Oracle 10g Lab Simple

DBMS Lab Oracle 10g

1 | U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e o f A p p l i e d S c i e n c e s , P a t h a n a m t h i t t a

IntroductionDatabase

A database can be defined as a collection of coherent, meaningful data.

RDBMS

A Data Base Management System or DBMS consists of a collection of interrelated data and aset of programs to access those data. A Relational Database Management System is a program thatlets you create, update and administrator a relational database. The primary rule for RDBMS is thatthe Data should be stored in the form of tables. Most of the RDBMS’s use the Structured QueryLanguage to access the database.

Different products of RDBMS are:

ORACLE Oracle Corporation.SQL Server Microsoft Corporation.DB2 UDB IBMMySQL MySQLSybase SybaseTeradata NCR

We are using ORACLE from Oracle Corp. in this Lab.

ORACLE

In June 1970, Dr. E.F. Codd published a paper entitled A Relational Model of Data for Large SharedData Banks. This relational model, sponsored by IBM, then came to be accepted as the definitivemodel for RDBMS. The language developed by IBM to manipulate the data stored within Codd’smodel was originally called Structured English Query Language (SEQUEL) with word English laterbeing dropped in favor Structured Query Language (SQL).

In 1979, Oracle Corp. released the first commercially available implementation of SQL.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

This is a common language through which we can interact with the database SQL is classifiedmainly into following categories.

1. DDL (Data Definition Language)

CREATE To create objects in the database.

ALTER Alters the structure of the database.

DROP Delete objects from the database.

TRUNCATE Remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated forthe records are removed.

COMMENT Add comments to the data dictionary.

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GRANT Gives user’s access privileges to database.

REVOKE Withdraw access privileges given with GRANT command.

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

INSERT Insert data into a table.

UPDATE Updates existing data within a table.

DELETE Deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain.

CALL Call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram.

3. TCL (Transaction Control Language) or DCL (Data Control Language)

COMMIT Save work done.

SAVEPOINT Identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back.

ROLLBACK Restore database to original since the last COMMIT

SET TRANSACTION Change transaction options like what rollback segment to use.

GRANT/REVOKE Grant or take back permissions to or from the oracle users.

4. DQL (Data Query Language statement)

SELECT Retrieve data from a database.

Oracle Data Types

Data Type DescriptionCHAR(size) To store character strings values of fixed length. (Max. 255 characters).VARCHAR(size)/VARCHAR2(size)

Store variable length alphanumeric data. It’s a more flexible form of the CHAR type.(Max. 4000 characters). Oracle compares VARCHAR values using non-paddedcomparison semantics i.e. the inserted values will not be padded with spaces. Italso represents data of type String, yet stores this data in variable length format.

DATE To represent date and time. The standard format is DD-MON-YY. Date Time storesdate in the 24-hour format.

NUMBER(P,S) To store numbers (fixed or floating point). Numbers of virtually any magnitude maybe stored up to 38 digits of precision. The precision (P), determines the maximumlength of the data, whereas the scale (S), determines the number of places to theright of the decimal.

LONG Store variable length character strings containing up to 2 GB. Can be used to storearrays of binary data in ASCII format. Only one LONG can be used per table.

RAW/LONG RAW

To store binary data, such as digitized picture or image.

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Constraints

Constraint restricts the values that the table can store. We can declare integrity constraintsat the table level or column level.

There are 5 constraints:

1. Not Null

If a column in a table is specified as Not Null, then it’s not possible to insert a null insuch a column. It can be implemented with create and alter commands.

2. Unique Key

It doesn’t allow duplicate values in a column.

3. Check

Used to restrict the values before inserting into a table.

4. Primary Key

The key column with which we can identify the entire Table is called as a primary keycolumn. A PK is a combination of Unique and Not Null constraint; it will not allow null and duplicatevalues. A table can have only one primary key. A primary key can be declared on two or morecolumns as a Composite Primary Key.

5. Foreign Key

Columns defined as foreign keys refer the Primary Key of other tables. The ForeignKey ‘points’ to a primary key of another table, guaranteeing that you can’t enter data into a tableunless the referenced table has the data already which enforces the REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY.

Data Definition Language Syntax

CREATE

CREATE TABLE <table name> (

<column_name1> <data type>(<size>) [<constraint>],

<column_name2> <data type>(<size>),

.

<column_nameN> <data type>(<size>),

);

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ALTER

Adding New Columns:

ALTER TABLE <Table Name>

ADD(<New Column Name> <Data type>(<Size>),

<New Column Name> <Data type>(<Size>),…);

Dropping a column from a table:

ALTER TABLE <Table Name> DROP COLUMN <Column Name>;

Modifying Existing Columns:

ALTER TABLE <Table Name>

MODIFY (<Column Name> <New Data type>(<New Size>));

RENAME

RENAME <Table Name> TO <New Table Name>;

TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE TABLE <Table Name>;

DROP

DROP TABLE <Table Name>;

Data Manipulation Language Syntax

INSERT

INSERT INTO <Table Name> (<col_name1>,<col_name2>)

VALUES(<expression1>,<expression2>);

DELETE

Removal of all rows:

DELETE FROM <Table Name>;

Removal of specific row(s):

DELETE FROM <Table Name> WHERE <Condition>;

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UPDATE

Updating all rows:

UPDATE <Table Name>

SET <Col_name1> = <Exp1>, <Col_name2> = <Exp2>;

Updating Records conditionally:

UPDATE <Table Name> SET <Col_name1> = <Exp1>, <Col_name2> =<Exp2>

WHERE <Condition>;

Data Query Language Syntax

SELECT

Figure: Syntax of Select.

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Transaction Control Language Syntax

COMMIT

COMMIT;

SAVE POINT

SAVEPOINT <Save point name>;

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK TO <Already defined save point name>;

Aggregate Functions

AVG Returns an average value of ‘n’, ignoring null values in a column

MIN Return a minimum values of expression

COUNT(exp) Return the number of rows where expression is not null

COUNT(*) Returns the no. of rows in the table including duplicate and those with nulls

MAX Returns the maximum values of expression

SUM Return the sum of the values.

Oracle Operator Precedence

Operator Operation

+, - Identity, Negation

*, / Multiplication, Division

+, -, || Addition, Subtraction, Concatenation

=, !=, <, >, <=, >=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN Comparison

NOT Exponentiation, Logical Negation

AND Conjunction

OR Disjunction

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Sub Queries

A sub query is a query within a query. The results of the sub query are used by the DBMS todetermine the results of the higher-level query that contains the sub query. In the simplest forms ofa sub query, the sub query appears within the WHERE or HAVING clause of another SQL statement.Sub queries provide an efficient, natural way to handle query requests that are themselvesexpressed in terms of the results of other queries.

