[ORACLE 9i] - Database Utilities

8/14/2019 [ORACLE 9i] - Database Utilities

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Oracle9i

Database Utilities

Release 2 (9.2)

March 2002

Part No. A96652-01


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Oracle9i Databa se Ut ilities, Release 2 (9.2)

Part No. A96652-01

Copyright 1996, 2002, Oracle Corporat ion. All rights reserved .

Primary Author: Kathy Rich

Contributors: Lee Barton, Ellen Batbouta, Janet Blowney, George Claborn, Jay Davison, William Fisher,Dean Gagne, John Galanes, John Kalogeropoulos, Jonathan Klein, Cindy Lim, Eric Magrath, BrianMcCarthy, Ray Pfau, Rich Ph illips, Pau l Reilly, Mike Sakayed a, Francisco Sanchez, Jim Stenoish

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Contents

List ofExamplesList ofFiguresList ofTables

Send Us Your Comments ............................................................................................................. xxxiii

Preface....................................................................................................................................................... xxxv

Au dien ce ............................................................................................................................................ xxxv

Documentation Accessibility ......................................................................................................... xxxvi

Organizat ion ..................................................................................................................................... xxxvi

Related Documentation .................................................................................................................. xxxix

Conventions............................................................................................................................................ xl

Whats New in Database Utilities? .............................................................................................. xliiiOracle9i Utilities N ew Features for Release 9.2............................................................................... xliii

Oracle9i Utilities N ew Features for Release 9.0.1............................................................................ xlv

Oracle8i Utilities New Features ....................................................................................................... xlviii

Part I Export and Import

1 Export

What Is the Export Utility?................................................................................................................ 1-2

Before Using Export ........................................................................................................................... 1-3

Running catexp .sql or catalog.sq l............................................................................................... 1-3

Ensurin g Sufficien t Disk Space................................................................................................... 1-4

Verifying Access Privileges ......................................................................................................... 1-4

Invoking Export .................................................................................................................................. 1-5


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Com mand-Line Entries ................................................................................................................ 1-5

Interactive Export Prom pts ......................................................................................................... 1-6Parameter Files .............................................................................................................................. 1-6

Invoking Expor t As SYSDBA ...................................................................................................... 1-7

Export Modes ....................................................................................................................................... 1-8

Table-Level an d Part ition-Level Export .................................................................................. 1-12

Table-Level Expor t .............................................................................................................. 1-12

Partition-Level Export......................................................................................................... 1-12

Processing Restrictions............................................................................................................... 1-13

Getting Online Help......................................................................................................................... 1-13

Export Parameters ............................................................................................................................. 1-13

BUFFER ........................................................................................................................................ 1-16

Exam ple: Calculat ing Buffer Size ...................................................................................... 1-17

COMPRESS.................................................................................................................................. 1-17

CONSISTENT.............................................................................................................................. 1-18

CONSTRAIN TS .......................................................................................................................... 1-20

DIRECT ........................................................................................................................................ 1-20

FEEDBACK.................................................................................................................................. 1-20

FILE............................................................................................................................................... 1-20

FILESIZE ...................................................................................................................................... 1-21

FLASHBACK_SCN..................................................................................................................... 1-22

FLASHBACK_TIME................................................................................................................... 1-22FULL ............................................................................................................................................. 1-23

GRANTS....................................................................................................................................... 1-23

HELP............................................................................................................................................. 1-23

INDEXES...................................................................................................................................... 1-23

LOG............................................................................................................................................... 1-23

OBJECT_CONSISTENT ............................................................................................................. 1-24

OWNER........................................................................................................................................ 1-24PARFILE....................................................................................................................................... 1-24

QUERY ......................................................................................................................................... 1-24

Restr iction s ........................................................................................................................... 1-25

RECORDLEN GTH ..................................................................................................................... 1-26

RESUMABLE............................................................................................................................... 1-26

RESUMABLE_NAME ................................................................................................................ 1-26


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RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT.......................................................................................................... 1-27

ROWS ........................................................................................................................................... 1-27STATISTICS................................................................................................................................. 1-27

TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 1-28

Table Nam e Restrictions..................................................................................................... 1-29

TABLESPACES ........................................................................................................................... 1-30

TRANSPORT_TABLESPACE................................................................................................... 1-31

TRIGGERS ................................................................................................................................... 1-31

TTS_FULL_CHECK.................................................................................................................... 1-31

USERID (username/ passw ord)................................................................................................ 1-31

VOLSIZE ...................................................................................................................................... 1-32

Parameter Interactions ............................................................................................................... 1-32

Example Export Sessions ................................................................................................................. 1-32

Example Export Session in Full Database Mode.................................................................... 1-33

Exam ple Export Session in User Mod e ................................................................................... 1-36

Exam ple Export Sessions in Table Mod e ................................................................................ 1-38

Example 1: DBA Exporting Tables for Two Users.......................................................... 1-38

Exam ple 2: User Exports Tables That He Owns ............................................................. 1-39

Example 3: Using Pat tern Matchin g to Expor t Variou s Tables .................................... 1-40

