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Multiple processor computers ..................................................................................................... 38 Installation procedure.............................................................................................................................. 38 Policy on the key..................................................................................................................................... 38 Definition of support ................................................................................................................................ 38 Getting technical support ........................................................................................................................ 39 Policy on bug fixes .................................................................................................................................. 39
Using the annotation feature ....................................................................................................... 44 Using pan and zoom ................................................................................................................... 45
Text windows operations ........................................................................................................................ 45 Dialog operations .................................................................................................................................... 46 Aborting long computations .................................................................................................................... 46 Summary of useful shortcuts .................................................................................................................. 47 Using the Windows clipboard.................................................................................................................. 48 ZEMAX file types by extension ............................................................................................................... 48
CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS Chapter 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Active configuration................................................................................................................................. 51 Angular magnification ............................................................................................................................. 51 Apodization ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Back focal length..................................................................................................................................... 51 Cardinal planes ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Chief ray.................................................................................................................................................. 51 Coordinate axes...................................................................................................................................... 52 Diffraction limited .................................................................................................................................... 52 Edge thickness........................................................................................................................................ 52 Effective focal length............................................................................................................................... 53 Entrance pupil diameter .......................................................................................................................... 53 Entrance pupil position............................................................................................................................ 53 Exit pupil diameter .................................................................................................................................. 53 Exit pupil position .................................................................................................................................... 53 Extra data................................................................................................................................................ 53 Field angles and heights ......................................................................................................................... 53 Float by stop size .................................................................................................................................... 53 Ghost reflections ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Glasses ................................................................................................................................................... 54
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Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 72 Colors 1-12, Colors 13-24 ........................................................................................................... 73 Buttons 1-16, Buttons 17-32, Buttons 33-48 ............................................................................... 73 Status Bar ................................................................................................................................... 74
Exit .......................................................................................................................................................... 74 Recently used files.................................................................................................................................. 74
Surface Type ................................................................................................................... 77 Surface DLL .................................................................................................................... 77 Surface Color .................................................................................................................. 77 Surface Opacity............................................................................................................... 77 Row Color........................................................................................................................ 77 Make Surface Stop.......................................................................................................... 77 Make Surface Global Coordinate Reference................................................................... 77 Surface Cannot Be Hyperhemispheric ............................................................................ 77 Ignore This Surface ......................................................................................................... 78
Surface properties aperture tab .................................................................................................. 79 Aperture type and other aperture controls....................................................................... 79 Aperture type codes and parameters .............................................................................. 80 Aperture projection on non-plane surfaces ..................................................................... 80 Aperture decenters and pickups...................................................................................... 80 User defined apertures and obscurations ....................................................................... 80 The UDA file format......................................................................................................... 81 UDA Examples ................................................................................................................ 82
Surface properties scattering tab ................................................................................................ 84 Surface scattering settings .............................................................................................. 84
Surface tilt/decenter tab .............................................................................................................. 84 Using the Coordinate Return........................................................................................... 85
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Undo, Redo, and Recover .................................................................................................................... 100 Undo: None ............................................................................................................................... 100 Undo: Memory 1 Step ............................................................................................................... 100 Undo: Disk Multi Step................................................................................................................ 100
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Aperture .................................................................................................................................... 101 Aperture Type................................................................................................................ 101 Aperture Value .............................................................................................................. 102 Apodization Type........................................................................................................... 102 Uniform apodization ...................................................................................................... 102 Gaussian apodization.................................................................................................... 102 Cosine cubed apodization ............................................................................................. 102 User defined apodization............................................................................................... 103 Apodization Factor ........................................................................................................ 103 Telecentric Object Space .............................................................................................. 103 Afocal Image Space ...................................................................................................... 103 Iterate Solves When Updating....................................................................................... 104
