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Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System Jennifer Roberts Assistant Director of Pharmacy UAMS Medical Center May 2018 1
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Page 1: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System 

Jennifer RobertsAssistant Director of Pharmacy

UAMS Medical CenterMay 2018  

1

Page 2: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Conflict of Interest

I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this presentation.

2

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Objectives

• Describe CDC guidelines for chronic pain

• Describe the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PMP) in Arkansas

3

Objectives

Page 4: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Opioid CrisisFrom Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)Statistics (from March 2018 update)

– 2.1 million Americans with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)– Only 20% with OUD receive specialty addiction treatment– Over 63,632 drug overdose deaths in 2016 of which 66% were from opioids– Types of commonly misused and abused drugs

• Opioid pain relievers• Psychiatric Drugs – includes sedatives, hypnotics, and stimulants• OTC drugs 

– Problem of prescription drug abuse is complex, involving • Insufficient oversight to curb inappropriate prescribing• Insurance and pharmacy benefit policies• Belief by many people that prescription drugs are not dangerous

Signs of Progress– Prescription opioid misuse initiation and overall misuse declining slightly– Some states seeing a leveling off of overdose deaths.  Naloxone dispensing 

from US Pharmacies has dramatically increased

4https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/aatod_2018_final.pdf; https://www.samhsa.gov/topics/prescription‐drug‐misuse‐abuse

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Opioid Prescriptions Dispensed 2006‐2016

Year Prescribing Rate per 100 Persons

2006 98.3

2010 120.8

2011 115.2

2012 121.8

2013 120.9

2014 123.2

2015 117.2

2016 114.6

5

Arkansas Opioid Prescriptions

United States Opioid Prescriptions

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxrate‐maps.html

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How do we compare with other states in 2016?

State Opioid RX rate per 100 patients

LA/ER RX rate per 100 patients

High‐Dose (> 90 MME/d) per 100 patients

Arkansas 114.6 7.9 8.5

Alabama 121.0 9.9 8.8

Louisiana 98.1 5.9 6.2

Mississippi 105.6 7.0 6.0

Missouri 80.4 7.0 7.3

Oklahoma 97.9 10.4 9.5

Tennessee 107.5 11.0 9.8

Texas 57.6 3.8 3.0

6https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2017‐cdc‐drug‐surveillance‐report.pdf

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Review of CDC Guidelines for Chronic Pain

Published in 2016

7

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CDC Guidelines for Chronic Pain

Determine when to initiate or continue opioids for chronic pain

1) Non‐pharmacologic or non‐opiate drug therapy preferred• Consider Opioid therapy if expected benefits for both pain and function outweigh 

risk• If  opioids used, combine with non‐pharmacologic or non‐opiate therapy

2) Establish realistic treatment goals with patient• Only continue opioids if meaningful clinical improvement seen

3) Discuss known risks and realistic benefits of opiate therapy before starting and periodically throughout treatment

8Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou Roger. CDC Guideline on Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain‐United States 2016. JAMA 2016; 315(15): 1624‐1645.

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Examples of Non‐Pharmacological Treatments

9http://sempguidelines.org/wp‐content/uploads/2017/04/WV‐SEMP‐Non‐Pharm‐Handout.pdf

Page 10: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

CDC Guidelines for Chronic PainOpioid Selection, Dosage, Duration, Follow‐Up and Discontinuation

4) Immediate release opioid dosage forms instead of extended‐release

5) Prescribe lowest effective dosage of opioid• Reassess evidence of benefits/risks when dosage increase above 50 MME/day• Avoid increasing above 90 MME/day – document justification for titration

6) Long term opioid use often begins with acute pain• For acute pain, prescribe lowest effective dose• 3 day opioid supply is sufficient to treatment acute pain

7) Evaluate benefits/harms 1‐4 weeks of starting opioid therapy

• Clinicians should evaluate Q 3 months or more frequently to assess response

• If not beneficial to continue opioid – optimize other therapies and work with patient to taper to lower dose or taper to discontinue

10Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou Roger. CDC Guideline on Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain‐United States 2016. JAMA 2016; 315(15): 1624‐1645.