Example Expor t Session Using Par tition -Level Expor t......................................................... 1-41

Example 1: Expor ting a Table Withou t Specifying a Partit ion ..................................... 1-41

Example 2: Exporting a Table w ith a Specified Par tition .............................................. 1-41Exam ple 3: Exporting a Com posite Part ition .................................................................. 1-42

Using the Interactive Method......................................................................................................... 1-43

Restr iction s .................................................................................................................................. 1-48

Warning, Error, and Completion Messages ................................................................................. 1-48

Log File ........................................................................................................................................ 1-48

Warning Messages...................................................................................................................... 1-48

Nonrecoverable Error Messages .............................................................................................. 1-49Com pletion Messages ................................................................................................................ 1-49

Exit Codes for Inspection and Display ......................................................................................... 1-49

Conventional Path Export Versus Direct Path Export ............................................................... 1-50

Invoking a Direct Path Export........................................................................................................ 1-52

Secur ity Consid erations for Direct Path Exports ................................................................... 1-52

Per formance Issu es for Direct Path Exports ........................................................................... 1-53


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Network Considerations.................................................................................................................. 1-53

Transportin g Export Files Across a Netw ork ......................................................................... 1-53Exporting and Importing with Oracle Net.............................................................................. 1-53

Character Set and Globalization Support Considerations ....................................................... 1-54

Character Set Con version .......................................................................................................... 1-54

Effect of Character Set Sorting Order on Conversions .......................................................... 1-54

Mu ltibyte Character Sets and Expor t and Imp ort .................................................................. 1-55

Instance Affinity and Export ........................................................................................................... 1-55

Considerations When Exporting Database Objects ................................................................... 1-56

Exporting Sequ ences .................................................................................................................. 1-56

Exporting LONG and LOB Datatypes..................................................................................... 1-56

Exporting Foreign Function Librar ies...................................................................................... 1-56

Exporting Offline Bitm ap ped Tablesp aces ............................................................................. 1-56

Exporting Directory Aliases ...................................................................................................... 1-57

Exporting BFILE Columns and Attributes.............................................................................. 1-57

Extern al Tables ............................................................................................................................ 1-57

Exporting Object Type Definit ions........................................................................................... 1-57

Exporting Nested Tables............................................................................................................ 1-58

Exporting Advanced Queue (AQ) Tables ............................................................................... 1-58

Exporting Synonym s .................................................................................................................. 1-58

Possible Expor t Error s Related to Java Synon ym s ......................................................... 1-59

Support for Fine-Grained Access Control............................................................................... 1-59Transportable Tablespaces .............................................................................................................. 1-59

Exporting from a Read-Only D atabase ......................................................................................... 1-60

Using Export and Import to Partition a Database Migration ................................................... 1-60

Advantages of Partitioning a Migration.................................................................................. 1-61

Disad vantages of Part itioning a Migra tion ............................................................................. 1-61

How to Use Expor t and Imp ort to Partition a Database Migration ................................... 1-61

Using Different Releases and Versions of Export ...................................................................... 1-61Restrictions When Using Differen t Releases and Versions of Export and Im port ............ 1-62

Examples of Using Differen t Releases of Export and Imp ort .............................................. 1-63

Creating Oracle Release 8.0 Expor t Files from an Oracle9i Database ................................. 1-64

Possible Errors When Using Different Releases and Version s............................................. 1-65

EXP-24 ................................................................................................................................... 1-65

EXP-23 ................................................................................................................................... 1-65


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EXP-37 ................................................................................................................................... 1-65

2 Import

What Is the Import Utili ty?............................................................................................................... 2-2

Table Objects: Order of Import ................................................................................................... 2-3

Before Using Import........................................................................................................................... 2-4

Running catexp .sql or catalog.sq l............................................................................................... 2-5

Verifying Access Privileges ......................................................................................................... 2-5Importing Objects into Your Own Schema........................................................................ 2-6

Importing Gran ts ................................................................................................................... 2-7

Importing Objects into Oth er Schem as .............................................................................. 2-7

Importing System Objects .................................................................................................... 2-7

Importing into Existing Tables ......................................................................................................... 2-8

Manu ally Creating Tables Before Imp ort ing Data .................................................................. 2-8

Disabling Referential Constraints .............................................................................................. 2-8Manu ally Ordering the Import ................................................................................................... 2-9

Effect of Schema and Database Triggers on Import Operations ............................................... 2-9

Invoking Import................................................................................................................................ 2-10

Com man d-Line Entries.............................................................................................................. 2-10

Interactive Import Prom pts ....................................................................................................... 2-10

Parameter Files............................................................................................................................ 2-11

Invoking Import As SYSDBA ................................................................................................... 2-12Import Modes .................................................................................................................................... 2-13

Getting Online Help ........................................................................................................................ 2-14

Import Parameters ............................................................................................................................ 2-14

BUFFER ........................................................................................................................................ 2-18

CH ARSET .................................................................................................................................... 2-18

COMMIT...................................................................................................................................... 2-19

COMPILE..................................................................................................................................... 2-19