Pattern Matching

The comparison operator usually compared one value exactly to one another value. Thisprecision may not always we decide or necessary. For this purpose oracle provides like predicate. Itallows comparison of one string value with another string value which is not identical. This isachieved by use of wild card character. The wild card characters available are modulus (%) whichallows to match any strings of any length and (“_”) which allows to match a single character.

Example: Select * from emp where ename like”a%”;

Select * from emp where ename like”_a%”;

Oracle 10g

Oracle Database 10g is revolutionary. It is Oracle’s largest introduction of new functionality ever,beginning with Release 1 of Oracle Database 10g in January 2004 and now Release 2 in 2005. It is Oracle’smost innovative release, leading the database industry into entirely new ground in clustering,automation, high availability, and more. And, it is having the largest impact on computing of any databasesoftware release. Oracle Database 10g fundamentally changes the way data centers look and operate

Oracle Database 10g transforms data centers from collections of separate, monolithic systems configuredto handle individual applications to a smaller number of consolidated, shared pools of server and storageresources called infrastructure grids. Oracle’s unique scale-out architecture enables applications of alltypes to dynamically provision additional servers and storage resources as needed to meet their changingprocessing demands. It delivers dramatic cost savings and equally dramatic advancements in quality ofservice.

Cost savings come from multiple sources. Oracle reduces hardware costs significantly by enabling eventhe largest systems to be built out of small, low-cost servers and modular storage arrays. Newautomation capabilities in Oracle Database 10g dramatically decrease the cost of databaseadministration. Also, Oracle full stack solutions eliminate the need for costly 3rd party management toolsand utilities.

The advancements in quality of service are across the board. Particularly significant is the automation ofdatabase administration functions that raise usability to a revolutionary new level. Not only are DBAsvastly more productive, they are empowered to deliver new levels of consistently optimizedperformance, high availability, and more. Oracle Database 10g further increases Oracle’s lead in virtuallyevery area of database capability. This includes high availability, performance, business intelligence, datamovement, security, application development, and more.

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Oracle 10g Installation and Configuration

Follow these steps to install and configure Oracle 10g Enterprise Edition.

Run the Installation Setup (Setup.exe). Select Advanced Installation from the Welcome window.

The File Locations window opens.

Change the Destination Name to: OraHome10

Change the Destination Path to c:\oracle\product\10.1.0\OraHome10

Click the Next button.

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Select Personal Edition (804 MB) from the Select Installation Type windows that appears. Click Next

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The Specify Database Configuration Options window opens. Enter:Global Database Name: DB1SID: DB1

Select Create database with samples schemas and click Next.

The Select Database Management Option window opens; simply click Next. The Specify Database File Storage Option window opens. Keep the default or select a

different directory for your database files and click Next.

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The Specify Backup and Recovery Options opens. Keep Default Settings and click Next. Then, the Specify Database Schema Passwords window opens.

Select Use the same password for all the accounts.

In the Enter Password and Confirm Password fields type your password.

Click Next.

The Summary window opens; click Install.

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The Install opens. The time to install depends upon the speed and memory of yourcomputer and may take more than 45 minutes. Don’t be alarmed if the installer seems tobe stuck at a certain percentage during the installation. You can also ignore additionalwindows that open during installation.

After some time, End of Installation window will appear. Click Exit and confirm exit. Youhave successfully installed Oracle 10g.

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Now, we’ve installed Oracle 10g. Then we can configure the database as our wish by goingto the Database Home Page. We can log in with the SYSTEM account, with username‘system’ and password that we set during installation.

For Example, to unlock the HR user, Select Manage Users.

Click HR user, and provide a password, select Unlocked from Account status and click AlterUser. We can also set storage settings, add users, create tables etc from the Home Page.

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Table Design using Foreign Key and Normalization

Normalization

Normalization is a process that helps analysis or database designers to design table structures for anapplication. The focus of normalization is to attempt to reduce redundant table data to the veryminimum. Through the normalization process, the collection of data in a single table is replaced, bythe same data being distributed over multiple tables with a specific relationship being setupbetween the tables. By this process RDBMS schema designers try their best to reduce table data tothe very minimum.

Normalization is carried out for the following reasons:

To structure the data between tables so that data maintenance is simplified. To allow data retrieval at optimal speed. To simplify data maintenance through updates, inserts and deletes. To reduce the need to restructure tables as new application requirements arise. To improve the quality of design for an application by rationalization of table data.

Normalization is a technique that:

Decomposes data into two-dimensional tables. Eliminates any relationships in which table data does fully depend upon the primary key of

a record. Eliminates any relationship that contains transitive dependencies.

First Normal Form

When a table is decomposed into two-dimensional tables with all repeating groups of dataeliminated, the table data is said to be in its first normal form. The repetitive portion of databelonging to the record is termed as repeating groups.

Example:

Table(Structure): EmpProj

Field Key TypeProject number --Project name --Employee number -- 1-nEmployee name -- 1-nRate category -- 1-nHourly rate -- 1-nHint: 1-n indicates that there are many occurrence of this field.

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Data help in the above table structure:

Projectnumber

Project name Employeenumber

Employee name Ratecategory

Hourly rate

P001 Using MySQL On Linux E001 Sharanam Shah A 7000P001 Using MySL On Linux E002 Vaishali Shah B 6500P001 Using MySQL On Linux E006 Hansel Colaco C 4500P002 Using Star Office On Linux E001 Sharanam Shah A 7000P002 Using Star Office On Linux E007 Chhaya Bankar B 4000

In the above data there are a few problems:

The Project name in the second record is misspelled. This can be solved by removingduplicates. Do this using normalization.

Data is repeated and thus occupies more space.

A table is in First Normal Form if:

There are no repeating groups. All the key attributes are defined. All attributes are depend on Primary Key.

So far there are no keys, and there are repeating groups. So remove the repeating groups, anddefine the primary key.

To convert to First Normal Form:

The unnormalized data i n the first table is the entiretable.

A key that will uniquely identify each record should beassigned to the table. This key has to be unique because itshould be capable of identifying any specific row from thetable for extracting information for use. This key is calledthe table’s Primary Key.

This table is in First Normal Form.

Second Normal Form

A table is said to be in its second normal form when each record in the table is in the firstnormal form and each column in the record is fully dependent on its primary key. It includes nopartial dependencies (where an attribute is dependent on only a part of a primary key).

Steps to convert a table to its Second Normal Form:

Find and remove fields that are related to the only part of the key. Group the removed items in another table. Assign the new table with the key i.e. part of a whole composite key.

In the above example:

Project name is only dependent on Project number. Employee name, Rate category and Hourly rate are dependent only on Employee number.

