Oracle® OLAPDML Reference

11g Release 2 (11.2)

E17122-05

August 2010

Oracle OLAP DML Reference, 11g Release 2 (11.2)

E17122-05

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Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................................................. xxv

Audience................................................................................................................................................... xxvDocumentation Accessibility ................................................................................................................. xxvRelated Documents ................................................................................................................................. xxviConventions ............................................................................................................................................. xxvi

What's New in the OLAP DML? ....................................................................................................... xxvii

New Features in the OLAP DML......................................................................................................... xxviiOLAP DML Statement Changes for Oracle Database 11g................................................................ xxxiiOLAP DML Statement Changes for Oracle Database 10g............................................................... xxxivOLAP DML Statement Changes for Oracle Database 9i ................................................................ xxxvii

1 OLAP DML Basic Concepts

What is the OLAP DML? ........................................................................................................................ 1-1Cube-Aware OLAP DML Statements ............................................................................................. 1-1OLAP DML Statements that Work Directly on Analytic Workspace Objects .......................... 1-2

Basic Syntactic Units of the OLAP DML ............................................................................................. 1-3How to Execute OLAP DML Statements ............................................................................................. 1-4Introduction to Analytic Workspaces ................................................................................................... 1-4

Privileges Needed to Create and Delete Analytic Workspaces................................................... 1-4Defining a New Analytic Workspace.............................................................................................. 1-5Working with Previously-Defined Analytic Workspaces............................................................ 1-5Viewing Information About an Analytic Workspace ................................................................... 1-6

Introduction to Analytic Workspace Data Objects ............................................................................ 1-6Types of Analytic Workspace Data Objects ................................................................................... 1-7

Variables....................................................................................................................................... 1-7Objects that Can Dimension Variables .................................................................................... 1-8Relations ....................................................................................................................................... 1-9Valueset and Surrogate Objects ............................................................................................. 1-10

Objects that Support the Use of Hierarchies ............................................................................... 1-10Hierlist Dimension................................................................................................................... 1-11Parentrel Relation..................................................................................................................... 1-12Levellist Dimension ................................................................................................................. 1-13Hierlevels Valueset .................................................................................................................. 1-14Inhier Valueset or Variable..................................................................................................... 1-14

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Levelrel Relation ...................................................................................................................... 1-16Familyrel Relation.................................................................................................................... 1-17Gidrel Relation ......................................................................................................................... 1-19

OLAP DML Statements Apply to All of the Values of a Data Object ........................................ 1-20Changing the Default Looping Behavior of Statements............................................................ 1-20

How to Specify the Set of Data that OLAP DML Operations Work Against ............................ 1-20About Status Lists ........................................................................................................................... 1-21

Default Status Lists .................................................................................................................. 1-21Current Status Lists ................................................................................................................. 1-21

Changing the Current Status of a Dimension to Work with a Subset of Data....................... 1-21Saving and Restoring Current Dimension Status....................................................................... 1-22Using a Subset of Data Without Changing Status...................................................................... 1-22

Populating Multidimensional Hierarchical Data Objects ............................................................ 1-22

2 Data Types, Operators, and Expressions

OLAP DML Data Types .......................................................................................................................... 2-1Numeric Data Types.......................................................................................................................... 2-4

Using LONGINTEGER Values ................................................................................................. 2-4Using NUMBER Values ............................................................................................................. 2-4

Text Data Types.................................................................................................................................. 2-5Text Literals ................................................................................................................................. 2-5Escape Sequences ........................................................................................................................ 2-5

Date-only Data Type.......................................................................................................................... 2-6Date-only Input Values .............................................................................................................. 2-6Date-only Dimension Values .................................................................................................... 2-7DATE-only Variable Display Styles ......................................................................................... 2-8

Datetime and Interval Data Types................................................................................................... 2-8Datetime and Interval Fields ..................................................................................................... 2-9Datetime Format Templates .................................................................................................. 2-10String-to-Date Conversion Rules .......................................................................................... 2-10DATETIME Data Type............................................................................................................ 2-11TIMESTAMP Data Type ........................................................................................................ 2-12TIMESTAMP_TZ Data Type ................................................................................................. 2-12TIMESTAMP_LTZ Data Type ............................................................................................... 2-13YMINTERVAL Data Type ..................................................................................................... 2-13DSINTERVAL Data Type ...................................................................................................... 2-14

Boolean Data Type .......................................................................................................................... 2-15RAW Data Type .............................................................................................................................. 2-16Row Identifier Data Types............................................................................................................. 2-16

ROWID Data Type................................................................................................................... 2-16UROWID Data Type................................................................................................................ 2-17

Converting from One Data Type to Another .............................................................................. 2-17Automatic Conversion of Textual Data Types .................................................................... 2-17Automatic Conversion of Numeric Data Types.................................................................. 2-17

OLAP DML Operators.......................................................................................................................... 2-18Arithmetic Operators...................................................................................................................... 2-19Comparison and Logical Operators ............................................................................................. 2-19

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Assignment Operator ..................................................................................................................... 2-20 OLAP DML Expressions ..................................................................................................................... 2-20