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Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME)

11

OPIOID (doses in mg/day except where noted) CONVERSION FACTOR

Codeine 0.15

Fentanyl transdermal (mcg/hr) 2.4

Hydrocodone 1

Hydromorphone 4

Methadone  (1‐20mg/day) 4

Methadone (21‐40mg/day) 8

Methadone (41‐60mg/day) 10

Methadone (> 61 mg/day) 12

Morphine 1

Oxycodone 1.5

Tramadol 0.1

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/calculating_total_daily_dose‐a.pdf

Page 12: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Examples50 MME/Day

Hydrocodone/APAP5/300 tab x 10 tabs

50mg of Hydrocodone

Oxycodone 15mg SR tab x 2 tabs

30 mg of Oxycodone

Hydromorphone 2mg tab x 6‐7 tabs

12‐14 mg of Hydromorphone

90 MME/Day

Hydrocodone/APAP 10/325 tab x 9 tabs

90mg of Hydrocodone

Oxycodone 30mg SR tab x 2 tabs

60mg of Oxycodone

Methadone 5mg tab x 4 tabs

20mg of Methadone

12

To calculate MME• Determine total daily amount of opioid patient takes• Convert  each to MME – (Daily Dose x conversion factor = MME)

CDC Opioid Guideline App now available for free download

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/calculating_total_daily_dose‐a.pdf; www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/prescribing/app.html

Page 13: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

CDC Guidelines for Chronic PainAssess Risk and Address Harms of Opioid Use

8) Evaluate risk factors, develop plan to mitigate risk, including considering use of naloxone

• History of overdose, opioid dose >50 MME/day, concurrent benzodiazepine

9) Review history of controlled RX use (PMP)• Review for combination therapy that increases opioid side effects or risks• Review routinely

10) Use urine drug testing before starting opioid therapy and consider testing annually

• Assess for prescribed medication• Test for other controlled substances or illicit drugs

11) Avoid prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently12) For opioid use disorder, offer/arrange treatment (ex. 

Buprenorphine + behavioral therapies)

13Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou Roger. CDC Guideline on Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain‐United States 2016. JAMA 2016; 315(15): 1624‐1645.

Page 14: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

http://sempguidelines.org/wp‐content/uploads/2017/04/Naloxone‐Handout.pdf 14

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PMPs improve patient safety by allowing clinicians to:

o Identify patients obtaining opioids from multiple providers

o Identify patients prescribed other substances that may increase risk of opioids (ex. Benzodiazepines)

o Assess potential for addiction or overdose (by calculating opioid MME/day)

PMPs improve patient safety by allowing clinicians to:

o Identify patients obtaining opioids from multiple providers

o Identify patients prescribed other substances that may increase risk of opioids (ex. Benzodiazepines)

o Assess potential for addiction or overdose (by calculating opioid MME/day)

15

Why PMP?

Page 16: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Examples of PMP impact

o Floridao 2010 – Implemented PMP use by prescribers and also stopped healthcare 

providers from dispensing opiods from their officeso 2012 – More than 50% decrease in oxycodone deaths

o New York and Tennesseeo 2012 – Required prescribers to check state PMP before prescribing opioidso 2013 – NY 75% drop in patients’ seeing multiple prescribers for the same drugso 2013 – TN 36% decline in patients’ seeing multiple prescribers for the same 

drugs

Examples of PMP impact

o Floridao 2010 – Implemented PMP use by prescribers and also stopped healthcare 

providers from dispensing opiods from their officeso 2012 – More than 50% decrease in oxycodone deaths

o New York and Tennesseeo 2012 – Required prescribers to check state PMP before prescribing opioidso 2013 – NY 75% drop in patients’ seeing multiple prescribers for the same drugso 2013 – TN 36% decline in patients’ seeing multiple prescribers for the same 

drugs

16

Why PMP?

www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/policy/successes.html

Page 17: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

o August 1, 2017, Act 820 enacted and required prescribers to check PMP before prescribing certain controlled substances.o Schedule II or III opiate o Benzodiazepine medication initial RXo Oncologist check with initial RX and every 3 months while continuing 

treatment.o Document in patient’s medical record that PMP was checked.o If healthcare provider purposely fails to access PMP as required is 

subject to disciplinary action by AR Medical Board.

o PMP system registration requires user to list practice specialty (ex. Oncology)

o 11/2017 PDMP system changed from RxSentry to PMP Aware website.