Field KeyProject number Primary KeyProject name --Employee number Primary KeyEmployee name --Rate category --Hourly rate --

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To convert, remove and place these fields in a separate table, with the key being that part of theoriginal key they are depend on.

This leads to the following 3 tables:

Table: EmpProj Table: Emp

Field KeyProject number Primary KeyEmployee number Primary Key

Table: Proj

Field KeyProject number Primary KeyProject name --Table is now in 2nd normal form.

Third Normal Form

Table data is said to be in third normal form when all transitive dependencies (where a non-key attribute is dependent on another non-key attribute) are removed from this data.

A general case of transitive dependencies is as follows:

A, B, C are three columns in table.

If C is related to B,

If B is related to A,

Then C is indirectly related to A

This is when transitive dependency exists.

To convert such data to its 3rd normal form, remove this transitive dependency by splitting eachrelation in two separate relations. This means that data in columns A, B, C must be placed in threeseparate tables, which are linked using a Foreign Key.

In the above example:

Employee table is the only one with more than one non-key attribute. Employee name is not dependent on either Rate category or Hourly rate. Hourly rate is dependent on Rate category.

To convert the table into the 3rd normal form, remove and place these fields in a separate table,with the attribute it was dependent on as key, as follows:

Field KeyEmployee number Primary KeyEmployee name --Rate category --Hourly rate --

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This leads to the following 4 tables:

Table: EmpProj

Field KeyProject number Primary KeyEmployee number Primary Key

Table: Emp

Field KeyEmployee number Primary KeyEmployee name --Rate category --

Table: Rate

Field KeyRate category Primary KeyHourly rate --

Table: Proj

Field KeyProject number Primary KeyProject name --

These tables are all now in their 3rd normal form, and ready to be implemented. There areother normal forms such as Boyce-Codd Normal Form, Fourth, Fifth Normal forms, but these arerarely used for business applications. In most cases, tables are in their 3rd normal form are alreadyconform to these type of tables formats anyway.

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Working with SQL

Table Creation and Alteration

Create two tables using primary key and connect them using foreign key.

Populate the tables using Insert statement and display them using Select.

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Alter the table using ALTER command.

Adding new column:

Modifying a column:

Defining Integrity constraints:

The structures of the tables are:

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Now, we alter it to add Integrity Constraints.

Check Constraints

A check constraint is a search condition, like the search condition in a WHERE clause, thatproduces a true or false value. When a check constraint is specified for a column, the DBMSautomatically checks the value of that column each time a new row is inserted or a row is updated toensure that the search condition is true. If not, the INSERT or UPDATE statement fails.

Create a table studdetail with CHECK constraints.

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Insertion

Create and maintain a table ‘customers’. Illustrate insert, delete and update queries.

Insert query, standard form:

Insert query, alternate method:

Now, we insert all values we need.

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Data Retrieval

We use the SELECT query to retrieve data from a table.

Retrieve all rows from table ‘customers’.

Select names of customers whose state is ‘Kerala’.

Find customers whose city is ‘cochi’ and date of join is before 5th May 2012.

Find customers from ‘Tamilnadu’ and ‘Karnataka’.

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Find customers from ‘cochi’,’Trivandrum’ and ‘Banglore’.

Find customers who are not from ‘Kerala’ or ‘Tamilnadu’.

Updating

Change balance of customer number ‘c01’ to ‘60000’.

Change name of customer to ‘James’ whose customer number is ‘c05’.

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Deletion

Delete customers whose balance is less than ‘60000’.

Group By

Use group by clause to the following table.

Select number of employees in each branch.

Having Clause

Display customer number and number of accounts (both SB and CA) from following table.

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Aggregate Functions

Table accmaster is used to demonstrate aggregate functions.

Find average balance of customers.

Find minimum balance from the table.

Find maximum balance from the table.

Find the number of accounts by counting accno.

Find the number of accounts by counting rows.

Calculate the total balance.

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Numeric Functions

Absolute

Power

Round

Square Root

Greatest

Least

Modulus

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Truncate

Floor

Ceil

String Functions

LOWER

INITCAP

UPPER

SUBSTR

ASCII

INSTR

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LENGTH

LTRIM

RTRIM

LPAD

RPAD

Conversion Functions

Table oldprice is used to demonstrate conversion functions.

TO_NUMBER

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TO_CHAR

TO_DATE

Date Functions

Display date after 4 months from current date.

Display the last date of current month.

Find date of next Friday from current date.

Find the number of months between two dates.

ROUND Date.

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SET Operators

UNION INTERSECT MINUS

UNIONMultiple queries can be put together and their output can be combined using union. The

union clause merges the output of two or more queries into a single set of rows and column.

Tables used:Employee Address Customer

INTERSECTThe intersect clause outputs only rows produced by the queries intersected i.e., it will

include only those rows that are retrieved common to both the queries.

Table used: account

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MINUS

It outputs the rows produced by the first query after filtering the rows retrieved by second query.

Table account (listed above) is used to illustrate minus.

Sorting Table

Consider the following table:

Sort the table on the basis of BRANCH_NO.

Sort the table on the basis of BRANCH_NO in descending order.

Sort the table on the basis of BRANCH_NAME.

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Sub Query

Three tables are used:

movie

customers

transaction

The table transaction have reference to both movie and customer tables.

After inserting values:

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Using Sub Queries, retrieve data connecting above tables.

Display the transaction details of the movie ‘FAST AND FURIOUS’.

Find the name of the customer who has the movie ‘FAST AND FURIOUS’.

Find the language of the movie which is with ‘V!5HNU’.

Details of movie which is with ‘R3NJ1TH’.

Details of customers who has the movie ‘HARRY POTTER’.

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Joining Tables

The process of forming pairs of rows by matching the contents of related columns is calledjoining the tables. The resulting table (containing data from both of the original tables) is called ajoin between the two tables. A join based on an exact match between two columns is more preciselycalled an equi-join.

Single Join

Create two tables as follows and insert values:

After insertion:

Joining both tables:

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Self Join

In some situations, it is necessary to join a table to itself, as though joining two separatetables. This is referred to as a self-join. In a self-join, two rows from the same table combine to forma result row.

Outer Join

The SQL join operation combines information from two tables by forming pairs of relatedrows from the two tables where the matching columns in each of the tables have the same values.

Create two tables:

Joining:

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Data/Transaction Control Language

Oracle Transactions

A series of one or more SQL statements that are logically related or a series of operationsperformed on Oracle table data is termed as a Transaction. First, the changes requested are done, tomake these changes permanent a COMMIT statement has to be given at the SQL prompt. AROLLBACK statement given at the SQL prompt can be used to undo a part of or the entiretransaction.

