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Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN) for Swine

Scientific Seminar at theDSM China Animal Nutrition Center

Gilbert M. Weber, PhD

Bazhou, Monday October 20, 2014

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DSM in Motion: Driving Focused GrowthDSM 2015 :

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Macronutrients :Protein Carbohydrate Fat

Carbon dioxide Urea (ammonia) Methane (ruminants)

Micronutrients :Vitamins Amino Acids

From use of vitamins, no emissions are known

Ammonia

Minerals and Trace Elements:

Ca, Mg, P, NaSe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co( )

Phosphorus Heavy metals

Other Feed Additives :Enzymes Organic Acids Essential Oils Probiotics

Drug residues, e.g. antibiotics

From use of other feed additives, no emissions are known

Composition of Animal Feeds / Breakdown Products

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OVN Vitamin Recommendations(OVN)

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Direct Effects Optimizes animal performance Improves animal health Supports nutrient absorption Nourishes gut microflora

Indirect Effects Optimized nutrient utilization (less waste)

Reduced mortality (animal losses) Less excretion of undigested material

Positive impact on fermentation of slurry

Effects of OVN on Environmental Issues(OVN)

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The goal of the OVN concept is a commercially viable animal production

, :to provide dietary vitamins at levels that permit optimum health and performance of domestic animals

to define the most cost-effective way of vitamin nutrition

OVN levels generally exceed requirements to prevent clinical deficiency :

recommended levels compensate for stress factors on the animal and on the feed

recommended levels ensure that the vitamin intake does not limit performance and health of animals

The OVN-Concept: Rationale

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The OVN concept describes a ‘cost-effectivewindow’ of vitamin supplementation in whichthe level of supplementation safely meets - butdoes not exceed - the target for optimum healthand productivity.

The OVN-Concept: Rationale

“

”, -

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Deficient

Sub-Optimum

Optimum

Excess

The OVN-Concept: Graphical Presentation

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Vitamins are active substances, essential for the life and well-being of the animal. Vitamins are constituents of the food. They are recognized by two characteristic properties:

The daily requirement for each vitamin is very small, usually measured in micrograms or milligrams.

Vitamins are organic compounds, differing in this respect from the trace elements

Vitamins exercise catalytic functions; they facilitate both synthesis and degradation of the nutrients, thereby controlling metabolism.

Vitamins: Definitions

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Water soluble vitamins(9) : :

vitamin B1 (thiamin )vitamin B2 (riboflavin )vitamin B6 (pyridoxine )vitamin B12 (cobalamin )Niacin (vitamin PP) pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)folic acid (vitamin M)Biotin (vitamin H)vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Vitamins: Classification and Nomenclature

Fat soluble vitamins(4) :

vitamin A(retinol ) vitamin D(calciferols )vitamin E(tocopherols ) vitamin K(phylloquinone )

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Avoid deficiency symptomsMinimum

Optimum)

Adequate

Criteria of Vitamin Requirements

Support optimum health and welfare

Develop superior product quality

Generate maximum performance and feed utilization

Satisfy needs for efficient nutrient metabolism

Maintain adequate vitamin plasma and tissue levels

Enable successful reproduction

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Inadequate vitamin intake with the feedlow natural vitamin levels in feedstuffs, low availability

presence of vitamin antagonists (avidin [egg white] biotin)

insufficient vitamin supplementation levels / mixing errors.

Poor digestion and absorption of vitamins, e.g. due to diseases.

Increased vitamin requirementsdepending on diet composition (e.g. vitamin E for PUFA’s)

for immune response and during phases of stress or diseases.

Causes of Vitamin Deficiency

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The Components of Sow Health and Productivity

Annual Sow Productivity:Piglets/sow/year weaned Culled Sows

Farrowing Interval Litter Size weaned

Gestation Length

Lactation Length

Interval from Weaning to

Effective Service

Litter Size born alive

Pre-weaning Mortality/health

Fertilization Interval Weaning-Estrus

Infertility Ovulation Embryonic Loss

Biotin( )

Fetal health

VE

, VC

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Vitamin A (Retinol):Loss of appetite; dry and scaly skin, xerophthalmia (dryness of the eye), keratinization of epithelia, poor absorption, reduced immune response, increased susceptibility to infection, death.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol):lameness and muscular weakness, stiff and hesitant gait, deformed and brittle bones, enlargement of the epiphyses.