About OLAP DML Expressions.................................................................................................... 2-21How the Data Type of an Expression is Determined ......................................................... 2-21How the Dimensionality of an Expression is Determined ................................................ 2-21

Determining the Dimensions of an Expression............................................................ 2-22How Dimension Status Affects the Number of Values in the Results of Expressions ...... 2-22

Using Workspace Objects in Expressions.................................................................................... 2-23How OLAP DML Data Objects Behave in Expressions ..................................................... 2-23Syntax for Specifying an Object in an Expression............................................................... 2-24

Considerations When Creating and Using Qualified Object Names........................ 2-25Specifying Values of Dimensions and Composites in Expressions.................................. 2-26

Specifying a Value of a Composite................................................................................. 2-26Specifying a Value of a CONCAT Dimension.............................................................. 2-27Using Related Dimensions in Expressions.................................................................... 2-27

Using Variables and Relations in Expressions .................................................................... 2-27Limiting a Dimension to a Single Value Without Changing Status ................................. 2-28

Syntax of a Qualified Data Reference ............................................................................ 2-28Qualifying a Variable ....................................................................................................... 2-29Replacing a Dimension in a Variable............................................................................. 2-30Qualifying a Relation ....................................................................................................... 2-30Qualifying a Dimension................................................................................................... 2-31Using Ampersand Substitution with QDRs ................................................................. 2-31

Working with Empty Cells in Expressions ................................................................................. 2-31Specifying a Value of NA........................................................................................................ 2-32Controlling how NA values are treated ............................................................................... 2-32

Numeric Expressions...................................................................................................................... 2-32Mixing Numeric Data Types .................................................................................................. 2-32Using Text Dimensions in Arithmetic Expressions ............................................................ 2-33Limitations of Floating Point Calculations........................................................................... 2-33Controlling Errors During Calculations ............................................................................... 2-33

Text Expressions.............................................................................................................................. 2-34Language of Text Expressions ............................................................................................... 2-34Working with DATETIME Values in Text Expressions ..................................................... 2-34Working with NTEXT Data.................................................................................................... 2-34

Datetime and Interval Expressions............................................................................................... 2-35Datetime Expressions ............................................................................................................. 2-35Interval Expressions ............................................................................................................... 2-35Datetime/Interval Arithmetic ............................................................................................... 2-36

Date-only Expressions .................................................................................................................... 2-37Boolean Expressions ....................................................................................................................... 2-38

Creating Boolean Expressions................................................................................................ 2-39Comparing NA Values in Boolean Expressions.................................................................. 2-40Controlling Errors When Comparing Numeric Data ......................................................... 2-40

Controlling Errors Due to Numerical Precision........................................................... 2-40Controlling Errors When Comparing Floating Point Numbers ................................ 2-40

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Controlling Errors When Comparing Different Numeric Data Types ..................... 2-41Comparing Dimension Values............................................................................................... 2-41Comparing Dates ..................................................................................................................... 2-42Comparing Text Data .............................................................................................................. 2-42

Comparing a Text Value to a Text Pattern.................................................................... 2-43Comparing Text Literals to Relations ............................................................................ 2-43

Conditional Expressions ................................................................................................................ 2-43IF...THEN...ELSE expression .................................................................................................. 2-43SWITCH Expressions .............................................................................................................. 2-44

Substitution Expressions ................................................................................................................ 2-45

3 Formulas, Models, Aggregations, and Allocations

Creating Calculation Objects ................................................................................................................. 3-1OLAP DML Formulas.............................................................................................................................. 3-2OLAP DML Model Objects.................................................................................................................... 3-3

What is an OLAP DML Model? ....................................................................................................... 3-3Creating Models ................................................................................................................................. 3-3

Nesting Models ........................................................................................................................... 3-4Dimension Status and Model Equations ................................................................................. 3-4Using Data from Past and Future Time Periods .................................................................... 3-5Handling NA Values in Models ............................................................................................... 3-5Solving Simultaneous Equations .............................................................................................. 3-6Modeling for Multiple Scenarios .............................................................................................. 3-6

Compiling Models ............................................................................................................................. 3-6Resolving Names in Equations ................................................................................................. 3-7Code for Looping Over Dimensions ........................................................................................ 3-7Evaluating Program Arguments............................................................................................... 3-8Dependencies Between Equations............................................................................................ 3-8Obtaining Analysis Results .................................................................................................... 3-10Checking for Additional Problems........................................................................................ 3-10

Running a Model............................................................................................................................. 3-10Syntax for Running a Model .................................................................................................. 3-11Dimensions of Solution Variables ......................................................................................... 3-11

Debugging a Model ........................................................................................................................ 3-12OLAP DML Aggregation Objects ...................................................................................................... 3-13

What is an OLAP DML Aggregation? ......................................................................................... 3-13Aggregating Data Using the OLAP DML ................................................................................... 3-13Compiling Aggregation Specifications ........................................................................................ 3-14Executing the Aggregation ............................................................................................................ 3-15Creating Custom Aggregates ........................................................................................................ 3-15

