Opportunities for participation
Concepts of physical activityChapter 11
Concepts and definitions
• Play• Leisure• Recreation• Physical Education • Sport• Outdoor and
adventurous activities
Play
• Main reason for participation is• No - negotiated at each
occurrence
• rewards• nature of commitment
funset rules
SpontaneousIntrinsicNon-serious
Play immediate
pleasure; no ulterior motive
Spontaneous
Enjoyment
Negotiation
Rules
Non-serious
Intrinsic value
Space Time
Play and recreation
• Play is for • When adults ‘play’ it’s called
Hence shared characteristics:• Both • Both
childrenrecreation
intrinsicvoluntary
Recreation• The of leisure • To - refresh mind• Change to • for its own sake• No or relevance• No relative importance to
what‘recreate’
active leisureParticipation
intellectual commercialsociety
Similarities between play and leisure
Both:
• Intrinsic• For fun• Informal structure• Produce sense of well-being• Both develop skills• Casual attitude
Differences between recreation and leisure
Recreation:• Escape from stress• Opportunity for socialising• Health benefits• More organised• Concept of ‘active leisure’
Leisure• Time free • Hence
from work and other obligations
choice
depends on economics
self-satisfying
socialising
Characteristics of Leisure
• Work has over leisure• Leisure has• Leisure is • Protestant work ethic –
• clouds issue/limits definition
priorityno value in itself
non-serious
‘work is Godly; leisure is lazy’unemployment
Question
Many people take part in physical recreation as a form of leisure activity.
(i) Define the term leisure. (2 marks) (ii) What do you understand by the term
physical recreation? Comment on its benefit to individuals (4 marks)
Answer(i) Time away from obligations/necessities such as
work/education;Activities can be freely/voluntarily entered into/choice;For relaxation/enjoyment/fun. 2 marks
(ii)Physical Recreation – active/exercise/physically strenuous activity;During leisure time;Provides opportunities for self-fulfilment/fun/enjoyment/ intrinsic reward/improve skill;Helps maintain physical health/fitness;Helps develop interpersonal/social skills;Escape from reality/pressures/stress/mental health.
4 marks
Class-based leisure
• has a right to leisure• has a right to leisure after
they have earned it
• Influenced by traditional beliefs, ,
, and
Leisured classWorking class
exclusivityavailability disposable income time
Leisure as a socialising process• Leisure is a • - should take place in
• may develop• Provides opportunities • Attractive to and hence
• Can promote
social processFreely chosenpleasant atmosphereFriendships
creativemedia
sponsorshipculture
More Leisure
T. I. M. E. as limiting factors to leisure
• Less • Less • Less • Lack of
timeincomemobility
education
Growth and change in
leisure time
High unemployment
Reduction in working hours
Advances in
technologyIncreased life
expectancy
Increased mobility
Increased disposable
income
Greater public provision of
facilities
Similarities of play,
recreation and leisure
Discovery/ experimenting
No obligation
Creativity/self-expression
No pressure
Variety of activities
Freedom of choice
Self-satisfaction obtained
Question
Modern-day lifestyles appear to be increasingly stressful and more inactive.
(i) Explain the term active leisure.(2 marks)
(ii) Why is active leisure considered important for individuals and society?
(4 marks)
Answer(i) Time free from work/domestic chores/sleeping/surplus
Choice - Voluntary/free will/no moral obligationActive – physical, energetic. 2 marks
(ii) Society attitudes changed/rights to leisure/limited Working hours reduced / more leisure;Increased status of leisure/reduced status of church/work; Labour saving gadgets;Increase in life expectancy;More accessible facilities/personal mobility/improved transport;Early retirement;Unemployment (enforced leisure);Job share/work from home/flexible work patterns4 marks
Outdoor and adventurous activities
• Includes recreations in the environment – not outdoor games!
• Add element of to get adventurous activities
• Used as a classroom activity –
Outdoor and adventurous activities
risk
natural
outdoor education
Values of outdoor activities
Values
Trust in others
Team work
Self-reliance Leadership
skills
Decision-making
characteristics
dangerous
exciting
challenging
No officials
competitive
But codes for safety
Against self/elements
Benefits
• Sense of freedom –
• Handling risk - • • • Appreciation of • Self-reliance -
escape from urban environmentsense of danger
LeadershipDecision-making
natural environmenttrust in others
Risk• Objective danger – • Subjective danger – • Real risk – • Perceived risk –
outside our controlwithin our control
avoidable environmental risk
potential risk – sense of danger
Educational and recreational values
Educational Recreational• Free time/choice• Enhance quality of
life/escape stress• Active leisure• Health • Intrinsic• Sense of fulfilment
• Appreciation of environment
• Conservation• Skill development• Testing oneself• Teamwork/ leadership
Difficulties with outdoor education in schools
• Limited • Lack of • • Lack of •
timespecialised teachers
Fundingaccess
Safety issues
Outdoor activities in a city?
• Canoeing, sailing, windsurfing – • • Indoor • Orienteering •
lake, canal or poolclimbing walls
in parkDry ski slopes
Increases in outdoor participation
Because:• Escape to the countryside/appreciation
of environment• Widely accessible facilities/cheap• Socialising/mixed sex groups• Ease of access• Individual/non competitive• Challenging/adrenalin rush/risk/danger
Requirements for outdoor and adventurous activities to be sports
• Rules• Scoring system• Judges and officials• Governing body• Extrinsic
QuestionDry ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity.(i) Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment.
