Optimization of Energy

8/3/2019 Optimization of Energy

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Optimization Of Electrical

Energy

Presentation

On

Optimization Of Electrical Energythrough Qualitative

Improvements and AlternativeEnergy Resources


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Energy

Highlight of the presentations.Energy conservation and its Importance.

Optimization through Qualitative

improvement.

Improvements through Energy Audit.

Harmonics and their Control.

Proposed Harmonics Management inDomestic setup.

Quantitative Optimization.

Micro management of Electrical Energy.

Solar Energy for Micro management


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Energy

Energy conservation and its Importance:- In India, we are facing an acute shortfall of Electrical

Energy almost in all states of the country

Source for producing Thermal Energy is also limited andhence cost for production of electrical energy isescalating day by day.

Need for more energy to support industrial growth as well

as domestic demands. With increase in per capita income, rapid growth in

energy demand in urban areas.

Since generation is falling short of the current demand,

conservation of available energy is a must.


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Energy

Voltage Regulation and ImbalancedThree Phase Supply:

Fluctuations in system voltage leads to huge voltage regulations.

Leads to poor supply with regards to growing supply imbalance(due to imbalance in loads) and causes zero sequence currents,which causes increased losses in power systems.

Imbalanced supply affects commissioned three phase loads andoverburdens (to the point of damage) equipment level voltagestabilizers (almost all ACs, PCs refrigerators etc come with

stabilizers today). Large Voltage imbalance in the phases can lead to false tripping at

supply end

Rapid fluctuations in voltages fed to the system also generatesharmonics in the system.

Usually all power systems show imbalanced load profiles.


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Energy

Energy Audit as a tool for inspection: The energy audit conducted at Dr. MGR University during

September-October 2007 showed some trends in

consumption, load profile and supply characteristics firmlypointing towards an imbalance in the system.

Large Intra-day Voltage Fluctuations.

Large mismatches in the phase values of voltage as wellas current.

Particular patterns in growth and fall of individual phasevoltages.

The same patterns might well be seen in other commercial,medium to high load establishments like IT parks, Office

Complex, Shopping Malls, College Campuses etc.


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Energy

15/10/07

Phase-1

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

9:30AM 11:00 AM 1:30 AM 4:00 PM 9:00 PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

15/10/07

Phase-2

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

9:30AM 11:00 AM 1:30 AM 4:00 PM 9:00 PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

15/10/07

Phase-3

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

9:30AM 11:00 AM 1:30 AM 4:00 PM 9:00 PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

Voltage Charts for MT block for 15/10/07


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Energy

23/10/07

Phase-1

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:00PM 4:00PM 9:00 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

23/10/07

Phase-2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:00PM 4:00PM 9:00 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

23/10/07Phase-3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:00PM 4:00PM 9:00 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

Current charts for MT block for 23/10/07


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Energy

8/10/07

Phase-1

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

9:30 AM 11:00

AM

1:30 PM 16:00 7:30 PM 9:30PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

8/10/07

Phase-2

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

9: 30 AM 11: 00

AM

1:30 PM 16:00 7:30 PM 9:30PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

8/10/07

Phase-3

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:30 PM 16:00 7:30 PM 9:30PM

time

Voltage(V)

Series1

Voltage charts for Anna Block for 8/10/07


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Energy

15/10/07

Phase-1

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

9:30 AM 11:00

AM

1:30 PM 16:00 7:30

PM

9.30 PM

time

voltage(V)

Series1

15/10/07

Phase-2

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

9:30 AM 11:00

AM

1:30 PM 16:00 7:30

PM

9.30 PM

time

voltage(V)

Series1

Voltage charts for Anna Block for 15/10/07

15/10/07

Phase-3

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

1 2 3 4 5 6

time

voltage(V)

Series1


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Energy

9/10/07

Phase-1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:30 PM 3:30 PM 8:30 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

9/10/07

Phase-2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:30 PM 3:30 PM 8:30 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

9/10/07

Phase-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

9:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:30 PM 3:30 PM 8:30 PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

Current Charts for Anna Block for 9/10/07


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Energy

18/10/07

Phase-1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

9:30

AM

11:00

AM

1:00

PM

3:30

PM

16:30 7:30

PM

9:00

PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

18/10/07

Phase-2

0

20

40

6080

100

120

140

160

9:30

AM

11:00

AM

1:00

PM

3:30

PM

16:30 7:30

PM

9:00

PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

18/10/07

Phase-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

9:30

AM

11:00

AM

1:00

PM

3:30

PM

16:30 7:30

PM

9:00

PM

time

Current(A)

Series1

Current Charts for Anna Block for 18/10/07

Similar variations were seen in all the blocks on a regular basis.