Security Management

Depending on a user’s status and responsibility, appropriate rights on Oracle’s resources canbe assigned to the user by the DBA. The rights that allow the use of some or all of Oracle’s resourceson the Server are called Privileges.

If a user wishes to access any of the objects belonging to another user, the owner of theobject will have to give permissions for such access. This is called Granting of Privileges. Privilegesonce given can be taken back by the owner of the object. This is called Revoking of Privileges.

Working with Control commands:

Connect using the SYSTEM account.

Create a user temp and grant necessary privileges.

Grant all privileges on table clientmaster to the user temp.

Connect using temp account.

We can access the table clientmaster of SYSTEM account now.

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Revoke the create view privilege from the user temp (By logging in as SYSTEM).

Trying to create a view by logging in as temp:

Revoke all privileges from the user temp (By logging in as SYSTEM).

Trying to access the table clientmaster from user temp.

Saving work till now.

Creating a save point.

We have 4 records in clientmaster. We create a save point to this point.

We then insert a row to clientmaster.

We didn’t find it good to insert such a row, or we want to undo anything that has happenedafter the save point, we rollback to that point.

Now, the newly created row will be deleted.

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Views

A view is a virtual table in the database whose contents are defined by a query. To thedatabase user, the view appears just like a real table, with a set of named columns and rows of data.But unlike a real table, a view does not exist in the database as a stored set of data values. Instead,the rows and columns of data visible through the view are the query results produced by the querythat defines the view. SQL creates the illusion of the view by giving the view a name like a tablename and storing the definition of the view in the database.

Create a view which contains nomno, acctno and name from nominee table.

Display nomview.

Work with nomview view as with a table.

Destroy nomview.

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Indexes

Indexing a table is an access strategy, i.e., a way to sort and search records in the table.Indexes are essential to improve the speed with which record(s) can be located and retrieved from atable. An index is an ordered list of the contents of a column, (or a group of columns) of a table.

When data is inserted in the table, the oracle engine automatically insert the data value inthe index. For every data value held in the index, the oracle engine inserts a unique ROWID value;which indicates exactly where the record is stored in the table. The records in the index are stored inthe ascending order of the index column. The value of ROWID cannot be set or deleted using theinsert or update. The address field of an index is called ROWID. The information in the ROWIDcolumn provides the oracle engine about the location of the table and a specific record in the oracledatabase.

Simple Index

An index created on a single column of a table is called a Simple Index.

Create a simple index on cno of table customer.

Display ROWID of the records in table customer.

Create simple index on cname.

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Composite Index

An index created on more than one column is called a Composite Index.

Create composite index on table acc.

Reverse Index

Creating a reverse key index, reverses each byte of column being indexed while keeping thecolumn order. Such an arrangement can avoid performance degradation in indexes wheremodifications to the index are concentrated on a small set of blocks. By reversing the keys of theindex, the insertions become distributed all over the index.

Create a reverse key index on accno of acc table.

Drop Index

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Clusters

Clustering is an important concept for improving Oracle performance. The concept of acluster is where member records are stored physically near parent records. For Oracle, clusters canbe used to define common, one-to-many access paths, and the member rows can be stored on thesame database block as their owner row. Clusters are used to store data from different tables in thesame physical data blocks. Each cluster stores the table’s data, as well as maintains the cluster indexthat is used to sort table data.

The Cluster key: The columns within the cluster index are called the cluster key (i.e. the set ofcolumns that the tables in the cluster have in common).

After the cluster has been created, the cluster index is created on the cluster key columns.After the cluster key index has been created, data can be entered into the tables stored in thecluster. As rows are inserted the database will store a cluster key and its associated rows in each ofthe cluster’s blocks.

Syntax:

CREATE CLUSTER <Cluster Name> (<Column> <Data Type>[, <Column> <Data Type>]…) [<Other Options>];

The cluster name follows the table naming conventions, also column and data type is thename and data type used as cluster key. The column name may be same as one of the columns of atable or it may be any other valid name.

Example:

CREATE CLUSTER “DBA_BANKSYS”.”BRANCH INFO”(“BRANCH_NO” VARCHAR2(10));

CREATE TABLE “DBA_BANKSYS”.”BRANCH_MSTR”(“BRANCH_NO” VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY,”NAME” VARCHAR2(25))CLUSTER BRANCH_INFO(BRANCH_NO);

CREATE TABLE “DBA_BANKSYS”.”ADDR_DTLS”(“ADDR_NO” NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,”CODE_NO” VARCHAR2(10),“ADDR_TYPE” VARCHAR2(1),”ADDR1” VARCHAR2(50),“ADDR2” VARCHAR2(25), “CITY” VARCHAR2(25),“STATE” VARCHAR2(25), “PINCODE” VARCHAR2(6));CLUSTER BRANCH_INFO(BRANCH_NO);

Advantages: Disk I/O is reduced and access time improves for joins of clustered tables. In a cluster, a cluster key value is the values of the cluster key columns for a particular row.

Each cluster key value is stored only once each in the cluster and the cluster index, nomatter how many rows of different tables contain the value.

Since all rows in clustered tables use the same columns as the common primary key, thecolumns are stored only once for all tables, yielding some storage benefit.

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Sequences

Oracle provides an object called a Sequence that can generate numeric values. The valuegenerated can have a maximum of 38 digits. A sequence can be defined to:

Generate numbers in ascending or descending order. Provide intervals between numbers. Caching of sequence numbers in memory to speed up their availability.

A sequence is an independent object and can be used with any table that requires its output.

Creating a Sequence

Syntax:

CREATE SEQUENCE <Sequence Name>

[INCREMENT BY <Integer Value>

START WITH <Integer Value>

MAXVALUE <Integer Value> / NOMAXVALUE

MINVALUE <Integer Value> / NOMINVALUE

CYCLE / NOCYCLE

CACHE <Integer Value> / NOCACHE

ORDER / NOORDER ]

Create a sequence.

Get the next value of the sequence.

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Create a table addrsdetail and use sequence to generate its primary keys.

To get the current value of a sequence use ‘CurrVal’.

Altering a Sequence

Syntax:

ALTER SEQUENCE <SequenceName>

[INCREMENT BY <IntegerValue> MAXVALUE <IntegerValue> / NOMAXVALUE

MINVALUE <IntegerValue> / NOMINVALUE CYCLE / NOCYCLE

CACHE <IntegerValue> / NOCACHE ORDER / NOORDER]

Alter addrseqe.

