OppOrtunities Of clean energy sOlutiOns in MyanMar and in
the regiOn
U Win Khaing President
Myanmar Engineering Society (MES) Member of National Energy Management Committee
GEGG 3rd Forum Naypyitaw - Yangon 20 to 22 November 2013
Contents: Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy
Government Guidance Scenario
Rural Electrification in Myanmar
Present Government Planning for Rural Electrification Programme
Development of RE & RET Application of MYANMAR
Asia Regional Status
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy
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Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy
A. Aims and Objectives of Energy Sector Policy
B. Policy Framework and Strategy
C. Institution/Organizations Responsible for Energy Sector Policy Implementation
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Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy A. Aims and Objective of Energy
Sector Policy Ensure energy security for sustainable economic development ;
Provide affordable and reliable energy supply to all categories of consumers, --- especially to those without electricity in remote areas
Achieve Government’s overarching objective of poverty reduction
Improvement in quality of life of its people
Increase foreign exchange earnings through energy exports after meeting the national demand.
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Expand community-based renewable energy projects, with women participation, that are based on fuel that is free and self-renewing: the sun, the wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal, and others
-- this will provide income /livelihood opportunities to rural poor.
Gradually reduce the energy infrastructure that depends on fossil fuel that continuously rises in price, is dirty, dangerous, causes global warming, and destroys the habitat of this planet
Integrate environmental & social consideration in National Energy Planning
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy (cont,)
B. Energy Sector Policy Framework and Strategy Increase electric power and other form of energy supply by developing oil and gas, hydro, renewable energy, etc Improve energy efficiency particularly in the industrial sector Expand private sector partnership in energy development Private sector will be expected to provide new and bold innovative financing instruments, unlike the old traditional lending modalities, that would safeguard interest of the Government and its people.
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy (cont,)
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To attract international private investment funds for energy development,
- GOM would have in place an appropriate legal and regulatory framework with enforcement mechanism; strong institutional and organizational structures with capacity building program.
Expansion of Electrical Power Supply on a Fast Track Basis
- Increase in electrification rate, under President U Thein Sein’s Development Reform Program, from current 26 % to 75 % by end of 2021/2022.
- To achieve above target, increase in electricity generation capacity at 500 to 1,000 MW per year to reach 16,665 MW at the end of the 10 year period.
- A program to replace old gas turbine at power plants with new and more efficient combined cycle gas turbines(CCGT)
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy (cont,)
Optimization of Fuel Mix to Reduce Dependence on Imported Fuel
Need for Renewable Energy Development
Community–based Renewable Energy Resources Development Program for Poverty Reduction in Remote Areas of Myanmar
8.Key Factors for Sustainability of Community-based Renewable Energy Development
Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement and Conservation
Market- Based Policies for Private Sector Financing in Energy Sector
New Foreign Investment Law
Financing Sources of Energy Sector Development
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy (cont,)
C. Institution/Organization Responsible for Energy Sector Policy Implementation
Implementation of Energy Sector Policy under guidance and coordination of National Energy Management Committee(NEMC) and support of all organizations/agencies as well as the civil society.
Energy Development Committee (EDC) to support the activities of NEMC
NEMC will assess the appropriateness of institutional structure and organizational set up of various energy sector entities, and formulate capacity building program to fulfill the long term needs of the sector.
Recommendation
- Establish a team of professional staff to ensure successful Policy Implementation
Energy Sector Policy, Framework and Strategy (cont,)
Government Guidance Scenario
National Energy Management Committee National Level [Head by President Office]
Energy Development Committee Ministry Level [Headed by Ministry of Electric Power]
Renewable Energy Work Committee Ministry Level [Head by Ministry of Science & Technology]
Village Electrification & Water Supply Committee Head by Ministry of Livestock Fishery & Rural Development
Rural Electrification Access No. of inhabited villages: 62218 Electrified villages (on-grid): 2765 Electrified villages (off-grid): 14195 Un-electrified villages: 45258
Five Year Plan by MOEP 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 3575 4116 4793 (villages)
Source : Ministry of Electric Power, 2013
Rural Electrification in Myanmar Myanmar Engineering Society
Source: MOEP, 2013
Source: MOEP, 2013
Source: MOEP, 2013
Source: MOEP, 2013
Present Government Planning for
Rural Electrification Programme
Present Government Planning for Rural Electrification Programme
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So far, about 17000 villages of over 64000 villages have been supplied with electricity through linkage of power line with national grid, diesel generators, small-scale hydropower, bio-fuel generators and solar system in regions and states.