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Energy

Improvements through Energy Audit:

The knowledge of the extent of mismatch and

fluctuations in the supply leads to the following

solutions to the problems of regulation and voltage

imbalance-

Restructuring of the load distribution (high cost, less

practical)

Additional supply to account for excess load which

lead to poor voltage regulation. (Possible, but time

taking. Red tape involved)

The working solution being implemented at Dr. MGR

University


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Energy

System Level Voltage Regulator: A system level single phase regulator being designed for each phase

of the supply.

Supply voltage to be held at a constant of 230V under allcircumstances.

Works on the logic that an increase in supply voltage will lead to a

decrease in transformer tap through power electronics based sequence

control and vice versa.

High resolution achieved by increasing the number of sequences. Control of individual phase voltage leads to better voltage balance as

well as better regulation. (Load imbalance, though, cannot be

eliminated).

A more refined digital version would employ an Converter-Inverter

pair.


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Energy

Harmonics and their Control. Harmonics are nothing but superfluous waveforms

which have a fixed magnitude and a frequencywhich is a multiple of the fundamental frequency ofthe original waveform.

Therefore these contribute to I2R losses and alsoinductive losses.

Harmonics are mainly generated by PowerElectronic circuits like Drives, Invertors etc.

Harmonics management exists in Industrial Setup.


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Energy

Proposed Harmonics Management inDomestic setup.

Drives and other Power Electronic Devices are beingincreasingly used in Domestic setups. Invertors,Backup generators are gaining popularity in mediumscale Business enterprises .

Harmonics generated by these go undetected.

Low pass filters should be incorporated in to thesesystems at the point of injection of the Harmonics toelement the higher order of the Harmonics.

Low power AC Chokes could be used to suppressspikes that may enter in to the system due to the PowerElectronic Circuits.


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Energy

Advantages of Domestic Harmonics

Management:

Arresting current loses due to Harmonics.

Preparing for future use of Power Electronic devices for

backup or alternative energy (Solar).

This will improve the performance of the system and

will enhance life of Electrical equipments.


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Energy

Quantitative Optimization.

Why do we need Alternative Energy sources?

i. Rising doomsday predictions regarding fossil fuels.ii. Increasing global warming due to uncontrolled ejection of

carbons.

iii. Increasing costs of conventional fuels.

What are the alternatives?

i. Solar Power

ii. Wind Power

iii. Hydro Power

iv. Biomass Power

v. Nuclear Power


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Energy

Micro-management of Electrical Energy: Growing use of Mobile Phones, Portable Electronic devices are

shooting up Electrical energy consumption at domestic level.

Recent survey shows

India - 160 Millions Mobile Phonesubscribers;China-600 Million subscribers;Pakistan-76 millionsubscribers( june-2008)

This means attest 160 Millions Mobile Handsets in India alone(Growing at 7 Millions subscribers per month).

Survey in Australia in 2005 showed that Each household had 2.2

Portable devices which consisted of MP3 Players and Walkmans(Total of 6 Millions Sets).

Also Australians possessed 2.5 Million Electric Tooth Brushes andother handheld Electronic devices.

Currently all of these are plugged into the Grid for supply.

This scenario applies to all Developed & Developing Countries.


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Energy

Charging Specifications of conventional mobile phone chargers- 5V,500mA

Approx. energy required to charge a cell phone completely (Li-ionbattery takes around 45 mins.) per day is:

5x0.500x(45/60) =1.875Wh =0.001875KWh

For 160 million mobile phones in India alone, energy required is =1.875x10-3x160x106 = 300MWhper day!!

This means at least 109.5 million units per year forcharging cell phones in India alone!!

( Also consider the fact that this is growing at 7 million sets per month

approx. or an additional 13.125MWh per day each month!!) The USB-based chargers provide DC supply of 5V up to 500mA

Can we divert this energy usage to meet more productive ends bysupplanting the grid power used to charge the cell phones and mp3players by some other source of energy??

My answer is YES-Through Micro-Management!!


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Energy

Solar Energy for Micro-management.Electricity from Solar Energy packs in the

following features: Availability

Zero emission

Risk free operation

Present day technology.

Solar Panels are being increasingly used inHouseholds, community lighting, heatingand as backup purposes.


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Energy

Proposed Solar Energy based chargers:- Miniature Solar Panels are already used in calculators,

Toys etc.

This concept can be extrapolated to the next level which

could power small electronic devices like MP3 Player,

Electric tooth brushes, Laptops etc.

