codes have been added, select
the OK button to save all
changes.
The Job is now setup and ready to have Costs/Revenues posted against it.
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Processing Views Whilst processing you may want to see the transaction posted against this specific job. You
will be able to use this tool by selecting the ‘View’ function from the Action menu or by
selecting ‘F12’.
View Screen
You are then able to drilldown into a job’s postings. From the initial cost type screen, it is
possible to drill down to the individual transactions.
Completing a Job Once a Job has been completed it can be closed so that further postings against the job can’t
be posted. In order to ‘Complete’ a job, you can select ‘Complete’ from the Action menu. At
this point you will need to specify a completion date. However, the job cannot be completed
if it has any commitments (outstanding Purchase Orders) against it.
% Complete by Actual/Uplift The ‘% Complete’ field on the Job Processing form indicates how complete each job/phase is
for Costs, Write Off and Revenue Values. The percentage is calculated as either the Actual
values/Budgeted values or Uplifted values/Budgeted values. Select ‘% Comp. by Act/Uplift’
from the Action menu or select ‘F3’ to change the method which is used to calculate the ‘%
Complete’ field. This setting also affects the View forms and associated reports for all
Jobs/Phases. The method is saved until you reselect the Menu item. For example, if a job has
a total budgeted cost of £1,328.65, with an Actual cost to date of £895.63 and an Uplifted
cost of £941.39, the % Complete field displays either;
• % Complete using Actual Costs of £895.63/£1,328.65 = 67%
• % Complete using Uplifted Costs of £941.39/£1,328.65 = 71%
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Matching The Matching function can be located from the Action menu of the Job Processing form and
from here you can view a list of all the unallocated transactions for the selected job. You can
then match one or more unallocated transactions. This removes them from the Unallocated
Records form displayed when you use the Matching or Revenues commands, but has no
other effect. The main purpose of matching is allocate revenue transactions to costs so that
you can see at a glance which costs remain outstanding for payment. Tip – You can use this
form to match any cost transactions that have already been accounted for but are still being
displayed on the Costing – Processing – Revenues form if the Invoice Method is set to
‘Invoice Costs by Total Cost’, ‘Invoice Costs by Each Line’, ‘Invoice Costs by Code’, ‘Invoice
Costs by Type’ or ‘Invoice Costs by Framework’. If they are matched, they will be marked as
accounted for and will not be displayed when revenues are posted.
Posting Values From within Job Processing, you can post Costs, Revenue, Labour and Commitments. These
should only be used for posting opening balances or where no module exists to post the
transaction type.
For the purpose of this training manual, we will assume that the other modules have been
posted and the Invoice, Purchase Order and Stock Issued is posted from its corresponding
linked module.
Linked Modules The following prompt will appear in any linked module where Job Costing information is
required.
Costing Analysis Prompt
The Job/Phase can be entered
directly or a partial or full search
can be done by entering part of
the job description or number.
Only uncompleted jobs will be
displayed.
The Cost Code can also be part entered directly or a partial search can be done. If the Cost
Code is not available in the search it means it has not been budgeted to the job. If Cost Code
Additions is enabled in Set Options then you will be able to assign a Cost Code to the Job by
selecting ‘Assign Cost Codes’ from the Action menu or alternatively selecting ‘F5’.
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R 1.1 14 Job Costing
Document & Purchase Order Processing When entering a Document or an Order onto the system, a ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box will be
displayed on the form.
Document/P.Order Processing Lines
If the ‘Costing Analysis’ is selected, the system will prompt you for a Job Number and Cost
Code at the point of completing the line details. If the Costing details need changing after
the event, they can be accessed by selecting ‘Costing Analysis’ from the Action menu or
alternatively selecting ‘F8’.
Purchase Order Processing – New Invoice When entering an Invoice onto the system, a ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box will be displayed on
the header of the form.
Purchase Invoice Lines
If the ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box is selected, the system will prompt you for a Job Number
and Cost Code at the point of completing the line details. If the Costing details need
changing after the event they can be accessed by selecting ‘Costing Analysis’ from the Action
menu or alternatively selecting ‘F7’.
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SOP/Invoicing Processing When entering the lines of an Invoice onto the system, a ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box will be
displayed on the header of the form.
SOP/Invoicing Lines (Invoice or Credit)
If the ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box is selected, the system will prompt you for the Job Number
and Cost Code at the point of completing the line details. If the Costing details need
changing after the event, they can be accessed by selecting ‘Costing Analysis’ from the
Action menu or alternatively selecting ‘F3’.
Sales Processing – Invoice or Credit When entering the lines of an Invoice/Credit onto the system, a ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box
will be displayed on the header of the form.
Invoice/Credit Lines
If the ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box is selected, the system will prompt you for the Job Number
and Cost Code at the point of completing the line details. If the Costing details need
changing after the event, they can be accessed by selecting ‘Costing Analysis’ from the
Action menu or alternatively selecting ‘F7’.
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Purchase Processing – Invoice or Credit When entering the lines of an invoice onto the system, a ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box will be
displayed on the header of the form.
Invoice/Credit Lines
If the ‘Costing Analysis’ tick box is selected, the system will prompt you for the Job Number
and Cost Code at the point of completing the line details. If the Costing details need
changing after the event, they can be accessed by selecting ‘Costing Analysis’ from the
Action menu or alternatively selecting ‘F3’.
