Option B

• Muscles and Fitness

Movement in Humans• Muscles: provide the force needed

locomotion• Tendons: attach muscle to bone• Bones: provide an anchor for muscles, act

as levers changing the size or direction of forces generated by muscles

• Ligaments: connect bone to bone, restricting movement at the joint

• Nerves: stimulate and coordinate muscle movement

Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction

• Relaxed vs. Contracted Sarcomere

• Synaptic Transmission

Physiology of Muscle Contraction

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com

Animation: Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction

• (Knee) Joint: junction between bones• Cartilage – reduces friction;• Synovial Fluid – lubrication; • Joint Capsule – seals the joint, holds in the

synovial fluid• Ligaments

Joint Injuries• Sprains Grade I, II, III

• Grade I sprain: pain with minimal damage to the ligaments.

• Grade II sprain: massive ligament damage and mild looseness of the joint.

• Grade III sprain: the ligament is completely torn and the joint is very loose or unstable.

Torn Muscle

Joint Dislocation: bones moved out of alignment; often accompanied by

ligament damage

Intervertebral Disc Damage: bulging disc presses on nerves

causing radiating pain