Environment .............................................................................................................................. 108 Adjust Index Data To Environment................................................................................ 108 Temperature in degrees C ............................................................................................ 108 Pressure in ATM............................................................................................................ 108
Files........................................................................................................................................... 109 Coating File ................................................................................................................... 109 Scatter Profile................................................................................................................ 109 ABg Data File ................................................................................................................ 109 GRADIUM Profile .......................................................................................................... 110
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Non-Sequential ......................................................................................................................... 113 Maximum Intersections Per Ray ................................................................................... 113 Maximum Segments Per Ray........................................................................................ 113 Maximum Nested/Touching Objects ............................................................................. 114 Minimum Relative Ray Intensity .................................................................................... 114 Minimum Absolute Ray Intensity ................................................................................... 114 Glue Distance In Lens Units.......................................................................................... 114 Missed Ray Draw Distance in Lens Units ..................................................................... 114 Maximum Source File Rays In Memory ........................................................................ 114 Simple Ray Splitting ...................................................................................................... 114 Retrace Source Rays Upon File Open .......................................................................... 115
Fields .................................................................................................................................................... 115 Vignetting factors ...................................................................................................................... 115 Saving and loading field data .................................................................................................... 116
Wavelengths ......................................................................................................................................... 116 Saving and loading wavelength data ........................................................................................ 116
Next Configuration ................................................................................................................................ 116 Last Configuration................................................................................................................................. 116
Special characters......................................................................................................... 123 ISO Element Drawing................................................................................................................ 123
Summary of ISO 10110 symbols and codes ................................................................. 124 Diameters and bevels.................................................................................................... 125 Tolerance data .............................................................................................................. 125
NSC 3D Layout ......................................................................................................................... 125 NSC Shaded Model .................................................................................................................. 126 NSC Object Viewer ................................................................................................................... 126
Fans...................................................................................................................................................... 127 Ray Aberration .......................................................................................................................... 127
PSF....................................................................................................................................................... 141 FFT PSF.................................................................................................................................... 141
FFT PSF Cross Section ............................................................................................................ 144 FFT Line/Edge Spread.............................................................................................................. 145 Huygens PSF............................................................................................................................ 146 Huygens PSF Cross Section..................................................................................................... 147
Suggestions for use....................................................................................................... 164 Comments on using field angles ................................................................................... 165 Comments on using paraxial and real image height ..................................................... 165 Comments on JPG and BMP files................................................................................. 165
Geometric Image Analysis ........................................................................................................ 165 The IMA format.............................................................................................................. 167
Geometric Bitmap Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 169 Comments on field units................................................................................................ 171 Selection and tracing of rays ......................................................................................... 172
Partially Coherent Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 172 Comment about using the IMA file format ..................................................................... 174 Comment about using the ZBF file format..................................................................... 175 The optical transfer function algorithm .......................................................................... 175 Comment about the coherent optical transfer function.................................................. 176 Computing partially coherent images ............................................................................ 176 Computing MTF using Cross Section X/Y..................................................................... 177
Extended Diffraction Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 177 IMA/BIM File Viewer.................................................................................................................. 179 JPG/BMP File Viewer................................................................................................................ 180
Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 182 Field Curvature/Distortion ......................................................................................................... 182
Computing distortion when using real image height as the field type ........................... 184 Grid Distortion ........................................................................................................................... 184
SMIA-TV Distortion........................................................................................................ 186 Limitations of Grid Distortion ......................................................................................... 186
Vignetting Plot ........................................................................................................................... 188 Footprint Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 188 Longitudinal Aberration ............................................................................................................. 189 Lateral Color.............................................................................................................................. 190 Y-Ybar Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 190 Chromatic Focal Shift................................................................................................................ 191 System Summary Graphic ........................................................................................................ 191 Power Field Map ....................................................................................................................... 191 Power Pupil Map ....................................................................................................................... 193 Incident Angle vs. Image Height ............................................................................................... 194
Aberration coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 194 Seidel Coefficients .................................................................................................................... 194 Seidel Diagram.......................................................................................................................... 196 Zernike Fringe Coefficients ....................................................................................................... 196
Zernike Standard Coefficients................................................................................................... 199 Zernike Annular Coefficients ..................................................................................................... 202
Physical Optics ..................................................................................................................................... 222 Paraxial Gaussian Beam........................................................................................................... 222