17

Arkansas PMP 

Page 18: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

AR PMP Patient Search

Patient Information to enter• Patient Name and DOB required• Optional items to enter

– Patient home address and phone number– Social Security Number– Driver’s License state and number

Prescription Fill Dates• Database has 3 years worth of data• Defaults to 1 year search• Easy to request less than 1 year search

PMP Interconnect search• Possible with states that share PMP data with Arkansas

18https://arkansas.pmpaware.net/login

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State Share of PMP data with AR(12/2017)

19https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programs‐services/topics/prescription‐monitoring‐program

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PMP Report Example(Patient MH)

20

Patient MH lives in Texarkana, AR Should you do PMP search for prescriptions in AR alone?

Page 21: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

PMP Report Example(Patient JM)

21

Patient receives opioid prescriptions from PCP and oncologist at UAMS• Has he received any medications that may enhance side effects of opioids?• Do we need to worry about overdose and need for naloxone RX?

Page 22: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

AR PMP Quarterly Report(Oct‐Dec 2017)

Queries by Prescribers and Pharmacists Jan‐Dec 17

Queries by licensing boards and law enforcement Jan‐Sept 2017

22https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/images/uploads/pdf/PMP_Quarterly_Dashboard_JAEdits_3_7_18.pdf

Page 23: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

AR PMP Quarterly Report(Oct‐Dec 2017)

Patients seeing >7 Prescribers or Pharmacies in 90‐day period

# Doses of controlled substances dispensed to “Doctor Shoppers”

23https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/images/uploads/pdf/PMP_Quarterly_Dashboard_JAEdits_3_7_18.pdf; https://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programs‐services/topics/prescription‐monitoring‐program

Page 24: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Review of UAMS ED Opioid Review Project 

24

UAMS PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Project conducted by Taylor James, Pharm.D.

Page 25: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

UAMS ED Opioid Review(Pharmacy Resident Project)

25

Purpose: Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED

Specific Aims:1. Identify the most common opioids prescribed upon 

discharge2. Observe changes in opioid prescribing after AR PMP 

mandate3. Implement educational resources to improve opioid 

prescribing practices

Page 26: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

UAMS ED Project

26

Inclusion Criteria 

Patients ≥ 18 years of age

Opioid/tramadol prescribed upon discharge from ED

Exclusion Criteria 

Patients < 18 years of age

Opioid prescribed for cough suppression or cancer‐related 

pain

Part One: Retrospective data collection from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 using Epic Clarity® database

Part Two: Assess the same data 6 months prior to and 6 months after AR PMP mandate (Act 820) was implemented Analyzed data with student’s t‐test

Page 27: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Results: Part One(UAMS ED Project)

DRUG No. ORDERS

% ORDERS BY MEDS

AVGMME/DAY

AVG DAYS SUPPLIED

No. PATIENTS

Hydrocodone 3680 51.8% 21.1 3.8 3360

Tramadol 1870 26.3% 19.4 4.6 1750

Oxycodone 1310 18.4% 41.0 4.0 1190

Codeine 211 3% 25.7 3.4 206

Other 32 < 0.5% 59.2 7.8 33

27

ED discharge prescriptions (total orders > 7,000) from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 

Page 28: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Results: Part Two(UAMS ED Project)

DRUG No. ORDERS PRE No. ORDERS POST P VALUE

Hydrocodone 1635 932 < 0.0001

Tramadol 879 611 < 0.0001

Oxycodone 603 276 < 0.0001

Codeine 95 30 < 0.0001

Top 4 TOTAL 3212 1849 < 0.0001

Approximate decrease of 43%

No. ER Visits PRE = 19,067No. ER Visits POST = 19,032

28

PRE = Opioid prescriptions from Sept. 1, 2016 to Feb. 28, 2017POST = Opioid prescriptions from Sept. 1, 2017 to Feb. 28, 2018