CONSTRAIN TS .......................................................................................................................... 2-20

DATAFILES................................................................................................................................. 2-20

DESTROY..................................................................................................................................... 2-20

FEEDBACK.................................................................................................................................. 2-20

FILE............................................................................................................................................... 2-21

FILESIZE ...................................................................................................................................... 2-21


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FROMUSER ................................................................................................................................. 2-22

FULL ............................................................................................................................................. 2-22GRANTS....................................................................................................................................... 2-22

HELP............................................................................................................................................. 2-23

IGN ORE ....................................................................................................................................... 2-23

INDEXES...................................................................................................................................... 2-24

INDEXFILE.................................................................................................................................. 2-24

LOG............................................................................................................................................... 2-25

PARFILE....................................................................................................................................... 2-25

RECORDLEN GTH ..................................................................................................................... 2-25

RESUMABLE............................................................................................................................... 2-26

RESUMABLE_NAME ................................................................................................................ 2-26

RESUMABLE_TIMEO UT .......................................................................................................... 2-26

ROWS ........................................................................................................................................... 2-27

SHOW........................................................................................................................................... 2-27

SKIP_UNUSABLE_INDEXES................................................................................................... 2-27

STATISTICS................................................................................................................................. 2-27

STREAMS_CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 2-28

STREAMS_INSTAN TIATION .................................................................................................. 2-28

TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 2-29

Table Nam e Restrictions ..................................................................................................... 2-30

TABLESPACES ........................................................................................................................... 2-31TOID_NOVALIDATE................................................................................................................ 2-31

TOUSER ....................................................................................................................................... 2-32

TRAN SPORT_TABLESPACE ................................................................................................... 2-33

TTS_OWNERS............................................................................................................................. 2-33

USERID (u sername/ passw ord)................................................................................................ 2-33

VOLSIZE ...................................................................................................................................... 2-34

Example Import Sessions ................................................................................................................ 2-34Exam ple Import of Selected Tables for a Specific User ......................................................... 2-35

Example Imp ort of Tables Expor ted by Another User .......................................................... 2-36

Example Im port of Tables from On e User to Anoth er .......................................................... 2-37

Example Imp ort Session Usin g Par tition -Level Im port ........................................................ 2-38

Exam ple 1: A Part ition-Level Im port................................................................................ 2-38

Examp le 2: A Pa rtition-Level Imp ort of a Composite Par titioned Table .................... 2-39


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Example 3: Repartition ing a Table on a Different Colu mn ........................................... 2-40

Examp le Imp ort of Using Pattern Matching to Imp ort Var ious Tables ............................. 2-43Using the Interactive Method......................................................................................................... 2-44

Warning, Error, and Completion Messages ................................................................................. 2-45

Log File ........................................................................................................................................ 2-46

Warning Messages...................................................................................................................... 2-46

Nonrecoverable Error Messages .............................................................................................. 2-46

Com pletion Messages ................................................................................................................ 2-46

Exit Codes for Inspection and Display ......................................................................................... 2-47Error Handling During an Import ................................................................................................. 2-47

Row Errors ................................................................................................................................... 2-47

Failed Integr ity Con str ain ts ............................................................................................... 2-48

Inva lid Da ta .......................................................................................................................... 2-48

Errors Importing Database Objects .......................................................................................... 2-48

Object Already Exists.......................................................................................................... 2-48

Sequences.............................................................................................................................. 2-49

Resource Errors.................................................................................................................... 2-49

Domain Ind ex Metadata ..................................................................................................... 2-49

Table-Level and Partition-Level Import ....................................................................................... 2-49

Gu idelines for Using Table-Level Import ............................................................................... 2-50

Gu idelines for Using Par tit ion-Level Import ......................................................................... 2-50

Migrating Data Across Partitions and Tables......................................................................... 2-51

Controlling Index Creation and Maintenance ............................................................................ 2-52

Delaying Ind ex Creation............................................................................................................ 2-52

Index Creation and Maintenance Controls............................................................................. 2-52

Example of Postponing Index Maintenance.................................................................... 2-53

Reducing Database Fragmentation ............................................................................................... 2-53

Network Considerations ................................................................................................................. 2-54

Transporting Export Files Across a Network......................................................................... 2-54Exporting an d Imp orting with Oracle Net ............................................................................. 2-54

Character Set and Globalization Support Considerations ....................................................... 2-54

Character Set Con version .......................................................................................................... 2-55

User Data .............................................................................................................................. 2-55

Data Defin ition Langu age (DDL)...................................................................................... 2-55

Import and Single-Byte Character Sets.................................................................................... 2-55


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Import and Multibyte Character Sets ...................................................................................... 2-56

Considerations When Importing D atabase Objects .................................................................. 2-56Importing Object Identifier s ...................................................................................................... 2-56

Imp orting Existing Object Tables and Tables That Contain Object Types ......................... 2-58

Importing Nested Tables ........................................................................................................... 2-58

Importing REF Data ................................................................................................................... 2-59

Importing BFILE Columns and Directory Aliases................................................................. 2-59