Skew Gaussian Beam............................................................................................................... 225 Physical Optics Propagation ..................................................................................................... 225
Non-Sequential ..................................................................................................................................... 229 Ray Trace Control ..................................................................................................................... 229 Detector Viewer......................................................................................................................... 229 Ray Database Viewer ............................................................................................................... 229 Ray Database Analysis ............................................................................................................. 229
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Export 2D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 234 Export 3D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 235 Conjugate Surface Analysis ...................................................................................................... 236
TOOLS MENU Chapter 8
Tolerancing ........................................................................................................................................... 242 Tolerancing ............................................................................................................................... 242 Tolerance Listing....................................................................................................................... 242 Tolerance Summary.................................................................................................................. 242
Catalogs................................................................................................................................................ 244 Glass Catalogs.......................................................................................................................... 244 Glass Compare ......................................................................................................................... 244 Glass Fitting .............................................................................................................................. 245 Lens Catalogs ........................................................................................................................... 246 Make Private Lens Catalog ....................................................................................................... 248
Wavelength scaling of ABg data ................................................................................... 251 Scatter Function Viewer ............................................................................................................ 252
Apertures .............................................................................................................................................. 253 Convert Semi-Diameters to Circular Apertures......................................................................... 253 Convert Semi-Diameters to Floating Apertures ........................................................................ 253 Convert Semi-Diameters to Maximum Apertures...................................................................... 254 Remove All Apertures ............................................................................................................... 254 Replace Vignetting With Apertures ........................................................................................... 254
Export Data ........................................................................................................................................... 257 Export IGES/SAT/STEP Solid................................................................................................... 257
REPORTS MENU Chapter 9
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 271 Surface Data ......................................................................................................................................... 271 System Data ......................................................................................................................................... 271 Prescription Data .................................................................................................................................. 271
Comments on computing element volumes .............................................................................. 272 System Check....................................................................................................................................... 272 Report Graphics 4/6.............................................................................................................................. 273
Edit/Run ZPL Macros............................................................................................................................ 275 Refresh Macro List................................................................................................................................ 275 Macro Names........................................................................................................................................ 275 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................ 275 Refresh Extensions List ........................................................................................................................ 276 Extension Names.................................................................................................................................. 276
ABCD.................................................................................................................................................... 280 Alternate Even ...................................................................................................................................... 281 Alternate Odd........................................................................................................................................ 281 Atmospheric Refraction......................................................................................................................... 281 Biconic .................................................................................................................................................. 282 Biconic Zernike ..................................................................................................................................... 282 Binary Optic 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 283
Birefringent In and Birefringent Out ...................................................................................................... 287 Defining the substrate shape .................................................................................................... 289 Defining the index ..................................................................................................................... 289 Defining the crystal axis for homogeneous materials................................................................ 289 Defining the crystal axis for inhomogeneous materials............................................................. 289 Determining which ray is traced ................................................................................................ 291 Accounting for phase rotation ................................................................................................... 291 Transmission and other properties of birefringent surfaces ...................................................... 291 Sample ZEMAX files ................................................................................................................. 291
Black Box Lens ..................................................................................................................................... 292 Features not supported when using Black Box surfaces .......................................................... 292
Conjugate.............................................................................................................................................. 293 Coordinate Break .................................................................................................................................. 293
Elliptical Grating surface shape................................................................................................. 297 Elliptical Grating 2 ................................................................................................................................. 297 Even Asphere ....................................................................................................................................... 298 Extended Asphere ................................................................................................................................ 298 Extended Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................... 299 Extended Fresnel.................................................................................................................................. 299 Extended Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................... 301 Extended Polynomial ............................................................................................................................ 301 Extended Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................... 302 Filter ...................................................................................................................................................... 303 Fresnel .................................................................................................................................................. 303 Generalized Fresnel.............................................................................................................................. 304 Gradient 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 305
Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN surfaces .............................................................. 305 Restrictions on surfaces following GRIN surfaces .................................................................... 305