Apply cheap and environment-friendly renewable energy sources such as small and medium scale hydropower, wind power, solar power, bio-gas and village-level small-scale power line.
The resources can be applied for rural region electrification through single house solar system, solar panel supply system, solar lamp charging system and small-scale hydropower system and bio-gas system.
The investment for the renewable energy is larger than that of running renewable energy. That is why, the need to invite investors and seek financial assistance at home and abroad for reducing heavy cost in PPP investment process.
A combined system of small-scale hydropower, solar power and bio-fuel generator would be the best way for establishment of the village small-scale power line system. It is necessary to choose the business model.
The need to set the aim of supplying electricity to two LED 5W bulbs, charging mobile phone and one TV for each house and lamp-posts of the village. The government will provide necessary energy policies, fund and technical assistance.
At first, it is necessary to choose 100 model villages in regions and states and 50 villages each in self-administered zones and division for implementing rural electrification based on renewable energy.
Present Government Planning for Rural Electrification Programme (cont.)
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Development of RE & RET Application of MYANMAR
It is very practical to materialize Village Electrification by using available RE Resources of Solar, Micro-hydro and Biomass.
Almost all Myanmar villages of about 64000 numbers with 70% of the country population have at lest one kind of those resources. Currently, 1.5 to 500 KW range of applications are occurred throughout the country at community self-help attempts.
Those are existing situation to IMPROVE and DEVELOP by strategic and systematic deployment of RE.
Recently Government formed a Ministry level Committee of “Rural Electrification & Water Supply” under changed Policy of Rural Development & Poverty alleviation.
Also current Energy Policy reform processes are planning to support on deployment of RE for Country Power sector development.
Solar Photovoltaic Energy - SPV Home System - SPV Community System
- SPV Public & Private Electrification System for lighting, telecommunication, entertainment, pumping, vaccine refrigeration
Solar Thermal Energy - Salt Industry
- Agriculture & Fishery Post-harvest Drying processes
- SME and Village Cottage Industries
Pico, Mini & Micro Hydro Power - village electrifications
- found highest range of application up to 500KW
Solar Energy Potential of Myanmar Based on the yearly solar radiation map, solar energy potential of Myanmar was investigated. Geographical distribution of solar radiation was analyzed and the result is shown in Fig. It was found that 36% of the total area of the country receives annual solar radiation in the range of 18-19 MJ/m2-day, while there are only a few percents of the area with less solar radiation
(< 15MJ/m2-day). This indicates that most parts of Myanmar receive relatively high solar radiation.
Percentage of the area of Myanmar which receives various ranges of solar radiation
Source : Assessment of Solar Energy Potentials for the Union of Myanmar, Sep, 2009
Source : Assessment of Solar Energy Potentials for the Union of Myanmar, Sep, 2009
SPV Home Lighting System launched at Township Authority Office
SPV Home Lighting System launched at Village Authority Office
Rural Electrification with Solar Power
TRADITIONAL SOLAR THERMAL POWER APPLICATION
NECESSARY IMPROVEMENT
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2016 0.33 MW
0.35 MW
0.66 MW
0.70 MW
50 MW
Solar Energy Installed Capacity and Target Install Capacity for year 2016
Village Hydro-electric power establishment for Village Electrification
Photo Credit: Renewable Energy Association of Myanmar
Source: MOEP, 2013
Existing Small Hydropower Stations
Existing Small Hydropower Stations
Electrification of rural villages with Mini Hydropower Plant
by Irrigation Water The Irrigation Department has currently completed about 240 dams. The primary purpose of these are for cultivation but multifunctional using irrigation water to product for generating hydropower.
However, by the pre-survey report of 11 February, 2013 has stated that these water supply channels of 4000 – 8000 drop has the potential of producing 3KW – 80KW of electricity.
Up to now, mini hydropower plants product 872 KW of electricity by irrigation water supply project of 60 dams.
Electrification of rural villages with Mini Hydropower Plant by Irrigation Water, Ma Mya Dam
No LocationDrop Height
(ft)Name of Village
No. of Household
Installed Capacity
(KW)Remarks
1 Drop (1) 4 Near Dam Site 50 52 Drop (3) 5 Myinwartaung 43 Drop (4) 4 Myinwartaung 54 Drop (5) 6 Myinwartaung 105 Drop (13) 3.5 Ngabatkya 100 66 Check Gate 5 Bogyigone 100 6 Thoneze Dam7 Drop (7) 5 Magyikwin 120 68 Check Gate 4 Gayansanpya 80 6
Total 48
From Ma Mya Dam
Kantin Dam
350
The List of Implemented Mini Hydro Power Plant
The installed output per unit 2~5KW Total installed no. 16 Total Installed capacity 48 KW (pls see detail in table )
Wind Power
2832 Km costal strip facing the bay of Bengal and Andaman sea.
Potential available wind energy-365.10 TWh/Yr (NEDO, 1997)
Only on R & D Phase
Individual scale of water-pumping, wind mill & generate electricity in rural area.