Vitamin E -tocopherol):muscular myopathy, anemia, Hepatosis dietetica (liver problem), mulberry heart disease, frequent health problems and diminished fertility.

Vitamin K (phylloquinone):increased blood-clotting time, hemorrhagic diseases, weakness.

Deficiency Symptoms: Fat-soluble Vitamins

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Vitamin A-deficient

Vitamin A-fortifiedReci

proc

al o

f Ab-

Tite

r

Harmon et al., 1963

Phase 1 Phase 2

Vitamin A and Immune Response in Pigs

2 dietary treatments (Phase 1):no vitamin A3,960 IU vit A/kg dry feed

A3960 IU A/kg

Antigenic challenge when serum vitamin A concentrations low

6 daily intraperitoneal injections with phenolized Salmonella pullorum antigen

Phase 2: Corn-soybean oil diet, regularly fortified with vitamins.

Piglets, weaned at 5 days and 12 hours, respectively feeding a semisynthetic milk diet, free of vitamin A (2 weeks)

5.5

VA

VA

050

100150200250300350400450500

liver lung adrenalglands

corpora lutea

vitamin A10 - 12 000 IU/day

vitamin A30 750 - 36 900 IU/day

ß-carotene ß-250 - 300 mg/day

ß-ca

rote

ne (n

g/g

tissu

e)

Schweigert et al. 1995

ß-Carotene in Different Organs after 14 Weeksof Feeding 14 ß-

ß-

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9

Number of sows Controls ß-Carotene

ßDifference

Piglets born alive1487 9.70 10.23 +0.53

Piglets born dead1287 0.66 0.65 -0.01

Number of piglets1262 10.36 10.91 +0.55

Weaned piglets1163 8.46 9.01 +0.55

Birth weight of piglets823 1.36 1.37 +0.01

Days open939 10.18 8.28 -1.9

Summary of Results of more than 20 ß-Carotene Field Trials 20 ß-

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0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.018.0

2 16 28

70 mg E/kg diet150 mg E/kg diet250 mg E/kg diet

Milka-tocopherol

LevelE

(mg/L)

Days of Lactation

Lauridsen et al., 2005

Concentration of -Tocopherol in Milk of Sows

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Vitamin EE

Effect on the Sow Effect on the Piglet

Reduction MMAMMA

Enhanced Immune Response

Increased Disease ResistanceMilk Production

Reduced Piglet Losses

Benefits of Vitamin E in Sows

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Page 19 Mahan, 1994

11.611.7

11.811.9

1212.1

12.212.312.4

22 IU/kg 44 IU/kg 66 IU/kg

Tota

l pig

lets

bor

n, n

o

Effects of Vitamin E on Total Number of Piglets born

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Lipid Oxidation = Deterioration of Meat Quality

Hydroperoxides, Cholesterol oxides

Potentially harmful

substancesDrip loss

Destructionof Membranes

Formation of Metmyoglobin

Colour changes

Aldehydes, Ketones

Oxidative rancidity, bad odour / flavour

Lipid Oxidation and Meat Deterioration

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Lipid Oxidation = Deterioration of Meat Quality

Hydroperoxides, Cholesterol oxides

Potentially harmful

substancesDrip loss

Destructionof Membranes

Formation of Metmyoglobin

Colour changes

Aldehydes, Ketones

Oxidative rancidity, bad odour / flavour

Lipid Oxidation and Meat Deterioration

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12

0

1

2

3

4

5

6TB

AR

S va

lues

0 3 6 10Days of cold storage

10 IU Vit E/kg100 IU Vit E/kg200 IU Vit E/kg

Asghar et al., 1991

Oxidative Stability of Pork Chops

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Pork chops

Left: with vitamin E

VE

Right: without vitamin E

VE

Lipid Vitamin E Reduces Drip Loss

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Meat is an important component of the daily nutrition:

Nutritional Value of Pork Meat

it represents a reliable source of vitamins, particularly of the B-group.

supplementation of growing-fattening pigs with elevated levels of vitamins improves the nutritional value of the end product.