Gradient 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 305 Gradient 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 306 Gradient 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 306 Gradient 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 307 Gradient 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 308 Gradient 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 309 GRADIUM™ ......................................................................................................................................... 309
GRADIUM profile file format...................................................................................................... 310 Gradient 9 ............................................................................................................................................. 311 Gradient 10 ........................................................................................................................................... 312 Grid Phase ............................................................................................................................................ 313
Using the shear distance........................................................................................................... 313 Phase coefficients sign conventions ......................................................................................... 313
Paraxial XY ........................................................................................................................................... 322 Periodic ................................................................................................................................................. 322 Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................ 323 Q-Type Asphere.................................................................................................................................... 323 Radial Grating ....................................................................................................................................... 323 Radial NURBS ...................................................................................................................................... 324 Retro Reflect ......................................................................................................................................... 325 Standard ............................................................................................................................................... 325
Modeling an ellipse with the Standard surface.......................................................................... 326 Modeling an axicon with the Standard surface ......................................................................... 326
Superconic ............................................................................................................................................ 326 Tilted ..................................................................................................................................................... 327 Toroidal ................................................................................................................................................. 328 Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................................... 329 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 329 Toroidal NURBS ................................................................................................................................... 330 User Defined ......................................................................................................................................... 331
The UDS DLL............................................................................................................................ 331 Refractive and reflective UDS DLLs.......................................................................................... 332 Gradient index UDS DLLs......................................................................................................... 333 Diffractive UDS DLLs ................................................................................................................ 333 Lenslet arrays using DLLs......................................................................................................... 333 User defined surface apodization using DLLs........................................................................... 333 Polarization and coating data using DLLs................................................................................. 334 Error handling and UDS............................................................................................................ 334 Sample DLLs............................................................................................................................. 334
Variable Line Space Grating ................................................................................................................. 339 Zernike Fringe Phase............................................................................................................................ 340
Zernike Fringe Phase coefficients sign conventions ................................................................. 340 Zernike Fringe Sag ............................................................................................................................... 341 Zernike Standard Phase ....................................................................................................................... 341
Zernike Standard Phase coefficients sign conventions............................................................. 342 Zernike Standard Sag ........................................................................................................................... 343 Zone Plate............................................................................................................................................. 343
NSC with ports .......................................................................................................................... 346 NSC without ports ..................................................................................................................... 346
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Object Placement.................................................................................................................................. 349 The object coordinate system ................................................................................................... 350 Reference objects ..................................................................................................................... 350 Placing objects inside of, adjacent to, or overlapping other objects.......................................... 351 Glue distance ............................................................................................................................ 351 Nesting object limits .................................................................................................................. 351 Nesting volumes........................................................................................................................ 351 Nesting surfaces ....................................................................................................................... 351
Refraction and reflection from NSC objects.......................................................................................... 352 No material defined ................................................................................................................... 352 MIRROR or ABSORB ............................................................................................................... 352 Material defined by a glass name ............................................................................................. 352 Material defined by a table glass............................................................................................... 352 Material defined by MIL number................................................................................................ 352 Material defined by a glass model............................................................................................. 352 Object properties by material .................................................................................................... 352
Diffraction from NSC objects................................................................................................................. 353 The object properties dialog box........................................................................................................... 353
Draw tab.................................................................................................................................... 362 Comments about drawing resolution and bounding regions ......................................... 363
Defining paths using the Consider Objects list ..................................................................................... 363 Defining an Ignore Objects list .............................................................................................................. 364 User defined apertures ......................................................................................................................... 364 Object faces .......................................................................................................................................... 364 Polarization and thin film coatings ........................................................................................................ 364
Coatings on surfaces in contact ................................................................................................ 364
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Defining an object to use DLL defined surface scattering ............................................. 368 DLL parameters............................................................................................................. 368 Creating a new DLL....................................................................................................... 368 Sample surface scattering: TwoGaussian.DLL ............................................................. 369 Modeling measured BSDF data with the RI_BSDF scattering DLL .............................. 369 Sample surface scattering: K-correlation.DLL............................................................... 369