Dropping a Sequence

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Synonym

A synonym is an alias or alternate name for a table, view, sequence, or other schema object.They are used mainly to make it easy for users to access database objects owned by other users.They hide the underlying object's identity and make it harder for a malicious program or user totarget the underlying object. Because a synonym is just an alternate name for an object, it requiresno storage other than its definition. When an application uses a synonym, the DBMS forwards therequest to the synonym's underlying base object. By coding your programs to use synonyms insteadof table names, you insulate yourself from any changes in the name, ownership, or table locations. Ifyou frequently refer to a table that has a long name, you might appreciate being able to refer to itwith a shorter name without having to rename the table and alter the code referring to that table.

Example:

We’re trying to access a table in the SYSTEM account from temp account, and we find it lengthy.

We can change the “system.clientmaster” to cmaster to make it short. For that we use a synonym.

Once you have defined a synonym, you can use it just like a table name in SQL queries.

Dropping a Synonym

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PL/SQL ProgrammingPL/SQL permits the creation of structured logical blocks of code that describe processes,

which have to be applied to data. A single PL/SQL code block consists of a set of SQL statements,clubbed together, and passed to the Oracle engine entirely. This block has to be logically groupedtogether for the engine to recognize it as a singular code block. A PL/SQL block has a definitestructure, which can be divided into sections. The sections of a PL/SQL block are:

1. The Declare Section

Code blocks start with a declaration section, in which, memory variables and other Oracleobjects can be declared, and if required initialized. Once declared, they can be used in SQLstatements for data manipulation.

2. The Begin Section

It consists of a set of SQL and PL/SQL statements, which describe processes that have to beapplied to table data. Actual data manipulation, retrieval, looping and branching constructs arespecified in this section.

3. The Exception Section (Optional)

This section deals with handling of errors that arise during execution of the datamanipulation statements, which make up the PL/SQL code block. Errors can arise due to syntax, logicand/or validation rule violation.

4. The End Section

This marks the end of a PL/SQL block.

Displaying User Messages On The VDU Screen

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Message to be displayed’);

To display messages, the SETSERVEROUTPUT should be set to ON.

SET SERVEROUTPUT [ON/OFF]

Control Structure.

Conditional Control IterativeSimple Loop While Loop For Loop

IF <Condition> THEN<Action>ELSIF <Condition> THEN<Action>ELSE<Action>END IF;

LOOP<Seq. of Stmt.>END LOOP;

WHILE <Condition>LOOP<Action>END LOOP;

FOR variable INstart..endLOOP<Action>END LOOP;

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Factorial up to a Limit

Write a PL/SQL code block to print Factorial of numbers up to a given limit.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Declare the variables limit, l, fact and i as number.

Step3: Initialize fact:= 1 & l:= 2

Step4: Read value for limit

Step5: Repeat for i=1 to limit by 1

Repeat while l<=i

f:= f*l

l:=l+1

[End of inner loop]

[End of outer loop]

Step6: Print the result

Step7: End

Program:

Output:

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Generate Fibonacci Series

Write a PL/SQL code block to print Fibonacci series up to a given limit.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Declare variables f1, f2, f3, n, i as number.

Step3: Initialize f1:=0, f2:=1.

Step4: Read the limit n.

Step5: If n=0, then

Print f1

[End of if structure]

Step6: If n=1, then

Print f2


Step7: If n>1, then

Print f1, f2

Repeat for i:= 3 to n by 1

f3:=f1+f2

Print f3

Set f1:=f2

Set f2:=f3

[End of loop]


Step8: End

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Program:

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Quadratic Equation

Write a PL/SQL code block to solve Quadratic Equation.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Declare the variables a, b, c, d, r1, r2, root as number.

Step3: Read the input values for variables a, b & c

Step4: Set d:= b*b-4*a*c.

Step5: If d=0, Then

(a) Set root=-b/2*a.

(b) Print the root

Else if d>0, then

(a) Set r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a)

(b) Set r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a)

(c) Print the results

Else

Print 'Roots are imaginary'.

[End of If structure]

Step6: End

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Program:

Output:

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Check Prime or Not

Write a PL/SQL code block for checking a number to find whether it is Prime or Not.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Declare variables n, c as number.

Step3: Read the number n

Step4: Set c:=0

Step5: Repeat for i=2 to n by 1

If n%i=0,Then

c:= c+1


[End of loop]

Step6: If c=1, Then

Print 'IS PRIME'.

Else

Print 'NOT PRIME'.


Step7: End.

Program:

Output:

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Multiplication Table

Write a PL/SQL a code block to print Multiplication Table for given number.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Declare variables n, limit & i as number.

Step3: Read the values for n and limit

Step4: Set i:= 1,r:=0

Step5: Repeat for i=1 to limit by 1

Print i*n

[End of loop]

Step6: End

Program:

Output:

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Check Balance in Account Table

Write a PL/SQL code block that accept accno and check if user's balance is less than theminimum balance only then reduce Rs. 100 from it.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Create a table account with fields acctno and curbal andpopulate it with records.

Step3: Declare acno, temp, minbal as number.

Step4: Set minbal:=1000,as constant

Step5: Read the acno and assign the curbal field value of thataccount to variable temp

Step6: If temp<minbal, Then

Update the table account,

Set curbal=curbal-100.

Print 'Rs.100/- deducted from your account'

Else

Print 'You have sufficient balance'


Step7: End

Program:

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Output:

Table contents before executing the code block.

Table contents after executing the code block.

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Circle Area

Calculate the area of circle for radius varying from 2 to 6 and store them into a table (circle).

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Create table circle with fields radius, area.

Step3: Define pi as constant having value 3.14

Step4: Declare variables i, ar as number

Step5: Repeat for i=2 to 6 by 1

ar:=pi*power(i,2)

Insert these values to table circle

[End of loop]

Step6: End

Program:

Output:

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PL/SQL Functions and ProceduresA Procedure or Function is logically grouped set of SQL and PL/SQL statements that perform

a specific task. A Stored Procedure or function is a named PL/SQL code block that has been compiledand stored in one of the Oracle Engine’s system tables.

Creating a Stored Procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE <Procedure Name>

(<Argument> {IN,OUT,IN OUT} <Data type>, …) {IS, AS}

<Variable> declarations;

<Constant> declarations;

BEGIN

<PL/SQL subprogram body>;

EXCEPTION

<Exception PL/SQL block>;

END;

Creating a Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION <Function Name>

(<Argument> IN <Data type>,…)

RETURN <Data type> (IS, AS)

<Variable> declarations;

<Constant> declarations;

BEGIN


EXCEPTION


END;

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Add two numbers using Function

Create and call a PL/SQL Function to add two numbers.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: (a) Create a function addno() accepting 2 parameters a and b

(b) Declare a variable result inside the function definition

(c) Set result:= a+b

(d) Return the result

Step3: Define the main code declaring 2 variables a, b as number.