Importing Foreign Funct ion Libraries ..................................................................................... 2-60

Imp ort ing Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages ..................................................... 2-60Importing Java Objects............................................................................................................... 2-60

Importing External Tables ......................................................................................................... 2-60

Importing Advanced Queue (AQ) Tables............................................................................... 2-61

Importing LON G Columns ....................................................................................................... 2-61

Importing View s ......................................................................................................................... 2-61

Importing Part itioned Tables .................................................................................................... 2-62

Support for Fine-Grained Access Control............................................................................... 2-62

Materialized View s and Snapshots ............................................................................................... 2-63

Snapshot Log ............................................................................................................................... 2-63

Snapshots ..................................................................................................................................... 2-64

Importing a Snapshot .......................................................................................................... 2-64

Imp ort ing a Snap shot into a Differen t Schema ............................................................... 2-64

Transportable Tablespaces .............................................................................................................. 2-64

Storage Parameters............................................................................................................................ 2-65

The OPTIMAL Parameter .................................................................................................. 2-66

Storage Pa rameter s for OID Ind exes and LOB Colum ns............................................... 2-66

Overrid ing Storage Param eters ......................................................................................... 2-66

The Export COMPRESS Parameter ................................................................................... 2-66

Read-Only Tablespaces.............................................................................................................. 2-66

Dropping a Tablespace..................................................................................................................... 2-67Reorganizing Tablespaces ............................................................................................................... 2-67

Importing Statistics .......................................................................................................................... 2-68

Using Export and Import to Partition a Database Migration ................................................... 2-69

Advantages of Partitioning a Migration.................................................................................. 2-69

Disad vantages of Part itioning a Migra tion ............................................................................. 2-69

How to Use Export and Imp ort to Par tition a Database Migrat ion .................................... 2-69


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Using Export Files from a Previous Oracle Release ................................................................... 2-70

Using Oracle Version 7 Export Files ........................................................................................ 2-70Check Constraints on DATE Columns............................................................................. 2-70

Using Oracle Version 6 Export Files ........................................................................................ 2-71

User Pr ivileges ..................................................................................................................... 2-71

CHAR Columns................................................................................................................... 2-71

Status of Integrity Con straints ........................................................................................... 2-71

Length of Default Colu mn Values .................................................................................... 2-71

Using Oracle Version 5 Export Files ........................................................................................ 2-72Restrictions When Using Different Releases and Versions of Export and Impor t ........... 2-72

The CH ARSET Parameter ......................................................................................................... 2-73

Part II SQL*Loader

3 SQL*Loader ConceptsSQL*Loader Features ......................................................................................................................... 3-1

SQL*Loader Control File ................................................................................................................... 3-3

Input Data and D atafiles ................................................................................................................... 3-4

Fixed Record Format .................................................................................................................... 3-4

Variable Record Format ............................................................................................................... 3-5

Stream Record Format ................................................................................................................ 3-6

Logical Record s ............................................................................................................................. 3-7Data Fields ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8

LOBFILEs and Secondary Datafiles (SDFs) ................................................................................... 3-9

Data Conversion and Datatype Specification ............................................................................... 3-9

Discarded and Rejected Records ................................................................................................... 3-10

The Bad File ................................................................................................................................. 3-10

SQL*Loader Rejects ............................................................................................................. 3-10

Oracle Rejects ....................................................................................................................... 3-10

The Discard File .......................................................................................................................... 3-11

Log File and Logging Information ................................................................................................ 3-11

Conventional Path Loads, D irect Path Loads, and External Table Loads .............................. 3-11

Con vent ional Path Load s .......................................................................................................... 3-12

Direct Path Loads ....................................................................................................................... 3-12

Parallel Direct Path.............................................................................................................. 3-12


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Extern al Table Loads .................................................................................................................. 3-13

Loading Objects, Collections, and LOBs...................................................................................... 3-13Sup ported Object Types............................................................................................................. 3-13

colu mn-objects ..................................................................................................................... 3-13

row objects ............................................................................................................................ 3-14

Sup ported Collection Typ es ...................................................................................................... 3-14

Nested Tables ....................................................................................................................... 3-14

VARRAYs ............................................................................................................................. 3-14

Suppor ted LOB Typ es ................................................................................................................ 3-14Partitioned Object Support ............................................................................................................. 3-15

Application D evelopment: Direct Path Load API ...................................................................... 3-15

4 SQL*Loader Command-Line Reference

Invoking SQL*Loader ....................................................................................................................... 4-1

Specifying Parameters in the Control File................................................................................. 4-3Command-Line Parameters............................................................................................................... 4-3

BAD (bad file)................................................................................................................................ 4-3

BINDSIZE (maximum size)......................................................................................................... 4-4

COLUMNARRAYROWS............................................................................................................. 4-4

CONTROL (control file)............................................................................................................... 4-4

DATA (datafile)............................................................................................................................. 4-5

DATE_CACHE.............................................................................................................................. 4-5DIRECT (data path)...................................................................................................................... 4-6

DISCARD (filen am e) .................................................................................................................... 4-6