How to model scattering efficiently............................................................................................ 369 The Scatter To list ......................................................................................................... 369 Importance Sampling .................................................................................................... 370
Sample bulk scattering: Poly_bulk_scat.DLL ................................................................ 371 Sample bulk scattering: Henyey-Greenstein-bulk.DLL.................................................. 371 Sample bulk scattering: Rayleigh.DLL .......................................................................... 372 Sample bulk scattering: Mie.DLL................................................................................... 372 Sample bulk scattering: Phosphor.DLL ......................................................................... 372 Defining an object to use DLL defined bulk scattering .................................................. 372 DLL parameters............................................................................................................. 372 Creating a new DLL....................................................................................................... 372
Coherence length modeling .................................................................................................................. 373 Defining GRIN media for non-sequential ray tracing ............................................................................ 373
Defining an object to be of gradient index material ................................................................... 373 Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN objects ................................................................ 373 GRIN DLL parameters .............................................................................................................. 373 Creating a new GRIN DLL ........................................................................................................ 374 Sample GRIN DLLs................................................................................................................... 374
Defining DLLs for ray splitting at diffractive surfaces ............................................................................ 375 Defining an object to use the diffraction DLL ............................................................................ 375 Diffraction DLL parameters ....................................................................................................... 375 Creating a new Diffraction DLL ................................................................................................. 376
Ray splitting .......................................................................................................................................... 376 Ray splitting and polarization .................................................................................................... 376
Putting it all together ............................................................................................................................. 377 The Ray Trace Control.......................................................................................................................... 377
Saving ray data to a file............................................................................................................. 379 Lost energy ............................................................................................................................... 379
The Ray Database Viewer .................................................................................................................... 382 The Detector Viewer ............................................................................................................................. 384
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Comments regarding Detector Surface objects ........................................................................ 386 The filter string ...................................................................................................................................... 386
Filter string examples ................................................................................................................ 389 Saving and Loading Detector Data ....................................................................................................... 390
Detector Data File Formats ....................................................................................................... 390 Header Block Format .................................................................................................... 390 Data Block Format......................................................................................................... 391 Pixel Ordering................................................................................................................ 391
Jones Matrix.......................................................................................................................................... 425 Lenslet Array 1...................................................................................................................................... 426 Lenslet Array 2...................................................................................................................................... 427 Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)........................................................................................... 427 Null Object ............................................................................................................................................ 428 Odd Asphere Lens ................................................................................................................................ 428 Paraxial Lens ........................................................................................................................................ 429 Polygon Object...................................................................................................................................... 429
Ray Rotator........................................................................................................................................... 432 Rectangular Corner............................................................................................................................... 432 Rectangle.............................................................................................................................................. 433 Rectangular Pipe .................................................................................................................................. 433 Rectangular Pipe Grating...................................................................................................................... 433 Rectangular Roof .................................................................................................................................. 434 Rectangular Torus Surface ................................................................................................................... 434 Rectangular Torus Volume ................................................................................................................... 434 Rectangular Volume ............................................................................................................................. 435
Comment about tilted faces ...................................................................................................... 435 Rectangular Volume Grating................................................................................................................. 435 Slide ...................................................................................................................................................... 435 Sphere .................................................................................................................................................. 436 Standard Lens....................................................................................................................................... 436 Standard Surface .................................................................................................................................. 437 STL Object ............................................................................................................................................ 437
Defining STL Objects ................................................................................................................ 438 Maximum triangles in STL objects ................................................................................ 438 Example STL files ......................................................................................................... 438
Swept Object......................................................................................................................................... 438 Tabulated Faceted Radial..................................................................................................................... 439 Tabulated Faceted Toroid..................................................................................................................... 440 Tabulated Fresnel Radial...................................................................................................................... 441 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 441 Toroidal Lens ........................................................................................................................................ 442 Toroidal Surface.................................................................................................................................... 442 Torus Surface ....................................................................................................................................... 443 Torus Volume........................................................................................................................................ 443 Triangular Corner.................................................................................................................................. 444 Triangle ................................................................................................................................................. 444 User Defined Object.............................................................................................................................. 444