Step4: Read the values for a and b

Step5: Call the function addno(),by passing a and b as parameters


Step7: End

Program:

Output:

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Factorial using Function

Use Function to find factorial of any number by calling it.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2:(a) Create a function named fact() with parameter

(b) Declare variables f, i, l as number

(c) Set f:=1,l:=2

(d) Repeat for i=1 to a by 1

Repeat while l<=i

f:=f*l

l:=l+1

[End of inner loop]

[End of outer loop]

(e) Return f

Step3: Define the main code, declaring a variable n.

Step4: Read the value for n

Step5: Call the function fact() passing n as parameter


Step7: End

Program:

Output:

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Prime or Not Function

Create a function to check whether a number is Prime or Not.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: (a) Create a function chkprime with a parameter n.

(b) Declare a variable c and set c:=0

(c) Repeat for i=2 to n by 1

If n % i =0, then

c:=c+1


[End of loop]

(d) If c=1, then

return 1

Else

return 0


Step3: Define the main code, declaring a variable n

Step4: Read the value for n

Step5: Call the function chkprime()

Step6: If return value is 1

Print ‘IS PRIME’

Else

Print ‘NOT PRIME’

Step7: End

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Program:

Output:

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Fibonacci Series using Procedure

Create a procedure to generate Fibonacci Series.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: (a) Create a procedure fib with parameter n

(b) Declare variables f1, f2, f3, i as number.

(c) Initialize f1:=0, f2:=1.

(d) If n=0, then

Print f1


(e) If n=1, then

Print f2


(f) If n>1, then

Print f1, f2

Repeat for i:= 3 to n by 1

f3:=f1+f2

Print f3

Set f1:=f2

Set f2:=f3

[End of loop]


[End of procedure]

Step3: Define the main code declaring a variable x

Step4: Read the value for x

Step5: Call the procedure.

Step6: End

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Program:

Output:

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Quadratic Equation using Procedure

Create a procedure to solve a Quadratic Equation.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: (a) Create a procedure quad with parameters a, b, c

(b) Declare variables d, r1, r2, root as number

(c) Set d:=b*b-4*a*c.

(d) If d=0, then

Set root=-b/2*a.

Print the root

Else if d>0, then

Set r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a)

Set r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a)

Print the results

Else

Print 'Roots are imaginary'.

[End of If structure]

[End of procedure]

Step3: Define the main code having variables a, b & c

Step4: Read the values for a, b & c

Step5: Call the procedure

Step6: End

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Program:

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Employee details from Table

Create a procedure to access emp table and display its contents. Procedure should acceptaccno.

Algorithm:

Step1: Start

Step2: Create a procedure empdetails

(a) Declare variables id, name, sal, depno

(b) Select the field values of emp with eno=no and assign toid, name, sal, depno.

(c) Display the details. [End of Procedure].

Step3: Define the main code declaring a variable empno

Step4: Read the value for empno

Step5: Call the procedure empdetails with empno as parameter

Step6: End

Program:

Output:

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TriggersThe Oracle engine allows the definition of procedures that are implicitly executed, when an

insert, update or delete is issued against a table. These procedures are called Database Triggers.

Trigger has 3 basic parts: A triggering event or statement, a trigger restriction, and a trigger action.

Triggering Event or Statement: It is a SQL statement that causes a trigger to be fired. It can beINSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement for a specific table.

Trigger Restriction: A trigger restriction specifies a Boolean (Logical) expression that must be TRUEfor the trigger to fire.

Trigger Action: A trigger action is the PL/SQL code to be executed when a triggering statement isencountered and any trigger restriction evaluates to TRUE.

Types of Triggers:

Row Triggers A row trigger is fired each time a row in the table is affected by the triggeringstatement.

Statement Triggers A statement trigger is fired once on behalf of the triggering statement,independent of the no. of rows the triggering statement affects.

Before Triggers Executes the trigger action before the triggering statement.After Triggers Executes the trigger action after the triggering statement is executed.

Syntax:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <Trigger Name>

{BEFORE, AFTER}

{DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE [OF Column, ..]}

ON <Table Name>

[REFERENCING {OLD AS old, NEW AS new}]

[FOR EACH ROW [WHEN Condition]]

DECLARE

<Variable declarations>;

<Constant declarations>;

BEGIN


EXCEPTION


END;

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Create a trigger auditclient to set operation to manage audit1 table when an update isoccurred.

We use contents of table clientmaster to copy to audit1 table.

Program:

We fire an update query to clientmaster.

Output:

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ODBC ConnectivityTo use the Oracle database with any Front End Application Programs, we use ODBC (Open

Database Connection). Using ODBC, we can connect we can connect to oracle tables and can beused in Programming Languages like ASP.NET, VB, Java etc. The following steps illustrate how to setan ODBC connection with Oracle 10g and use it with Visual Basic 6.0.

Environment:

Database : Oracle 10g Express Edition

Operating System : Microsoft Windows XP (32 bit) or Microsoft Windows 7 (32 bit only).

Follow these steps to configure a Data Source Name (DSN):

Open Data Sources in Control Panel.(Control Panel Administrative Tools Data Sources (ODBC)). In Windows7, go to Control Panel; change the viewto ‘Large Icons’ and selectAdministrative Tools.

Select the System DSN tab from the Data Sources window.

Click Add button.

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The Create New Data Source appears. Select ‘Oracle in XE’ and click Finish.

The Oracle ODBC Driver Configuration Appears. Provide following information:Data Source Name : payroll (Anything you wish, but this is used later to connect).TNS Service Name : XEUser ID : system (User ID of the account you want to connect).And then click Test Connection.

The connection window appears; type in the Password of your account (Usually system).And click OK. If everything goes well, you’ll get aConnection Successful message. Click OK.

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After the configuration is complete, we can find the DSN we created listed.

Now, we have configured DSN. We can now use this in any Programming Language whichsupports Database Programming.

Database Programming with Visual Basic (and Oracle)

Follow these steps to make database application with VB as Front end and Oracle as Back end:

Open Visual Basic 6.0, start a new Standard EXE application. We use Microsoft ADO to work with database. So, Enable

‘Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.8 Library’ Project References(Project References).

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Then, design the form with necessary controls and objects.

Declare Command, Connection and Record Set variables. To make the connection, type following code in Form Load() event:

con.Open "payroll", "system", "system"

Here, payroll is the Data Source Name that we’ve configured; system and system are Usernameand Password of the database user which has the required table.

cmd.ActiveConnection = con

rs.CursorLocation = adUseClient

cmd.CommandText = "select * from paytab"

Here, paytab is the actual table that we are accessing.

rs.Open cmd, , adOpenStatic, adLockBatchOptimistic

After the above code will be executed, the first row (complete) in the table paytab will beavailable in rs variable. We can get value of each column by rs(“Column Name”).