A simple solar panel set can be used to charge a set of

rechargeable Batteries in the trickle or slow mode when

power is not being drawn from it.

A charge controller could be employed to ensure safe

operation of the rechargeable batteries.

This stored energy can be used in any of the following

ways:-


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Energy

i. With the help of DC to DC Converter and USB

portit could charge any MP3 Player which

could be plugged into the USB port.

This can be encased in an adapter sized

casing to make a perfectly portable charger.

RechargeableBatteries &

Charge Controller

Solar Panel USB PortDC to DC

Converter


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Energy

ii. With the help of DC to AC Converter (Inverter)

to charge devices like Mobile Phones and even

Laptops.

Even this could be made perfectly portable

with the help of judicious selection of

batteries and encasing.

Solar PanelOutput

Port

DC to AC

Converter

Rechargeable

Batteries &

Charge Controller


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Energy

Salient Features:1. Both the above chargers will have a semi transparent

casing that allows sunlight to be directly incident ontothe solar panel fitted inside.

2. Converging lenses could be used to project the solarenergy in a more efficient manner on the panel.

3. The choice of batteries would depend on the kind of

application required, in terms of the voltage and currentrequired.

4. The solar chargers can be easily charged when not inuse and even while in use.


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Energy

The same design can betransformed from aportable device to a fixed

higher power domesticsetup which could powergreater no. of the devices.

For this purpose wellproven technologies like

Photo-Voltaic Tiles canbe used on the roofs ofhouses and businessEnterprises along with thenecessary rechargeable

batteries.


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Energy

Making the chargers Wireless.i. Wireless technology began its revolutionary

journey way back in 1899 when Nikola Tesla wasAble to light lamps over 25 miles away withoutusing wires using High frequency current, of a Teslacoil.

ii. Today world over research programs are spending

millions of Dollars to develop viable options (Withregard to human health and economic aspects) totransmit electrical energy wirelessly.

iii. The following technologies have been developedfor the same.


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Energy

Short range

i. Induction (As in induction cookers)

ii. Resonant Induction

Long range

i. Radio and Microwave

ii. Light (Laser)

iii. Electrical Conduction (Ionization of Gases)

iv. Tesla Patents


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Energy

Resonant Induction:- Good for short range up to 10 Feet

Developed by a research group from MIT (US)

Uses the Principal of tuned LC Circuits for transfer of electrical energy by

magnetic flux linkage between two tuned circuits. Uses an LC tuned circuits (with a particular resonance frequency) as the

transmitter and a similar LC circuit (with the same resonance frequency) asthe receiver.

As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen.

If the two coils resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen.

But if two resonating coils with the same frequency get within a few metersof each other, streams of energy move from the transmitting coil to receivingcoil.

The MIT team's preliminary work suggests that this kind of setup couldpower or recharge all the devices in one room

The MIT team published a paper detailing a successful demonstration of theirprototype. They used resonating coils to power a light bulb over a distance of

about seven feet (two meters)


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Energy

Pictorial Depiction of the set-up used by the team from MIT.


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Energy

This process thus generatesalternative energy to charge allportable electronic devices, savingas much electricity from the Grid!!

The technique of ResonantInduction is best suited.

All devices can be charged by usinga single sending end coil.

No health hazard to residents as itis free from any harmfulmicrowave or laser beams.

Can reliably supply power duringmost seasons

Filters and Chokes can providegood quality supply .PE circuitsadditionally act as isolatorsbetween load and batteries.


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Energy

CONCLUSION::

In this era of galloping energy demands and snail pacedaddition of power capacity on the grid, the effort of each

individual shall count!The proverbial droplets make an ocean was never so true!

The question today is, are we prepared to let the nextgeneration starve for energy due to our carelessness or

can we be proactive enough to create a differenttomorrow by showing them an alternative path??


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Energy

REFERENCES: Energy Audit Report at Dr. MGR university,2007 by T.Roy,

Y.Patni, V.Sahni, P.Sudarsan.

Material from the experiment on wireless power transmission

conducted by Prof. Marin Soljacic at the MIT,US in 2007. Material from the industry about harmonics management

The paper Solar Power Satellites and Microwave PowerTransmission by Andrew K. Soubel (Energy Law Spring 2004,Chicago-Kent Coll. Of Law)

Household Electrical and Electronic Waste BenchmarkSurvey 2005,Govt. of Queensland, Australia.

Mobile subscriber base surveys held in India, China andPakistan.

Graphical representations from various websites on the internet.


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Kalyani Power Development

Private Limited.

THANK YOU !!The saga continues.

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