NSC Sources Chapter 14
Source Diode ........................................................................................................................................ 450 Source DLL ........................................................................................................................................... 452
Source DLL parameters ............................................................................................................ 452 Creating a new Source DLL ...................................................................................................... 452 Comments on Source DLL relative intensity ............................................................................. 452 Sample Source DLLs ................................................................................................................ 453
Source Ellipse ....................................................................................................................................... 453 Source EULUMDAT File ....................................................................................................................... 454 Source Filament.................................................................................................................................... 454 Source File............................................................................................................................................ 454
Source Gaussian .................................................................................................................................. 457 Source IESNA File ................................................................................................................................ 457 Source Imported ................................................................................................................................... 457 Source Object ....................................................................................................................................... 458 Source Point ......................................................................................................................................... 459 Source Radial ....................................................................................................................................... 459 Source Ray ........................................................................................................................................... 459 Source Rectangle ................................................................................................................................. 459 Source Tube ......................................................................................................................................... 459 Source Two Angle................................................................................................................................. 459 Source Volume Cylinder ....................................................................................................................... 460 Source Volume Ellipse.......................................................................................................................... 460 Source Volume Rectangle .................................................................................................................... 460
NSC Detectors Chapter 15
Detectors............................................................................................................................................... 463 Detector Color object ............................................................................................................................ 463
Comments on Detector Color pixel numbering ......................................................................... 464 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 464
Detector Polar object: ........................................................................................................................... 464 Exporting Detector Polar Data .................................................................................................. 465 Comments on Detector Polar Pixel Numbering ........................................................................ 465 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 465
Detector Rectangle object..................................................................................................................... 466 Comments on coherent data computations .............................................................................. 467 Comments on Detector Rectangle pixel numbering.................................................................. 468 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 468
Comments about detector triangles .......................................................................................... 469 Comments on Detector Surface pixel numbering ..................................................................... 469
Detector Volume object......................................................................................................................... 470 Comments on Detector Volume pixel numbering...................................................................... 470
Objects as detectors ............................................................................................................................. 470 Comments on general objects as detectors pixel numbering ................................................... 471
SOLVES Chapter 16
Important considerations for ZPL Macro solves........................................................................ 480 Integer codes for column numbers ....................................................................................................... 480 Suggestions for use .............................................................................................................................. 481
OPTIMIZATION Chapter 17
Selecting the pupil integration method.................................................................................................. 485 Rings ......................................................................................................................................... 486 Arms.......................................................................................................................................... 486 Sampling considerations for Rings and Arms ........................................................................... 486 Grid ........................................................................................................................................... 486 Delete Vignetted........................................................................................................................ 486 Setting thickness boundary values............................................................................................ 487 Start At ...................................................................................................................................... 487 Assume Axial Symmetry ........................................................................................................... 487 Ignore Lateral Color .................................................................................................................. 487 Relative X Weight...................................................................................................................... 488 Overall Weight........................................................................................................................... 488
Optimization operands .......................................................................................................................... 489 Understanding boundary operands....................................................................................................... 524 Using MTF operands ............................................................................................................................ 525 Performing an optimization ................................................................................................................... 526 Defining complex operands .................................................................................................................. 527 Optimizing glass selection .................................................................................................................... 528
Using model glasses ................................................................................................................. 528 Using glass substitution ............................................................................................................ 529
Optimizing zoom and multi-configuration lenses .................................................................................. 529 Optimizing extra data ............................................................................................................................ 530 Optimizing tolerance sensitivity............................................................................................................. 530 Optimizing objects in a non-sequential group with sequential rays ...................................................... 531 Optimizing with sources and detectors in non-sequential mode........................................................... 531
Comments about random numbers and NSTR......................................................................... 532 Pixel numbering for detectors ................................................................................................... 532
User defined operands.......................................................................................................................... 533 Optimizing with ZPL macros ..................................................................................................... 533
Changes made to the lens from within the ZPLM macro .............................................. 534 ZPLM and the default merit function ............................................................................. 534
Optimizing with externally compiled programs.......................................................................... 534 Suggestions for use .............................................................................................................................. 536 The global optimum .............................................................................................................................. 537