DISCARDMAX (integer) ............................................................................................................. 4-6

ERRORS (errors to allow ) ............................................................................................................ 4-6

EXTERNAL_TABLE..................................................................................................................... 4-7

Restrict ions When Using EXTERNAL_TABLE................................................................. 4-8

FILE (file to load into) .................................................................................................................. 4-9

LOAD (record s to load) ............................................................................................................... 4-9

LOG (log file)................................................................................................................................. 4-9

MULTITHREADING ................................................................................................................... 4-9

PARALLEL (parallel load) ........................................................................................................ 4-10

PARFILE (param eter file) .......................................................................................................... 4-10

READSIZE (read bu ffer size) .................................................................................................... 4-10


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RESUMABLE............................................................................................................................... 4-11

RESUMABLE_NAME................................................................................................................ 4-12RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT.......................................................................................................... 4-12

ROWS (row s per commit) ......................................................................................................... 4-12

SILENT (feed back mod e) .......................................................................................................... 4-12

SKIP (records to skip)................................................................................................................. 4-13

SKIP_INDEX_MAINTENAN CE .............................................................................................. 4-14

SKIP_UNUSABLE_INDEXES................................................................................................... 4-14

STREAMSIZE.............................................................................................................................. 4-15USERID (username/ passw ord)................................................................................................ 4-15

Exit Codes for Inspection and Display ......................................................................................... 4-16

5 SQL*Loader Control File Reference

Control File Contents ......................................................................................................................... 5-2

Com ments in the Con trol File..................................................................................................... 5-4Specifying Command-Line Parameters in the Control File ....................................................... 5-4

OPTIONS Clause .......................................................................................................................... 5-4

Specifying Filenames and Object Names ...................................................................................... 5-5

Filenam es That Con flict with SQL and SQL*Load er Reserved Word s ................................ 5-5

Specify ing SQL Strings ................................................................................................................ 5-5

Op erating System Consid erations ............................................................................................. 5-5

Specifying a Com plete Path ................................................................................................. 5-6Backslash Escap e Character ................................................................................................. 5-6

Nonportable Strin gs .............................................................................................................. 5-6

Escap ing the Backslash ......................................................................................................... 5-7

Escap e Character Is Som etim es Disallow ed ...................................................................... 5-7

Specifying Datafiles ........................................................................................................................... 5-7

Exam ples of INFILE Syntax ........................................................................................................ 5-9

Specifying Mu ltip le Datafiles ..................................................................................................... 5-9

Identifying Data in the Control File with BEGINDATA .......................................................... 5-10

Specifying Datafile Format and Buffering................................................................................... 5-11

Specifying the Bad File .................................................................................................................... 5-11

Exam ples of Specifying a Bad File N am e................................................................................ 5-13

How Bad Files Are Handled with LOBFILEs and SDFs....................................................... 5-13

Criteria for Rejected Records .................................................................................................... 5-13


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Specifying the D iscard File ............................................................................................................. 5-14

Specifying the Discard File in the Control File....................................................................... 5-14Specifying the Discard File from the Com mand Line ........................................................... 5-15

Exam ples of Specifyin g a Discard File Nam e ......................................................................... 5-15

Criter ia for Discarded Records ................................................................................................. 5-15

How Discard Files Are H andled with LOBFILEs and SDFs ................................................ 5-16

Limiting the Number of Discarded Records........................................................................... 5-16

Handling Di fferent Character Encoding Schemes ..................................................................... 5-16

Mu ltibyte (Asian) Character Sets.............................................................................................. 5-17Unicod e Character Sets .............................................................................................................. 5-17

Database Character Sets ............................................................................................................. 5-18

Datafile Character Sets ............................................................................................................... 5-18

Inp ut Character Con version ...................................................................................................... 5-19

CH ARACTERSET Parameter ............................................................................................ 5-19

Con trol File Character Set .................................................................................................. 5-21

Character-Length Seman tics .............................................................................................. 5-22

Interrupted Loads.............................................................................................................................. 5-24

Discontinued Conventional Path Loads.................................................................................. 5-24

Discontinued Direct Path Load s ............................................................................................... 5-24

Load Discontinued Becau se of Space Errors ................................................................... 5-24

Load Discontinu ed Because Maximum Number of Errors Exceeded ......................... 5-25

Load Discontinued Because of Fatal Errors..................................................................... 5-25

Load Discon tinued Becau se a Con tro l+C Was Issued ................................................... 5-25

Statu s of Tables an d Ind exes After an Interrupted Load ...................................................... 5-26

Using the Log File to Determine Load Status......................................................................... 5-26

Con tinu ing Single-Table Loads ................................................................................................ 5-26

Assembling Logical Records from Physical Records ................................................................. 5-27

Using CON CATENATE to Assemble Logical Record s ........................................................ 5-27

Using CON TINUEIF to Assem ble Logical Records .............................................................. 5-27Loading Logical Records into Tables ............................................................................................ 5-31

Specifying Table Nam es ............................................................................................................ 5-32

INTO TABLE Clause ........................................................................................................... 5-32

Table-Specific Loading Method ................................................................................................ 5-32