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• Bone health • Reproductive performance

• Immune functions• Growth performance

• Carcass and meat quality

• Muscle development

• Muscle function

Breeding pigs • Gilts • Sows • Boars

Growing-finishing pigs

Piglets

Exploring Potential Effects of Hy•D® in PigsHyD

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5

15

25

35

45

55

Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.

Plas

ma

25(O

H)D

3 (n

g/m

l)

ControlTest

100

120

140

160

180

200

Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.

Plas

ma

1,25

(OH

)2D

3 (p

g/m

l)

ControlTest

*

*p>0.05

Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 Concentrations of Sows25(OH) D3 1,25(OH)2 D3

Weber et al., 2014

25(O

H)

D3

1,25

(OH

)2D

3

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Milk 25-OH-D3 was low in colostrum and increased in mature milk; concentrations tended to be higher in treatments containing Hy•D (HD and HDD)

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

P1: Colo

strum

P1: Lac

t. Day

9

P1: Wea

ning

P2: Colos

trum

P2: La

ct. D

ay 9

P2: Wea

ning

P3: Colo

strum

P3: Lac

t. Day

9

P3: Wea

ning

25-O

H-D

3 in

Milk

(nm

ol/L

)

DLDNHDHDD

*

* significantly differentfrom DL and DN

*

**

Concentration of 25(OH)D3 in Milk of Sows25(OH) D3

Weber et al., 2014

25-OH- D3 Hy•D 25-OH-D3

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BoneAsh

(%)

Hy•D® benefits the Ca and P metabolism and therefore the development of healthy bones

Effect is more pronounced with older animal as the ossification process is further going on

45.0

45.5

46.0

46.5

47.08- to 22-kg BW

47.0

47.5

48.0

48.5

49.0

49.5

50.0 65- to 95-kg BW

Control Hy D® Control Hy D®

Effect of Hy•D® on the bones ash content of pigs during two different feeding periodsHyD

Simões Nunes, 2003

Effect on Bone MineralizationHyD

Simões Nunes et al., 2003

HyDHyD

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100115130145160175190205

Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.

Pla

sma

Ost

eoca

lcin

(ng/

ml)

ControlTest

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.

Pla

sma

cros

slap

s (n

g/m

l)

ControlTest

Plasma Osteocalcin and Crosslaps Concentrations of Sows

Weber et al., 2014

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Gilts – Leg Conformation

In pig breeding companies, 30 to 50% of gilts are culled, because of poor leg conformation.30%-50%

Better Skeletal Conformation

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Proportion of gilts fit for breeding after selection

72

79 78.6

85.4

55.2

73

50

60

70

80

90

%

Hy D®

(50 mcg/kg)

HyD

Control

Germany Mexico Vietnam

Hy•D® improves frame development and therefore selection rates of gilts for herd replacements

Summary of Various Gilt StudiesHyD

HyD

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286

354

313

407

250

300

350

400

450

Junior boar Senior boar

Control HyDSe

men

Vol

ume(

mL)

414

386

428

400

350

375

400

425

450

Junior boar Senior boar

Control HyD

Sper

m c

ount

(m

illio

n pe

r cu

bic

mL)

ml

Total # AI boars: 2020

Penalba and Chung, 2004

Effect of Hy•D on Productivity of BoarsHyD

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7.60

8.43

9.38

8.50

11.10

9.00

9.779.50

9.90 9.80

9.109.62

7

8

9

10

11

12

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 - P5(avg)

Control HyD (50 mcg 25-OH-D3/kg diet)