Further operations such as INSERT, DELETE, SEARCH etc. can be done by executing SQLqueries with Command Variable through CommandText property.

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Payroll Information System

Create a Payroll Information application in Visual Basic with Oracle as Back End.

Table used: payroll

First, set up a System DSN as mentioned before with DSN name as ‘pay’. Then, create aStandard EXE application in VB and design the form with following controls and necessary labels.

Controls Used:

Controls Properties

Textboxes

Name Textenotxtenametxtdojtxtbsaltxthratxtdatxttatxtgrsaltxt

Command Buttons

Name Captioncmdcalc Calculatecmdnew Newcmdsave Savecmdfirst <<cmdprev <cmdnxt >cmdlast >>

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Code:

Dim con As New ADODB.Connection

Dim cmd As New ADODB.Command

Dim rs As New ADODB.Recordset

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub Form_Load()

con.Open "pay", "system", "system"

cmd.ActiveConnection = con


cmd.CommandText = "select * from payroll"


Call Disp

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Sub Disp()

If (rs.BOF = True) Then

MsgBox ("Sorry, No Records found in Database!")

rs.MoveFirst

ElseIf (rs.EOF = True) Then

MsgBox ("Sorry, EOF!")

rs.MoveLast

End If

enotxt.Text = rs("eno")

enametxt.Text = rs("ename")

bsaltxt.Text = rs("basic_sal")

hratxt.Text = rs("hra")

datxt.Text = rs("da")

tatxt.Text = rs("ta")

grsaltxt.Text = rs("grsal")

dojtxt.Text = rs("doj")

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

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Private Sub cmdnew_Click()

enotxt.Text = ""

enametxt.Text = ""

bsaltxt.Text = ""

hratxt.Text = ""

datxt.Text = ""

tatxt.Text = ""

grsaltxt.Text = ""

dojtxt.Text = ""

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdsave_Click()

cmd.CommandText = "insert intopayroll(eno,ename,basic_sal,hra,da,ta,grsal,doj) values(" &enotxt.Text & ",'" & enametxt.Text & "'," & bsaltxt.Text & "," &hratxt.Text & "," & datxt.Text & "," & tatxt.Text & "," &grsaltxt.Text & ",'" & dojtxt.Text & "')"

cmd.Execute

MsgBox ("One Row Inserted!")

cmd.CommandText = "select * from payroll"

rs.Requery

cmdfirst_Click

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdfirst_Click()

rs.MoveFirst

Call Disp

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdprev_Click()

rs.MovePrevious

Call Disp

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

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Private Sub cmdnxt_Click()

rs.MoveNext

Call Disp

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdlast_Click()

rs.MoveLast

Call Disp

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdcalc_Click()

Dim h As Integer

Dim d As Integer

Dim basic As Integer

h = hratxt.Text

d = datxt.Text

basic = bsaltxt.Text

If ((h <= 100) And (d <= 100)) Then

grsaltxt.Text = basic + (basic * (h / 100)) + (basic * (d /100)) + tatxt.Text

Else

MsgBox ("HRA and/or DA Exceeds the limit!")

End If

End Sub

_________________________________________________________

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OUTPUT

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Student Information System

Create a Student Information System in VB with Oracle as Back End.

DSN : studTable used : studtab

Controls Properties

Textboxes

Name Textrnotxtnametxtdobtxtm1txtm2txtm3txttottxtpertxtpercent %grdtxt

Combo BoxName List

cbo

Command Buttons

Name Captioncmdcalc Calculatecmdclear Clearcmdsave Savecmdfirst <<cmdprev <cmdnxt >cmdlast >>cmdsrch Search

Code:

Dim cnn As New ADODB.Connection


Dim cmd2 As New ADODB.Command

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Dim rss As New ADODB.Recordset

___________________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdclear_Click()

rnotxt.Text = ""

nametxt.Text = ""

dobtxt.Text = ""

cbo.ListIndex = 0 'To set default value to the first list item

m1txt.Text = ""

m2txt.Text = ""

m3txt.Text = ""

tottxt.Text = ""

pertxt.Text = ""

grdtxt.Text = ""

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


cnn.Open "stud", "system", "system"

cmd.ActiveConnection = cnn

cmd.CommandText = "select * from studtab"

rs.CursorLocation = adUseServer


Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Sub Disp()


MsgBox ("Sorry, No Records found in Database!")

rs.MoveFirst



rs.MoveLast

End If

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rnotxt.Text = rs("rollno")

nametxt.Text = rs("name")

dobtxt.Text = rs("dob")

cbo.Text = rs("course")

m1txt.Text = rs("m1")



tottxt.Text = rs("tot")

pertxt.Text = rs("percent")

grdtxt.Text = rs("grade")

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdcalc_Click()

Dim m1 As Integer

Dim m2 As Integer

Dim m3 As Integer

Dim tot As Integer

Dim p As Integer

Dim g As String

If (IsNumeric((m1txt.Text) And (m2txt.Text) And (m3txt.Text)) =True) And (m1txt.Text <= 100) And (m2txt.Text <= 100) And(m3txt.Text <= 100) Then

m1 = m1txt.Text

m2 = m2txt.Text

m3 = m3txt.Text

tot = m1 + m2 + m3

p = tot / 3

If (p >= 80) Then

g = "A"

ElseIf (p >= 70) Then

g = "B"


g = "C"


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g = "D"

Else

g = "E"

End If

tottxt.Text = tot

pertxt.Text = p

grdtxt.Text = g

Else

MsgBox ("Enter Valid Marks")

End If

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


cmd.CommandText = "insert intostudtab(rollno,name,dob,course,m1,m2,m3,tot,percent,grade) values("& rnotxt.Text & ",'" & nametxt.Text & "','" & dobtxt.Text & "','" &cbo.Text & "'," & m1txt.Text & "," & m2txt.Text & "," & m3txt.Text& "," & tottxt.Text & "," & pertxt.Text & ",'" & grdtxt.Text & "')"

cmd.Execute


cmd.CommandText = "select * from studtab"

rs.Requery

cmdfirst_Click

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Private Sub tottxt_GotFocus()

cmdcalc_Click

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


rs.MoveFirst

Call Disp

End Sub


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rs.MovePrevious

Call Disp

End Sub


rs.MoveNext

Call Disp

End Sub


rs.MoveLast

Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdsrch_Click()

cmd2.ActiveConnection = cnn

cmd2.CommandText = "select * from studtab where rollno=" &InputBox("Enter Roll Number to search!", Search) & ""

rss.Open cmd2, , adOpenStatic, adLockBatchOptimistic

If (rss.EOF = True) Then

MsgBox "No Records!"