Load ing Data into Empty Tables....................................................................................... 5-33

Load ing Data into Nonem pty Tables ............................................................................... 5-33


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Table-Specific OPTION S Parameter ........................................................................................ 5-34

Load ing Records Based on a Condition .................................................................................. 5-35Using the WHEN Clause with LOBFILEs and SDFs...................................................... 5-35

Specifying Defau lt Data Delimiters ......................................................................................... 5-36

fields_spec ............................................................................................................................ 5-36

term ination_spec ................................................................................................................. 5-36

enclosure_sp ec ..................................................................................................................... 5-36

Handling Short Records with Missing Data........................................................................... 5-37

TRAILING NULLCOLS Clause ........................................................................................ 5-37Index Options .................................................................................................................................... 5-38

SORTED INDEXES Clause........................................................................................................ 5-38

SINGLEROW Option ................................................................................................................. 5-38

Benefits of Using Multiple INTO TABLE Clauses ..................................................................... 5-39

Extracting Mu ltip le Logical Records ....................................................................................... 5-39

Relative Positioning Based on Delimiters........................................................................ 5-40

Distinguishing Differen t Inp ut Record Form ats .................................................................... 5-40

Relative Position ing Based on the POSITION Param eter ............................................. 5-41

Distinguishing Differen t Inp ut Row Object Subtypes .......................................................... 5-41

Load ing Data in to Mu ltip le Tables .......................................................................................... 5-43

Summary...................................................................................................................................... 5-43

Bind Arrays and Conventional Path Loads ................................................................................. 5-44

Size Requ irements for Bind Arrays.......................................................................................... 5-44

Per formance Implications of Bind Ar rays .............................................................................. 5-44

Specifying Number of Row s Versus Size of Bind Array ...................................................... 5-45

Calculations to Determine Bind Array Size............................................................................ 5-45

Determining the Size of the Length Ind icator ................................................................. 5-47

Calculating the Size of Field Buffers ................................................................................. 5-47

Minimizing Mem ory Requ irem ents for Bind Arrays ............................................................ 5-49

Calcu lating Bind Array Size for Multip le INTO TABLE Clauses ....................................... 5-50

6 Field List Reference

Field List Contents .............................................................................................................................. 6-1

Specifying the Position of a Data Field .......................................................................................... 6-3

Using POSITION with Data Containing Tabs.......................................................................... 6-4

Using POSITION with Multip le Table Load s .......................................................................... 6-4


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Exam ples of Using POSITION .................................................................................................... 6-4

Specifying Columns and Fields ....................................................................................................... 6-5Specifying Filler Fields ................................................................................................................. 6-6

Specifying the Datatype of a Data Field .................................................................................... 6-7

SQL*Loader Datatypes ...................................................................................................................... 6-7

Nonportable Datatypes ................................................................................................................ 6-8

INTEGER(n) ........................................................................................................................... 6-8

SMALLINT ............................................................................................................................. 6-9

FLOAT..................................................................................................................................... 6-9DOUBLE ............................................................................................................................... 6-10

BYTEINT............................................................................................................................... 6-10

ZONED ................................................................................................................................. 6-10

DECIMAL ............................................................................................................................. 6-11

VARGRAPHIC..................................................................................................................... 6-12

VARCHAR ........................................................................................................................... 6-13

VARRAW.............................................................................................................................. 6-14

LONG VARRAW................................................................................................................. 6-14

Portable Datatypes...................................................................................................................... 6-14

CH AR .................................................................................................................................... 6-15

Datetim e and Interval Datatypes ...................................................................................... 6-16

GRAPH IC ............................................................................................................................. 6-18

GRAPHIC EXTERNAL....................................................................................................... 6-19

Numeric EXTERNAL.......................................................................................................... 6-19

RAW ...................................................................................................................................... 6-20

VARCHARC......................................................................................................................... 6-20

VARRAWC ........................................................................................................................... 6-21

Con flicting Native Datatyp e Field Lengths ..................................................................... 6-21

Field Lengths for Length-Value Datatypes...................................................................... 6-22

Datatype Con versions ................................................................................................................ 6-22Datatype Conversions for Datetime and Interval Datatypes ............................................... 6-23

Specifying Delim iters ................................................................................................................. 6-24

TERMIN ATED Fields ......................................................................................................... 6-25

ENCLOSED Fields............................................................................................................... 6-25

Delimiter Marks in the Data ............................................................................................... 6-26

Maximum Length of Delimited Data ............................................................................... 6-27


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Loading Trailing Blanks with Delimiters......................................................................... 6-27

Conflicting Field Lengths for Character Datatyp es ............................................................... 6-28Pred eterm ined Size Field s.................................................................................................. 6-28

Delimited Fields................................................................................................................... 6-28

Date Field Masks ................................................................................................................. 6-29

Specifying Field Conditions ........................................................................................................... 6-29

Com paring Field s to BLAN KS ................................................................................................. 6-31

Com paring Field s to Literals .................................................................................................... 6-32