2832 Km costal strip facing the bay of Bengal and Andaman sea.
Potential available wind energy-365.10 TWh/Yr (NEDO, 1997)
Only on R & D Phase
Individual scale of water-pumping, wind mill & generate electricity in rural area.
Wind Power
Small Wind Turbine application are in trial phase utilization. Private market trial is not doing well due to limitation of wind source and stagnant period occurred characteristically
Photo Credit: Renewable Energy Association of Myanmar
2013 2016 2021 120 MW
420 MW
1209 MW
Wind Energy Installed Capacity and Target Install Capacity for year 2021
Source: MOEP, 2013
Biomass Energy
Solid Fuel Production [woodchip, pallet, briquette]
Gas Fuel [producer-gas in SME Commercial scale; Bio-gas at promotion phase]
Liquid Fuel [few application with Pilot production]
Forest management [wide range of CFI practices]
Fuel Plant cultivation [ Research phase: Grasses ….]
Biogas Digesters in States and Regions No. States / Regions No. of Constructed Digester Total
Digester for Village Digester for Family 1. Nay Pyi Taw 11 11 22 2. Mandalay 109 3 111 3. Sagaing 23 2 25 4. Magway 9 - 9 5. Shan (North) 1 - 1 6. Shan (South) 1 1 2 7. Shan (East) 2 1 3 8. Kayar (Loikaw) 1 - 1 9. Ayeyarwady (Pathein) - 2 2 10. Kachin - 3 3 11. Rakhine - 1 1
12.
13.
Mon
Yangon
Total
-
1
158
1
-
25
1
1
183
100 m3 Digester , Mandalay 8 m3 Digester, Naypyitaw
Biogas Digesters
50 m3 Digester, Kyaukse 25 m3 Digester, Taunggyi, Shan State
Low Cost Biogas Digester for Cooking Purpose
By the assistance of the Chiang Mai University, Energy Technology for Environment Research Center, The new project will be started in 2014.
42
Location Capacity Date
started Cost US$
Prawn Hatchery (Ge Wa, Taung Koat Township, Rakhine State) 30 kW 2004 7500
Technological University (Htarwel) 50 kW 2009 9400
Technical High School (Gantgaw) 50 kW 2009 7800
Mel Zel Village, Loi Kor Township, Kayah State 50 kW 2009 9400
Technical High School (Putao) 50 kW 2009 9400
Technological University (Mawlamyine) 50 kW 2009 9400
No(1) Motorcar Industry Department, Yangon, Ministry of Industry (2)
50 kW 2009 9400
Gasifier Project, Renewable Energy Department, Technological University (Kyaukse)
50 kW 2009 9400
Woodchip Down-draft Gasifier Project, Myanmar
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), 2010
Producer gas drive generator set for a village electrification
Myanmar is one of the countries with numerous geothermal resources that could be represented as an additional source of energy to fulfill its future energy requirement.
Myanmar has five distinctive igneous alignments related to geographical features of the country, which stretches from North to South. The igneous activity appeared to be more intense during late Tertiary and Quartenary although the activity ranged from Cretaceous to as late as Recent.
Widespread occurrences of hot springs had been known to exist not only in the younger volcanic regions but also in non-volcanic and metamorphosed areas where round water heated at depths have ascended through faults, fractures and fissues.