Stock Processing When processing either a Stock Issue or Return, you will receive a prompt – ‘Costing
Analysis?’. If you select ‘Yes’ to this prompt, you will receive a prompt to enter the Job
Number and Cost Code.
Issue/Return
BOM Processing When creating or editing an existing Works Order, you can assess ‘Costing’ via the Action
menu.
Works Header
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Batch Processing Use the Batch Input command to enter batches of timesheets or costs. To enter batches for
costs, the ‘User General Batches’ option must be selected which can be located within the
Set Options form of the Costing Module. To enter batches for timesheets, the ‘Use
Timesheet Batches’ option must be selected which again, is located within the Set Options
form of the Costing Module. There are two options for posting batches – you can either post
the batch when you enter it (providing it balances) or put the batch ‘On Hold’ which can
then be posted at later date.
For batches which do not balance – meaning where the sum of the transactions does not
equal the batch total – can be held on file and edited later so they balance before posting.
The entry of Batched transactions requires the same information as individual timesheet and
cost postings. The only different is you can enter several transactions for different jobs in
one go and use a batch total to help check the accuracy of the postings.
Batch Header
To enter a batch of Costing transactions;
1. Select ‘Batch’ on the Costing Module and
select the New Icon. (Ctrl+N)
2. Enter a Description for the Batch,
3. Select a Batch Type. (Timesheet or General)
4. Select the Input By. (This will be used as a
control total for the subsequent transaction
lines).
5. Enter a total for the Batch. (This could either
be units or values if entering a timesheet).
6. Select the ‘Save’ icon and the system will
prompt for the batch transactions.
Batch Transactions
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The following details will need to be entered;
1. A reference for the transaction.
2. Date
3. If entering a Timesheet, the employee’s name. (This will be from Payroll or People’s
Profiles).
4. Job/Phase
5. Cost Code
6. Rate for Pay
7. Hours for transactions
8. Cost per unit
At the bottom of the form, you will see the balance of the batch remaining. Once this batch
is zero you will be able to select ‘OK’ and post the batch. However, if the batch is not zero
you are able to save it but it will not be posted. Batches which have not been posted can be
modified at a later date by selection ‘Edit’ from the Action menu or selecting ‘F5’.
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Estimate Processing Estimates are pre-jobs and can be used to build up costs when tendering for potential jobs.
No actual figures are shown on Estimates as the only processing that can be done is Budget
entering. The initial screen shows a ‘Potential Profit’ value which is calculated from revenue
less cost.
Estimates can be used to create actual jobs but the estimate itself will remain for future
references. This means that Estimates can be used multiple times and can be used to create
basic jobs quickly.
Estimate Creation To create a new Estimate, select ‘Estimate Processing’ and select the ‘New’ icon or
alternatively use Ctrl+N.
New Estimate
If needed, you are able to create a new
Estimate from a previous Estimate.
Estimate Processing
Enter the information which is
required in the Estimate
Processing form. The
‘Description’ field is the only
mandatory field. Once you
have finished entering the
detail, select the ‘Save’ icon.
(Ctrl+S).
To build up the budgeted
costs, write offs and revenues
use the ‘Budgets’ function
from the Action menu. This is
exact same function as within
the Job Costing Processing.
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Reports and View There are a range of reports which can be used to analyse your information within the
Costing module.
Transaction Report → Produces a list of all transactions for the different ranges with totals
for a selection of transaction types. Records can be printed in order entered or by choosing a
different sequence.
Budget List → Produces a list of budgets for the range of jobs and phases selected. You can
choose to report on costs, revenues or write offs.
Cost Report → Produces a list of all costs for the ranges selected – and optionally with totals
for costs and cost type. Ranges can be selected from contracts, jobs and phase numbers,
costs, revenues and write offs, transaction dates and periods. Optionally, you can choose to
include the value of any commitments, to include completed jobs and transaction details or
cost code totals.
Job Summary → Produces a summary of all transaction types for a range of jobs – and
optionally include completed jobs.
Contract Summary → Produces a summary of costs, revenues or write offs for a range of
contracts. Completed jobs and assigned job details can be included.
Cost Code Summary → Produces a list of costs, revenues or write offs for a range of cost
codes and cost types. Optionally, you can include completed jobs and jobs assigned to cost
codes.
Profitability → Produce a report showing comparative figures for expenses, revenues and
profits.
Job Profitability → A detailed or summary report which shows the job values comparing
costs and revenues with profit totals per job or for a company as a whole.
Contract Profitability → A report of contract values comparing costs and revenues with
profit totals per contract and the company as a whole.
Subcontractors Report → A report which lists subcontractor transactions for the current tax
year or period.
Department Summary → Produces a list of all transactions for a range of departments.
Sales Account Summary → Summary which lists costs, revenues or write offs for a range of
sales accounts.
Project Leader Summary → Summary which lists costs, revenues or write offs for a range of
project leaders.
Estimate List → A list of estimate transactions for costs, revenues or write offs.
Labour Analysis → Report on analysis of labour in the ranges selected. This includes
employee details, hours, rates and values for each job.
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Views The Costing View is a powerful way of manipulating the costing transaction and then
producing a report or exporting the information to Excel. Multiple views can be created from
within the Maintenance section of the Costing module.
Use the dates and the Criteria tab to filter the transactions and the chart options to show a
graphical representation of the transactions.
Costing View