Using glass substitution ............................................................................................................ 542 Restricting selected glasses...................................................................................................... 542
TRAD: Tolerance on radius....................................................................................................... 548 TCUR: Tolerance on curvature ................................................................................................. 548 TFRN: Tolerance on fringes...................................................................................................... 548 TTHI: Tolerance on thickness ................................................................................................... 548 TCON: Tolerance on conic........................................................................................................ 549 TSDI: Tolerance on semi-diameter ........................................................................................... 549 TSDX, TSDY: Tolerance on surface decenters ........................................................................ 549 TSTX, TSTY: Tolerance on surface tilts.................................................................................... 549 TIRX, TIRY: Tolerance on surface TIR ..................................................................................... 549 TIRR: Tolerance on surface irregularity .................................................................................... 550 TEXI: Tolerance on surface irregularity using the Fringe Zernike model .................................. 550 TEZI: Tolerance on surface irregularity using the Standard Zernike model.............................. 551 TPAI: Tolerance on the inverse of parameter data ................................................................... 552 TPAR: Tolerance on parameter data ........................................................................................ 552 TEDV: Tolerance on extra data values ..................................................................................... 552 TIND: Tolerance on index ......................................................................................................... 552 TABB: Tolerance on Abbe ........................................................................................................ 553 TCMU: Tolerance on coating multiplier..................................................................................... 553 TCIO: Tolerance on coating index offset................................................................................... 553 TCEO: Tolerance on coating extinction offset........................................................................... 553 TEDX, TEDY: Tolerance on element decenters ....................................................................... 553 TETX, TETY, TETZ: Tolerance on element tilts........................................................................ 554 TOFF: Tolerance off (can be used for comments) .................................................................... 554 TUDX, TUDY, TUTX, TUTY, TUTZ: Tolerance on user defined tilts and decenters................. 554 TNPS, TNPA, TNMA: Tolerances on non-sequential data ....................................................... 554 TMCO: Tolerance on multi-configuration data .......................................................................... 555
Tolerancing with the Irregular surface type........................................................................................... 555 Tolerance control operands .................................................................................................................. 555
CEDV: Define extra data value compensator ........................................................................... 556 General comments about min and max values on compensators ................................ 556
CMCO: Define multi-configuration operand compensator ........................................................ 556 CNPA: Define non-sequential parameter compensator ............................................................ 556 CNPS: Define non-sequential position compensator ................................................................ 556 COMP: Define compensator ..................................................................................................... 556 CPAR: Define parameter compensator..................................................................................... 556 SAVE: Save sensitivity analysis lenses .................................................................................... 557 SEED: Seed the random number generator ............................................................................. 557 STAT: Define statistics.............................................................................................................. 557 TWAV: Test wavelength............................................................................................................ 557
Defining default tolerances ................................................................................................................... 557
Sensitivity analysis................................................................................................................................ 565 The RSS estimated change .................................................................................................................. 565 Inverse sensitivity analysis.................................................................................................................... 566 Monte Carlo analysis ............................................................................................................................ 566
Nesting rules for Monte Carlo analysis ................................................................................................. 569 Using Tolerance Scripts........................................................................................................................ 569
Tolerance Script overview......................................................................................................... 570 The Tolerance Script commands .............................................................................................. 570
MULTI-CONFIGURATIONS Chapter 20
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 579 The first step ......................................................................................................................................... 579 Summary of multi-configuration operands ............................................................................................ 579 Comment about operands that define character strings ....................................................................... 583 Defining the number of configurations .................................................................................................. 584 Defining each configuration .................................................................................................................. 584 Adding and removing elements ............................................................................................................ 584 Changing configurations ....................................................................................................................... 584 Optimization with multi-configurations .................................................................................................. 584
Suggestions for organizing multiple-configuration merit functions ............................................ 584 Solves for multi-configuration data........................................................................................................ 585
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 587 Specifying which glass catalogs to use................................................................................................. 587 Editing and reviewing glass catalogs .................................................................................................... 587 Description of catalog data ................................................................................................................... 588 Creating a new catalog ......................................................................................................................... 589 Copying or moving glass catalog files................................................................................................... 589 The glass dispersion formulas .............................................................................................................. 590
The Schott formula.................................................................................................................... 590 The Sellmeier 1 formula ............................................................................................................ 590 The Sellmeier 2 formula ............................................................................................................ 590 The Sellmeier 3 formula ............................................................................................................ 590 The Sellmeier 4 formula ............................................................................................................ 591 The Sellmeier 5 formula ............................................................................................................ 591 The Herzberger formula ............................................................................................................ 591 The Conrady formula ................................................................................................................ 591 The Handbook of Optics 1 formula ........................................................................................... 591 The Handbook of Optics 2 formula ........................................................................................... 591 The Extended formula............................................................................................................... 592 The Extended 2 formula............................................................................................................ 592 The Extended 3 formula............................................................................................................ 592 General comments on using dispersion formulas ..................................................................... 592