Num

ber

of p

igs

born

aliv

e pe

r lit

ter

+2.17

+1.07+0.60

-2.00 +0.62+1.30

Penalba et al., 2008

Performance of 5-parity SowsHyD 1-5

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Page 34Wenning et al., 2008

Parameter Control 50mcg Hy D®

Numbers of litters 114 113

Piglets born alive 10.9 ± 3.9 11.4 ± 3.6

Litter weight after birth 15.5 18.1

Litter weight at weaning 65.9 70.4

Piglets weaned 9.4 ± 2.9 9.5 ± 2.1

Reproductive PerformanceHyD

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All these elements are decisive for achieving an attractive economic benefit of the swine farmer

Hy•D optimizes 25-OH-D3 plasma levels in growing fattening pigs, in

sows and in suckling piglets

Hy·D ,

25-D3

Hy•D improves functionality of the

bones, i.e. ash/mineral

content, breaking strength, bone mineral density

Hy•D,

, ,

Hy•D increases the selection rate

in giltsHy•D improves the fertility of

boarsHy·D

Hy·D

Hy•D ameliorates the

reproductive performance of

the sowHy·D

Vitamin D3 SupplyD3

Bone Quality Sow ProductivityRearing/Maintenance of Reproductive Swine

Summary of Hy•D Benefits in Breeding SowsHy·D®

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamin ):retarded growth, digestive tract disorders and reproductive problems

cyanosis of skin (blue color due to inadequate oxygen in blood) ( )

enlarged heart and fatty degeneration of heart muscle levels Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin ):

digestive tract disorder, reproductive problems and stunted growth

dry, scaly dermatitis and cataracts (clouding of eye lens) birth of weak pigs with skeletal abnormalities

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine ):Slow growth, convulsions and digestive tract disturbances

Dermatitis around eyes and snoutPoor vision or blindness, anemia and fatty infiltration of liver

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine ):rough hair coat; retarded growth; reduced size and weight

Deficiency Symptoms: Water-soluble Vitamins (1)

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Niacin (Nicotinic acid) :slow growth; dermatitis; diarrhea, bloody intestinal lesions.

Pantothenic acid :poor coordination when walking (goose stepping); brown exudate weeping from eyes; slow growth, diarrhea, poor reproduction, lactation failure, adrenal gland disturbances and anemia

inflammation of colon Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) :

retarded growth, anemia, poor reproduction, lactation problems in sows.

Biotin :skin lesions; cracked hoofs ; slow growth; poor reproduction; spasms in hind legs

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid):classical vitamin C deficiency does not occur, since swine are able to synthesize ascorbic acid in the kidneys.

C

Deficiency Symptoms: Water-soluble Vitamins (2)

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Claw Problems in Pigs due to Biotin Deficiency

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33

39

45

51

57

63

80 Days 120 Days

Age of Piglets

Shor

e Va

lue

ControlGroup 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5

Measurements in Rear Feet

Nucleus herd switched to 2’000 µg/kg biotin- five groups of pregnant sows in variousstages of gestation

- piglets supplemented with high biotin as well

Biotin in Sows: Horn Hardness of the Heel

Ostereschet al., 2003

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Piglets:Horn hardness of the heel (rear feet)Hematoma in horn wall (rear feet)Horn clefts (front and rear feet)Fissures in abaxial horn wallWhite line injuries (axial and abaxial side)Tears in heel and soleFissures in heel (axial and abaxial side)

Sows:Horn clefts (abaxial side wall)Tears in heel and sole (abaxial side)Fissures in heel (front and rear feet)

Biotin in Sows: Observed Improvements

Osteresch et al., 2003

Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern swine breeds under current husbandry conditions is limited; tabular recommendations may underestimate the actual needs of growing pigs and breeding sows.

Clinical / subclinical vitamin deficiency can still occur within industrial swine production:

optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and exploits the genetic performance potential of swine.

Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance,adequate welfare or better product quality.

OVN in Swine: Conclusions

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