Hot springs are found in Kachin State, Shan State, Kayah State, the Southern Part of Rakhine Stae in Kyaukphyu, Central Myanmar Area, Shwebo-Monywa Area and especially in Mon State and Taninthayi Division. A total of 93 hot springs have so far been recorded and identified.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN MYANMAR Potential
Geothermal Resources of Myanmar
Sr. No. State/Region
No. of Hot
Springs
Average Surface Temperature Degree C
PH Number
1. Kachin State 2 - 2. Kayah State 5 - 3. Kayin State 15 48.61(37.78-61.67) 4. Sagaing Region 10 32.41(29.44-48.89) 7.8 5. Taninthayi Region 19 51.46 (37.78-51.67) - 6. Magway Region 5 40.78 (32.22-48.89) 7.6 7 Mandalay Region 3 36.65 (30.56-40.00) 6.5 8 Mon State 19 51.08 (37.78-65.8) 7.7 9 Rakhine State 1 - - 10 Shan State 17 43.50 (27.8-61.7) 6.9
HOT SPRINGS
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HOT SPRINGS IN MYANMAR 1. Munglang Hka (25° 58′ , 98° 29′). 2. Yinchingpa (25° 56’, 98° 23’). 3. Pengwai, Northern Shan States. 4. Namon, Northern Shan States. 5. Sandoway river (18° 6’, 94° 54’). 6. Bule (19° 16’, 95° 54’) 7. Lepanbewchaung (19° 16’, 96° 36’). 8. Kayenchaung (19° 10’, 96° 36’). 9. Chaungna-nay (18° 44’, 96° 46’). 10. Kayloo Myoung (15° 33’, 96° 51’). 11. Bin-byai (18° 33’, 96° 55’). 12. Mai-Pouk (18° 19’, 96° 54’). 13. Sair-O-Khan (97° 4’, 18° 4’). 14. Hteepahtoh (17° 56’, 97° 3’). 15. Vadai Chaung (17° 56’, 97° 12’). 16. Koon-Pai (17° 55’, 97° 1’). 17. Maiting (17° 53’, 97° 4’). 18. Kyoung Chaung (17° 35’, 97° 2’). 19. Gyo (17° 10’, 97° 39’). 20. Nga Yai Kyoon Juin, in Martaban.
21. Seinli, in Martaban. 22. Kaline Aung, in Martaban. 23. Poung Yaboo, in the District of Salwen. 24. Noungtyne. 25. Mai-Palai. 26. Mya-waddi (16° 43’, 98° 32’). 27. Poung (16° 9’, 98° 14’). 28. Yabu (16° 34’, 98° 9’). 29. Damathat (16° 33’, 97° 52’). 30. Bonet (16° 27’, 97° 37’). 31. Ataran (17° 53’, 97° 4’). 32. Myan-Khoung (15° 13’, 98° 7’). 33. Thalan-Khoung (15° 10’, 98° 3’). 34. Nay Gyi Zin (14° 55’, 98° 0’). 35. Henzai. 36. Myitha (14° 13’, 98° 33’). 37. Paltha Kyoung. 38. Mandoo. 39. Kaukyen (14° 12’, 98° 25’). 40. Moung Mayan (14° 9’, 98° 9’). 41. Toungbyouk (13° 33’, 98° 40’). 42. Pai (13° 26’, 98° 33’). 43. Palouk (13° 13’, 98° 40’). 44. Barren Island (12° 11’, 93° 54’).
Energy Crops and Energy Plantations
Dedicated Energy Crops
PERENNIAL GRASSES
Panicum Switchgrass – temperate areas
Miscanthus (Asian Elephant Grass) - temperate areas
Pennisetum (Brazil Elephant Grass) – subtropical regions
Giant King Grass (Introduced by Viaspace) - tropical and
subtropical regions
Supreme Elephant Grass for the Production of Bio-composted Fertilizer:
• Primary intention as
raw material for above
mentioned up and
coming plants
• Hybrid of Pennisetum
americanum and
Pennisetum purpureum
Some salient points of Supreme Elephant Grass (SEG) are: (a) Due to its high Nitrogen,
Phosphorous and Potassium
contents, it can be used as raw
material for composting of bio-
organic fertilizer. (b) It can be used also as an energy crop for-
Fermentation process for
production of biogas and its
sludge which can be used as
fertilizer.
Intended Usages Rural Electrification
- Gasification
Gasification process for production of producer- gas for
electricity generation purpose.
100% biomass fired electrical power plant.
SEG can be used in the manufacture of “Green
Charcoal ” .
It is a perennial crop. A hybrid specy of - Pennisetum americanum & - Pennisetum purpureum
Can grow up to 350~400cm height. Grows well on marginal land with 700 mm rainfall. Yield 150 MTons per acre (Fresh cut , 70% Moisture Content.