(3 marks) (ii) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between 'real' and 'perceived' risk? (3 marks)
Answers(i) Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering - climbing wallOrienteering - park/school groundsCanoeing/rafting - swimming pool/lake/canals/reservoirWindsurfing/sailing - reservoir/gravel pitsMountain biking - country parks/parks/indoor tracks(ii) Real risk - from natural environment/increases with skill
level;should be avoided at all costs;risk of life/injury;can be planned for/plan a route to avoid;Perceived risk - sense of danger/think there’s a risk;provides excitement, but controlled;encouraged by leaders/learning experience;importance of developing risk assessments;
Definition of sport
• Competitive - • Organised occasions –
• Officials - • Administration - • Commercial aspects -
rules and regulations
leagues and championshipsreferees and umpires
clubs and NGBs
sponsorship, advertising, media coverage, funding, professionalism
Coakley (1993)
‘….an institutionalised, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.’
Meanings
• Institutionalised – • Competitive – • Physical exertion – • Complex physical skills - • Motivation – • Intrinsic – • Extrinsic –
structurewinners and losers
hard workmovement
drive to do self-satisfactionexternal rewards
Categories of Sport (NCPE)
• Dance activities• Games activities• Gymnastic activities• Swimming activities and water safety• Athletic activities• Outdoor and adventurous activities
Sub-categories of games
• Invasion• Striking and fielding • Combat• Target • Net/wall• Athletic
Characteristics of sport
Serious/ commitment
Sportsmanship/fair play /team
spirit
Time/ space constraints
Highly organised
Competitive
Excellence/ ability
Physical endeavour
Objectives of sport
Highlights issues
Emotional release
Express individualityAid socialisation
Allow success
Health and fitness
Values of sport
Positive Negative• Competitive• Sportsmanship• Amateurism• Assertive
• Gamesmanship• Win at all costs• Cheating• Aggression
Problems with sport• Over-emphasis on winning• More like entertainment• Crowd violence• Drugs• Poor role models• Passive involvement
ComparisonRecreation Professional sport
• Immediate pleasure• intrinsic rewards• length of participation
own choice• spontaneity• spare time involvement• levels of fitness
personal• no pressure to cheat• no pressure to succeed
• involves pain/rivalry• extrinsic rewards• time constraints - training• spontaneity reduced through
rules• occupation - serious• sponsorship• high levels of skill and
fitness• temptation to cheat• pressure from others to win
Question
Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of play, physical recreation and sport.Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’.(i) Using an example, explain this definition.
(2 marks)(ii) State two ways in which sport differs from
play. (2 marks)
Answer(i) Play is fun/enjoyment/non serious;Intrinsic value/no tangible rewards;(ii) Sport has Extrinsic rewards;Competitive;Commitment/effort;Emotional highs and lows;Highly structured/time constraints/boundaries/equipment;Rules/officials/tactics;Degree of obligation;
The difference with P.E.
P.E. is:• • - involving learning - • Has authority figures –
CompulsoryEducational skills
different to recreation and play but similar to sport
Characteristics of P.E.• Formal body of • Learning through the • • Learning • Develops skills• Appreciation and evaluation of • •
knowledgephysical
Skill developmentrules and ethicspersonal and social
movementHealth-related fitnessLifelong learning
Aims of P.E.
• Skill development - • Fitness development - • Knowledge of rules etc – • Values such as sportsmanship -
motorphysical
cognitivecultural
Physical
Skill development
Increase fitness
stamina strength flexibility
Intellectual
Experience wide range of activities
Encourage sportsmanship
/fair play
Encourage competition
Promote self-esteem
Teach health
benefits of exercise
Social
Team work
Social interaction
friendship
leadershipAccepting defeat
Not only PE in schools
PE Sport
Recreation
Some overlap exists
Question
Many people think that physical education is just another name for sport that is played in schools.
What are the values and characteristics of sport that differentiate it from physical education? (3 marks)
Answersport is competitive/sport primarily seeks winners and
losers/extrinsic rewards;sport does not have an overt educational objective/is elitist;sport does not have an overt developmental objective;sport is serious/commitment/voluntary.(Max 2 for PE)PE seeks to develop motor/psycho-motor skills;PE seeks to develop learning/understanding/morals/ethics/
fairplay;PE health/stress/social/participation;PE is compulsory.
P.E. and sport in school
P.E. Sport• Compulsory• Physical development• Creativity /social
awareness• Confidence and self-
esteem• Aesthetic appreciation• Mixed ability• Values of teamwork/
sportsmanship
• Voluntary• Performance development• Extension of interest/
specialism• Extra-curricular• Competitive• Commitment/ dedication
School sport
• Depends on • Lack of • • Safety considerations -
teacher goodwillfunding
Competing interestsrisk assessments
Club and school sport
Similarities Differences• Same activities• Skills developed• Formalised• PE teacher may
coach• Aim to win
• Teacher v coach• Conflicts in
expectations• Different ethics in
school and club sport
Progression from P.E. to sport
Club involvement
Competitions
Coaching / Talent development
Affiliation to NGBs
Award schemes/training courses
Access to District level
PE lessons in school
Links with local clubs
District level
Competition
Tournaments
Championships
Access to Regional level
Regional level
Competition
Training
Assistance from Sports Aid Foundation
Access to National Training squad
National Training squad
Coaching
National Sports Centres
National competition
Access to International level
International level
Representing Country
via NGBs
The Physical Activity continuum
Play LeisurePhysical Recreation
Outdoor activities P.E. Sport
Moving from left to right:Increased organisation
The Physical Activity continuum
Play LeisurePhysical Recreation
Outdoor activities P.E. Sport
Moving from left to right:
Increased competition