*Student’s t‐test

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Results: Part TwoUAMS ED Post‐PMP Opioid Prescribing Perceptions

50%39%

11%

ED Participants (N=28)

Attending Resident APRN

29

Online survey to assess perceptions of opioid prescribing before and after PMP mandate

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Results: Part TwoUAMS ED Post‐PMP Opioid Prescribing Perceptions

Indication to Prescribe Opioids % of Answers (N=28)

Fractures 71%Kidney related pain 36%

Trauma 18%Abdominal pain 11%

Back pain 7%

30

Question: For what indications do you most commonly prescribe opioids?

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31

Results: Part TwoUAMS ED Post‐PMP Opioid Prescribing PerceptionsQuestion: How do you perceive the AR PMP has changed how often you 

prescribe opioids upon discharge from the ED?

28.6%

46.4%

25%

0%

0%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

SIGNIFICANTLY LESS

SOMEWHAT LESS

NO DIFFERENCE

SOMEHWAT MORE

SIGNIFICANTLY MORE

% Response

N=28

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32

Results: Part TwoUAMS ED Post‐PMP Opioid Prescribing Perceptions

Question: If you have noticed a change, why do you believe the AR PMP mandate has changed how you prescribe opioids 

upon discharge?

THEMESTIME  extra barrier to prescribe 

PMP not user‐friendlyAbility to identify recent opioid 

prescriptionsSupports need to reduce opioid 

prescriptions

Page 33: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Conclusions – UAMS ED Project

33

Overall, UAMS ED prescribers follow CDC guidelines

Identified many areas of 

improvement 

AR PMP mandate significantly 

affected opioid prescribing trends

Default # tabsPatient 

educationUpdated guidelines

Page 34: Opioid Prescribing and use of PDMP System...May 12, 2018  · Purpose:Examine prescribing patterns of opioids upon discharge from the ED Specific Aims: 1. Identify the most common

Key Points 

Use immediate release opioids 

Use immediate release opioids 

≤ 50 morphine milligram equivalents (MME)/day≤ 50 morphine milligram equivalents (MME)/day

≤ 3 days supply should be sufficient, no more than 7 

days

≤ 3 days supply should be sufficient, no more than 7 

days

Review Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP)  

Review Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP)  

CDC Opioid Guidelines for Acute Pain

34“Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Mar. 2016, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm.

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Questions?

35

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References1. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou Roger. CDC Guideline on Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain‐United States 2016. 

JAMA 2016; 315(15): 1624‐1645.2. Seth P, et al. Quantifying the Epidemic of Prescription Opioid Overdose Deaths. AJPH 2018; 108 (4): 500‐502.3. Rudd RA, et al. Increases in Drug and Opioid Overdose Deaths – United States, 2000‐2014. MMWR 2016; 

64(50&51): 1378‐1383.4. Chou R, et al.  Opioid Treatment Guidelines – Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic 

Noncancer Pain. The Journal of Pain 2009; 10(2): 113‐130.5. Kim HS, et al.  Opioid prescription fill rates after emergency department discharge. AJHP 2016; 73(12): 902‐907.6. Genord C, Frost T, Eid D.  Opioid exit plan: A pharmacist’s role in managing acute posteroperative pain.  Journal of 

American Pharmacists Assoc 2017; 57: S92‐S98.7. Medicare is Cracking Down on Opioids. Doctors Fear Pain Patients will Suffer.  

www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/health/opioids‐medicare‐limits.html.8. Blue Cross Blue Shield.  America’s Opioid Epidemic and It’s Effect on the Nation’s Commercially‐Insured 

Population, published June 29, 2017. www.bcbs.com/the‐health‐of‐america/reports/americas‐opioid‐epidemic‐and‐its‐effect‐on‐the‐nations‐commercially‐insured.

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