Projection of Energy Plantations in Myanmar
Land Cover Category
Area (sq.km.) %
Evergreen Forest 203245.9 30.8
Deciduous Forest 84955.2 12.9
Mangrove Forest 1823.8 0.3
Scrubland 220676.3 33.4
Agriculture 138252.2 20.9
Water Bodies 1036.4 0.2
No data available (cloud covered) 10908.1 1.7
Scrubland in Myanmar
Source: UNEP (http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/myanmar/results.html)
State/Division Agriculture (sq.km.) % Scrubland (sq.km.) %
Ayeyarwady Division 16511.6 51.8 11046.1 34.7
Bago Division 14195.7 37.8 11916.6 31.7
Chin State 204.1 0.6 13914.9 38.2
Kachin State 1424.1 1.6 4354.6 4.8
Kayah State 1860.8 16.1 6090.1 52.6
Kayin State 4548.2 14.7 13466.5 43.5
Magway Division 22414.3 50.5 19548.3 44.1
Mandalay Division 19130.3 51.5 11162.2 30.0
Mon State 3321.1 30.7 5761.9 53.3
Rakhine State 6364.2 19.6 6077.8 18.7
Sagaing Division 24728.7 26.2 22567.8 23.9
Shan State 10872.6 6.9 79014.3 50.4
Tanintharyi Division 867.0 2.0 8932.2 20.9
Yangoon Division 6408.7 67.0 1956.0 20.5
Source: UNEP (http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/myanmar/results.html)
Projected power generation from the energy plantations on the scrubland
Total scrubland = 22,067,600 Ha (220,676 sq-km) (Mostly in Shan state, Sagaine division, Magway division, Chin state, Kayin state and Mandalay division) According to the calculation method of “Florida Clean Power” **, the grass energy plantations could generate the target power capacity
1% of Scrubland
650 MW Could generate
**http://www.flcleanpower.com/bio-mass
ASIA: REGIONAL STATUS
ASIA: REGIONAL STATUS Both China and India have made major national investments in renewable energy in recent years, and they have seen significant progress in extending energy access through decentralised solutions. Elsewhere in the region, progress has been mixed.
While several other countries—including Mongolia, Nepal, and Vietnam—have made measurable progress, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan continue to experience very low rates of rural electrification and still rely largely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating.
Although China and India are neighbours and are the two largest emerging economies in the world, their energy access situations are strikingly different. With more than 1.3 billion people, China has made extraordinary investments to meet its growing energy needs. The result has been significant increases in access to grid-connected electricity, although an estimated 4 million Chinese in rural areas still lack access to modern energy sources.
SOURCE : RENEWABLES 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
India, in contrast, has a long way to go: more than 290 million people (25% of the population) lack access to electricity, and 66% of Indians continue to rely on traditional biomass as their primary source of energy despite the progress made in recent years.
India announced in mid-2012 a goal to achieve universal access to electricity by 2017. Under the “Remote Village Electrification Programme,” renewable energy systems were provided to 905 villages/hamlets over the 10 months leading to February 2012, far more than the targeted 500 villages/hamlets. At the state level, Chhattisgarh initiated two schemes to replace the use of kerosene lamps with solar PV systems.
In October 2012, China’s State Council officially released its second energy policy-related white paper since 1991, which reflected the increased importance of renewable energy in the context of rural development. China is investing in technical upgrades of the existing grid infrastructure in rural areas to achieve 100% access to electricity by 2015.
To address energy supply shortfalls in rural areas and to advance the phase out of burning traditional wood fuels, old hydropower stations are being refurbished and deployment of small-scale hydropower and solar water heaters is being promoted.
Sri Lanka announced in 2012 that it had achieved its target of providing electricity for all people in the Eastern Province after the commissioning of six off-grid and nine grid-extension projects in Kantale, Padhaviya-Sripura, and Seruwila. The aim is to bring reliable electricity services to un-electrified or under-electrified remote areas of the country that are covered by the National Power Corporation’s (Napocor) Small Power Utilities Group.
Although the focus in Asia is primarily on increasing access to electricity, there are a number of programmes and projects to address the heavy reliance on traditional biomass for cooking throughout the region, by providing access to clean cookstoves and alternative fuels, particularly biogas.
In 2012, India launched its “National Cookstove Programme,” which aims to avoid 17% of the premature deaths and disabilities associated with traditional biomass emissions that would otherwise occur by 2020.
In Bangladesh, a World Bank-financed programme will support NGO efforts to provide rural households with clean cooking solutions through the dissemination of 1 million cookstoves and 20,000 biogas units.
Access to Electricity (% of population)
Key point: The Philippines and Vietnam show the largest penetration of renewables in ASEAN‐6 countries.
Source: “ Renewable Energy Markets And Prospects By Region” International Energy Agency (IEA), 2011
Source: IEA analysis based on data from IEE (2010). Key point: All ASEAN‐6 countries, with the exception of Singapore, show a significant and diverse renewable energy potential for electricity
Key point: The increase in renewable generation was concentrated in Thailand (biomass), Indonesia (geothermal), Philippines (geothermal) and Vietnam (hydro).
Source: “ Renewable Energy Markets And Prospects By Region” International Energy Agency (IEA), 2011
RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS (Neighbour Countries)
SOURCE : RENEWABLES 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS (Neighbours Countries)
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