Fitting index data................................................................................................................................... 592 Fitting melt data .................................................................................................................................... 593
THERMAL ANALYSIS Chapter 22
Radius of curvature (CRVT) values .......................................................................................... 605 Thickness (THIC) values........................................................................................................... 606 Parameter values ...................................................................................................................... 606 Extra data values ...................................................................................................................... 606 All other values.......................................................................................................................... 606
Defining multiple environments within a single configuration................................................................ 606 Automatic thermal setup ....................................................................................................................... 607 Adding TCE data................................................................................................................................... 607 Modeling gases and liquids................................................................................................................... 607 Adding thermal index variation data...................................................................................................... 607 Optimizing athermal lenses................................................................................................................... 608 Limitations of thermal analysis.............................................................................................................. 608
The electric field vector ............................................................................................................. 609 Field vs. ray phase conventions................................................................................................ 610 The polarization ellipse ............................................................................................................. 610 Definition of terms ..................................................................................................................... 610
Intensity, I ...................................................................................................................... 610 Phase, P........................................................................................................................ 610 Path length through medium, ....................................................................................... 611 Internal absorption per lens unit, .................................................................................. 611 Internal Transmittance, IT ............................................................................................. 611 Propagation Phase Factors, pc, ps ............................................................................... 611 Amplitude Reflectance, ................................................................................................ 611 Amplitude Transmittance, ............................................................................................. 611 Intensity Reflectance, Rs, Rp ........................................................................................ 611 Intensity Transmittance, Ts, Tp ..................................................................................... 611 Intensity Absorption, As, Ap .......................................................................................... 612 Diattenuation, D............................................................................................................. 612 Coating Phase, Ps, Pp .................................................................................................. 612 Retardance, S ............................................................................................................... 612 Phase Difference Between X and Y, Pxy ...................................................................... 612 Major and Minor semi axis of the Polarization Ellipse, EM, Em .................................... 612 Angle of XY Polarization Ellipse, Ap.............................................................................. 612
Properties of uncoated surfaces ........................................................................................................... 612 Defining coatings in ZEMAX ................................................................................................................. 613
Coating file data syntax............................................................................................................. 613 The MATE data section................................................................................................. 615 The TAPR data section ................................................................................................. 615
Optimizing coatings with ZEMAX.......................................................................................................... 621 Default materials and coatings supplied with ZEMAX .......................................................................... 621 Specifying coatings on surfaces ........................................................................................................... 622 What ZEMAX does if no coating is specified ........................................................................................ 622 Defining the initial polarization .............................................................................................................. 622 Defining polarizing components............................................................................................................ 623 What ZEMAX can compute using polarization analysis........................................................................ 624
Bulk absorption and transmission ............................................................................................. 625 Modeling birefringent materials............................................................................................................. 625 Modeling frustrated total internal reflection ........................................................................................... 625 Limitations of polarization analysis ....................................................................................................... 626
PHYSICAL OPTICS PROPAGATION Chapter 24
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 627 Support for multiple processors ............................................................................................................ 628 Diffraction propagation.......................................................................................................................... 628
Representation of the electric field............................................................................................ 628 The Fresnel number.................................................................................................................. 628
The pilot beam ...................................................................................................................................... 632 Sign conventions for phase data........................................................................................................... 633 Propagating in and out of the Rayleigh range....................................................................................... 634
Separation of X and Y propagation ........................................................................................... 635 Comments about point spacing and sampling ...................................................................................... 636 Propagation through arbitrary optical surfaces ..................................................................................... 636
Propagating through non-sequential surfaces .......................................................................... 637 Accounting for polarization.................................................................................................................... 637 Memory requirements ........................................................................................................................... 637 Defining the initial beam........................................................................................................................ 638
!, Comment.................................................................................................................... 642 COHERENT .................................................................................................................. 642 DLL................................................................................................................................ 642 GW ................................................................................................................................ 642 INCOHERENT............................................................................................................... 643 PHASE .......................................................................................................................... 643 TH.................................................................................................................................. 643 Using random values..................................................................................................... 643 Using the scale factor.................................................................................................... 643
Surface specific settings ....................................................................................................................... 643 Considerations when using rays to propagate .......................................................................... 645
Computing Fiber Coupling ........................................................................