Using the WHEN, NULLIF, and DEFAULTIF Clauses .............................................................. 6-32Loading Data Across Different Platforms ................................................................................... 6-36

Byte Ordering .................................................................................................................................... 6-37

Specify ing Byte Ord er ................................................................................................................ 6-38

Using Byte Order Marks (BOMs) ............................................................................................. 6-39

Sup pressin g Checks for BOMs .......................................................................................... 6-41

Loading All-Blank Fields ................................................................................................................ 6-41

Trimming Whitespace ...................................................................................................................... 6-42

Datatypes for Which Whitesp ace Can Be Trimmed .............................................................. 6-44

Field Length Specifications for Data typ es for Which Whitesp ace Can Be Trimmed ....... 6-45

Pred eterm ined Size Field s.................................................................................................. 6-45

Delimited Fields................................................................................................................... 6-45

Relat ive Position ing of Field s ................................................................................................... 6-46

No Star t Posit ion Specified for a Field ............................................................................. 6-46

Previou s Field Terminated by a Delimiter ...................................................................... 6-46

Previous Field H as Both Enclosure and Termination Delimiters ................................ 6-47

Lead ing Whitespace ................................................................................................................... 6-47

Previous Field Terminated by Whitespace...................................................................... 6-47

Op tional Enclosu re Delimiters .......................................................................................... 6-48

Trailing Whitespace.................................................................................................................... 6-49

Enclosed Fields............................................................................................................................ 6-49Preserving Whitespace ..................................................................................................................... 6-49

PRESERVE BLANKS Option .................................................................................................... 6-49

Term inated by Whitespace ................................................................................................ 6-50

Applying SQL Operators to Fields ................................................................................................ 6-50

Referencing Fields ...................................................................................................................... 6-52

Com mon Uses of SQL Operators in Field Specifications ..................................................... 6-53


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Com binations of SQL Operators .............................................................................................. 6-53

Using SQL Str ings with a Date Mask....................................................................................... 6-53Interpreting Formatted Field s ................................................................................................... 6-54

Using SQL*Loader to Generate Data for Input........................................................................... 6-54

Load ing Data Without Files ...................................................................................................... 6-55

Setting a Column to a Constant Value..................................................................................... 6-55

CONSTANT Parameter ...................................................................................................... 6-55

Setting a Column to an Expression Value............................................................................... 6-56

EXPRESSION Parameter .................................................................................................... 6-56Setting a Column to the Datafile Record Number ................................................................. 6-56

RECNUM Parameter........................................................................................................... 6-56

Settin g a Column to the Curren t Date ..................................................................................... 6-56

SYSDATE Parameter ........................................................................................................... 6-56

Setting a Column to a Uniqu e Sequence Number ................................................................. 6-57

SEQUEN CE Parameter ....................................................................................................... 6-57

Genera ting Sequence N umbers for Mu ltip le Tables ............................................................. 6-58

Examp le: Genera ting Differen t Sequence Num bers for Each Insert ............................ 6-58

7 Loading Objects, LOBs, and Collections

Loading Column Objects................................................................................................................... 7-1

Loading Column Objects in Stream Record Format................................................................ 7-2

Load ing Colu mn Objects in Variable Record Form at ............................................................. 7-3Load ing N ested Colu mn Objects ............................................................................................... 7-4

Load ing Colu mn Objects with a Der ived Subtyp e .................................................................. 7-4

Specifying Null Valu es for Objects ............................................................................................ 7-6

Specifying Attr ibu te Nulls ................................................................................................... 7-6

Specifying Atom ic Nulls....................................................................................................... 7-7

Load ing Column Objects with User-Defined Constructors ................................................... 7-8

Loading Object Tables ..................................................................................................................... 7-12Load ing Object Tables with a Subtyp e .................................................................................... 7-13

Loading REF Columns ..................................................................................................................... 7-15

Real REF Columns ...................................................................................................................... 7-15

Primary Key REF Colu mns ....................................................................................................... 7-16

Unscoped REF Colu mns That Allow Prim ary Keys.............................................................. 7-16

Loading LOBs .................................................................................................................................... 7-18


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Loading LOB Data from a Primary Datafile........................................................................... 7-19

LOB Data in Predetermined Size Fields........................................................................... 7-19LOB Data in Delimited Field s............................................................................................ 7-20

LOB Data in Length-Value Pair Field s ............................................................................. 7-21

Load ing LOB Data from an External LOBFILE (BFILE)....................................................... 7-22

Load ing LOB Data from LOBFILEs ......................................................................................... 7-23

Dynam ic Versu s Stat ic LOBFILE Specifications ............................................................. 7-24

Exam ples of Loading LOB Data from LOBFILEs ........................................................... 7-24

Considera tions When Load ing LOBs from LOBFILEs .................................................. 7-28Loading Collections (Nested Tables and VARRAYs)................................................................. 7-29

Restrict ions in Nested Tables an d VARRAYs ........................................................................ 7-30

Secondary Datafiles (SDFs) ....................................................................................................... 7-31

Dynamic Versus Static SDF Specifications .................................................................................. 7-33