Else

rnotxt.Text = rss("rollno")

nametxt.Text = rss("name")

dobtxt.Text = rss("dob")

cbo.Text = rss("course")

m1txt.Text = rss("m1")



tottxt.Text = rss("tot")

pertxt.Text = rss("percent")

grdtxt.Text = rss("grade")

End If

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

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OUTPUT

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Banking Application

Create a Banking Application to store and retrieve customer details.

DSN : bankdsnTable used : bank

Controls Properties

Textboxes

Name Textacnotxtcnametxtaddrstxt (Multiline = True)

(Max Length = 50)placetxtbaltxt

Option ButtonName Caption

sbopt SBcaopt CA

Command Buttons

Name Captioncmddel Deletecmdclr Clearcmdsave Savecmdfirst Firstcmdprev Previouscmdnxt Nextcmdlast Lastcmdsrch Search

Code:



Dim cmd1 As New ADODB.Command



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___________________________________________________________________


cnn.Open "bankdsn", "system", "j"


cmd.CommandText = "select * from bank"



Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Sub Disp()


MsgBox ("Sorry, BOF!")

rs.MoveFirst



rs.MoveLast

End If

acnotxt.Text = rs("acno")

If (rs("actype") = "SB") Then

sbopt.Value = True

Else

caopt.Value = True

End If

cnametxt.Text = rs("cname")

addrstxt.Text = rs("addrs")

placetxt.Text = rs("place")

baltxt.Text = rs("balance")

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

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Private Sub cmdclr_Click()

acnotxt.Text = ""

sbopt.Value = False

caopt.Value = False

cnametxt.Text = ""

addrstxt.Text = ""

placetxt.Text = ""

baltxt.Text = ""

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


Dim atype As String

If (sbopt.Value = False) And (caopt.Value = False) Then

MsgBox ("Please Select an Account Type!")

Else

If (sbopt.Value = True) Then

cmd.CommandText = "insert intobank(acno,actype,cname,addrs,place,balance) values( " &acnotxt.Text & ", '" & sbopt.Caption & "' ,'" & cnametxt.Text &"','" & addrstxt.Text & "','" & placetxt.Text & "'," & baltxt.Text& ")"

Else

cmd.CommandText = "insert intobank(acno,actype,cname,addrs,place,balance) values( " &acnotxt.Text & ", '" & caopt.Caption & "' ,'" & cnametxt.Text &"','" & addrstxt.Text & "','" & placetxt.Text & "'," & baltxt.Text& ")"

End If

cmd.Execute


cmd.CommandText = "select * from bank"

rs.Requery

cmdfirst_Click

End If

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End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


rs.MoveFirst

Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


rs.MoveNext

Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


rs.MovePrevious

Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________


rs.MoveLast

Call Disp

End Sub

___________________________________________________________________

Private Sub cmdsrch_Click()


cmd1.CommandText = "select * from bank where acno=" &InputBox("Enter Account Number to search!", Search) & ""




Else

acnotxt.Text = rss("acno")

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


If (rs("actype") = "SB") Then

sbopt.Value = True

Else

caopt.Value = True

End If

cnametxt.Text = rss("cname")

addrstxt.Text = rss("addrs")

placetxt.Text = rss("place")

baltxt.Text = rss("balance")

End If

rss.Close

End Sub

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Private Sub cmddel_Click()

Dim d As Integer

d = InputBox("Enter Account Number to Delete")


cmd1.CommandText = "select * from bank where acno=" & d & ""


If rss.EOF = True Then

MsgBox "No Records"

Else

cmd1.CommandText = "delete from bank where acno=" & d & ""

cmd1.Execute

MsgBox "Deleted"

End If

rss.Close

rs.Requery

End Sub

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


OUTPUT

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


Library Information System

Create a Library Information application which can manage, details of books in a library, inVB with Oracle as Back End.

DSN : libraryTable : libtab

Controls Properties

Textboxes

Name Textbidtxttitletxtauthtxtpubtxtpricetxt

Command Buttons

Name Captioncmdclr Clearcmdsave Savecmdfirst <<cmdprev <cmdnxt >cmdlast >>cmdbidsrch By Book IDcmdtitsrch By Title

Code:





Dim cmds As New ADODB.Command

___________________________________________________________________


cnn.Open "library", "system", "j"


cmd.CommandText = "select * from libtab"



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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


Call Disp

End Sub

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Sub Disp()


MsgBox ("Sorry, BOF!")

rs.MoveFirst



rs.MoveLast

End If

bidtxt.Text = rs("bid")

titletxt.Text = rs("title")

authtxt.Text = rs("author")

pubtxt.Text = rs("pub")

pricetxt.Text = rs("price")

End Sub

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Private Sub cmdclr_Click()

bidtxt.Text = ""

titletxt.Text = ""

authtxt.Text = ""

pubtxt.Text = ""

pricetxt.Text = ""

End Sub

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cmd.CommandText = "insert into libtab(bid,title,author,pub,price)values(" & bidtxt.Text & ",'" & titletxt.Text & "','" &authtxt.Text & "','" & pubtxt.Text & "'," & pricetxt.Text & ")"

cmd.Execute

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


MsgBox ("Data Saved")

cmd.CommandText = "select * from libtab"

rs.Requery

cmdclr_Click

End Sub

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rs.MoveFirst

Call Disp

End Sub

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rs.MoveLast

Call Disp

End Sub

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rs.MovePrevious

Call Disp

End Sub

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rs.MoveNext

Call Disp

End Sub

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Private Sub cmdbidsrch_Click()

cmds.ActiveConnection = cnn

cmds.CommandText = "select * from libtab where bid=" &InputBox("Enter Book ID Number to search!", Search) & ""

rss.Open cmds, , adOpenStatic, adLockBatchOptimistic

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g




Else

bidtxt.Text = rss("bid")

titletxt.Text = rss("title")

authtxt.Text = rss("author")

pubtxt.Text = rss("pub")

pricetxt.Text = rss("price")

End If

rss.Close

End Sub

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Private Sub cmdtitsrch_Click()

cmds.ActiveConnection = cnn

cmds.CommandText = "select * from libtab where title='" &InputBox("Enter Book Title to search!", Search) & "'"

rss.Open cmds, , adOpenStatic, adLockBatchOptimistic



Else

bidtxt.Text = rss("bid")

titletxt.Text = rss("title")

authtxt.Text = rss("author")

pubtxt.Text = rss("pub")

pricetxt.Text = rss("price")

End If

rss.Close

End Sub

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DBMS Lab Oracle 10g


OUTPUT

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Date post:	03-Jan-2016
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