Loading a Parent Table Separately from Its Child Table .......................................................... 7-33

Mem ory Issues When Load ing VARRAY Colu mns ............................................................. 7-34

8 SQL*Loader Log File Reference

Header Information ............................................................................................................................ 8-1

Global Information ............................................................................................................................ 8-2

Table Information ............................................................................................................................... 8-2

Colu mn Inform ation .................................................................................................................... 8-3

Posit ion ................................................................................................................................... 8-3Length ..................................................................................................................................... 8-4

Delim iter ................................................................................................................................. 8-4

Datatype.................................................................................................................................. 8-4

Datafile Information ........................................................................................................................... 8-4

Table Load Information ..................................................................................................................... 8-5

Summary Statistics ............................................................................................................................. 8-5

Oracle Stat istics Tha t Are Logged .............................................................................................. 8-6Inform ation About Single-Part ition Loads ........................................................................ 8-7

Statistics for Loading a Table ............................................................................................... 8-7

Additional Summary Statistics for Direct Path Loads and Multithreading ........................... 8-7

Log File Created When EXTERNAL_TABLE=GENERATE_ONLY .......................................... 8-8


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9 Conventional and Direct Path Loads

Data Loading Methods ....................................................................................................................... 9-1

Conventional Path Load .................................................................................................................... 9-4

Con ventional Path Load of a Sing le Partit ion .......................................................................... 9-4

When to Use a Conventional Path Load ................................................................................... 9-4

Direct Path Load .................................................................................................................................. 9-5

Data Con version Du rin g Direct Path Load s ............................................................................. 9-6

Direct Path Load of a Partition ed or Subp artition ed Table .................................................... 9-6

Direct Path Load of a Single Par tition or Subp art ition ............................................................ 9-7

Ad vantages of a Direct Path Load .............................................................................................. 9-8

Restrictions on Using Direct Path Loads................................................................................... 9-8

Restrictions on a Direct Path Load of a Single Par tition ......................................................... 9-9

When to Use a Direct Path Load ................................................................................................. 9-9

Integr ity Con stra ints .................................................................................................................. 9-10

Field Defaults on the Direct Path .............................................................................................. 9-10Load ing into Synonym s ............................................................................................................. 9-10

Using D irect Path Load .................................................................................................................... 9-10

Settin g Up for Direct Path Load s.............................................................................................. 9-10

Specifying a Direct Path Load ................................................................................................... 9-11

Build ing Indexes ......................................................................................................................... 9-11

Improvin g Per formance...................................................................................................... 9-11

Temporary Segm ent Storage Requ irements .................................................................... 9-12Ind exes Left in an Unusable State ............................................................................................ 9-12

Using Data Saves to Protect Aga inst Data Loss ..................................................................... 9-13

Using the ROWS Parameter ............................................................................................... 9-14

Data Save Versus Com mit.................................................................................................. 9-14

Data Recovery Durin g Direct Path Loads ............................................................................... 9-15

Media Recovery and Direct Path Loads........................................................................... 9-15

Instance Recovery and Dir ect Path Load s ....................................................................... 9-15Load ing LON G Data Field s....................................................................................................... 9-16

Loading Data As PIECED................................................................................................... 9-16

Optimizing Performance of Direct Path Loads ........................................................................... 9-17

Preallocating Storage for Faster Load ing ................................................................................ 9-17

Presort ing Data for Faster Ind exing ......................................................................................... 9-18

SORTED INDEXES Clause................................................................................................. 9-18


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Un sorted Data ...................................................................................................................... 9-18

Mu ltip le-Column Ind exes .................................................................................................. 9-19Choosing the Best Sort Order ............................................................................................ 9-19

Infrequent Data Saves ................................................................................................................ 9-20

Min imizin g Use of the Redo Log ............................................................................................. 9-20

Disabling Archiv ing ............................................................................................................ 9-20

Specifying the UN RECOVERABLE Parameter .............................................................. 9-20

Setting the NOLOG Attr ibu te............................................................................................ 9-21

Specifying the N um ber of Colum n Ar ray Row s and Size of Stream Buffers .................... 9-21Specifying a Valu e for the Date Cache .................................................................................... 9-22

Optimizing D irect Path Loads on Multiple -CPU Systems ....................................................... 9-23

Avoiding Index Maintenance ......................................................................................................... 9-24

Direct Loads, Integrity Constraints, and Triggers ...................................................................... 9-25

Integr ity Con str ain ts .................................................................................................................. 9-25

Enabled Con str ain ts ............................................................................................................ 9-25

Disabled Con stra ints ........................................................................................................... 9-25

Reenable Con stra ints .......................................................................................................... 9-26

Database Insert Trigger s ............................................................................................................ 9-27

Replacing Inser t Triggers w ith Integrity Constraints .................................................... 9-27

When Au tom atic Constrain ts Can not Be Used ............................................................... 9-27

Prep arat ion ........................................................................................................................... 9-28

Using an Up date Trigger .................................................................................................... 9-28

Duplicating the Effects of Exception Conditions............................................................ 9-28

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[ORACLE 9i] - Database Utilities

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