OLAP DML Allocation Objects......................................................................................................... 3-15Introduction to Allocating Data Using the OLAP DML............................................................ 3-16Features of Allocation in Oracle OLAP........................................................................................ 3-16Allocating Data................................................................................................................................ 3-17Handling NA Values When Allocating Data.............................................................................. 3-17

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4 OLAP DML Properties

About OLAP DML Properties................................................................................................................ 4-1System Properties: Alphabetical Listing ............................................................................................. 4-1System Properties by Category ............................................................................................................. 4-2$AGGMAP................................................................................................................................................. 4-3$AGGREGATE_FORCECALC .............................................................................................................. 4-6$AGGREGATE_FORCEORDER ........................................................................................................... 4-7$AGGREGATE_FROM ........................................................................................................................... 4-8$AGGREGATE_FROMVAR................................................................................................................... 4-9$ALLOCMAP ......................................................................................................................................... 4-10$COUNTVAR ......................................................................................................................................... 4-11$DEFAULT_LANGUAGE .................................................................................................................... 4-12$GID_DEPTH......................................................................................................................................... 4-18$GID_LIST.............................................................................................................................................. 4-19$GID_TYPE ............................................................................................................................................ 4-20$LOOP_AGGMAP ................................................................................................................................ 4-21$LOOP_DENSE ..................................................................................................................................... 4-22$LOOP_VAR........................................................................................................................................... 4-23$NATRIGGER........................................................................................................................................ 4-24$STORETRIGGERVAL ........................................................................................................................ 4-27$VARCACHE.......................................................................................................................................... 4-28

5 OLAP DML Options

About Options .......................................................................................................................................... 5-1Options: Alphabetical Listing................................................................................................................ 5-1Options by Category ................................................................................................................................ 5-4ALLOCERRLOGFORMAT .................................................................................................................... 5-8ALLOCERRLOGHEADER ..................................................................................................................... 5-9AWWAITTIME ...................................................................................................................................... 5-10BADLINE ................................................................................................................................................ 5-11BMARGIN .............................................................................................................................................. 5-13CALENDARWEEK ............................................................................................................................... 5-14COLWIDTH............................................................................................................................................ 5-16COMMAS ............................................................................................................................................... 5-17COMPILEMESSAGE............................................................................................................................ 5-18COMPILEWARN ................................................................................................................................... 5-19DATEFORMAT ...................................................................................................................................... 5-20DATEORDER ......................................................................................................................................... 5-24DAYABBRLEN ....................................................................................................................................... 5-26DAYNAMES ........................................................................................................................................... 5-28DECIMALCHAR ................................................................................................................................... 5-29DECIMALOVERFLOW ....................................................................................................................... 5-30DECIMALS............................................................................................................................................. 5-31DEFAULTAWSEGSIZE ........................................................................................................................ 5-33DIVIDEBYZERO ................................................................................................................................... 5-34DSECONDS ........................................................................................................................................... 5-35

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ECHOPROMPT ..................................................................................................................................... 5-36EIFBYTES................................................................................................................................................ 5-37EIFEXTENSIONPATH.......................................................................................................................... 5-38EIFNAMES ............................................................................................................................................. 5-39EIFSHORTNAMES ............................................................................................................................... 5-40EIFTYPES ................................................................................................................................................ 5-41EIFUPDBYTES ....................................................................................................................................... 5-42EIFVERSION.......................................................................................................................................... 5-43ERRNAMES ........................................................................................................................................... 5-44ERRORNAME........................................................................................................................................ 5-45ERRORTEXT .......................................................................................................................................... 5-46ESCAPEBASE ........................................................................................................................................ 5-47EXPTRACE.............................................................................................................................................. 5-48INF_STOP_ON_ERROR...................................................................................................................... 5-49LCOLWIDTH ......................................................................................................................................... 5-50LIKECASE .............................................................................................................................................. 5-52LIKEESCAPE.......................................................................................................................................... 5-53LIKENL.................................................................................................................................................... 5-56LIMIT.SORTREL ................................................................................................................................... 5-58LIMITSTRICT........................................................................................................................................ 5-59LINENUM............................................................................................................................................... 5-62LINESLEFT ............................................................................................................................................. 5-64LOCK_LANGUAGE_DIMS................................................................................................................ 5-66LSIZE ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-68MAXFETCH............................................................................................................................................ 5-70MODDAMP ........................................................................................................................................... 5-71MODERROR.......................................................................................................................................... 5-74MODGAMMA....................................................................................................................................... 5-76MODINPUTORDER ............................................................................................................................ 5-79MODMAXITERS .................................................................................................................................. 5-81MODOVERFLOW ................................................................................................................................ 5-82MODSIMULTYPE................................................................................................................................. 5-84MODTOLERANCE............................................................................................................................... 5-87MODTRACE .......................................................................................................................................... 5-90MONTHABBRLEN............................................................................................................................... 5-93MONTHNAMES ................................................................................................................................... 5-95MULTIPATHHIER ................................................................................................................................ 5-97NASKIP ................................................................................................................................................. 5-100NASKIP2 ............................................................................................................................................... 5-103NASPELL .............................................................................................................................................. 5-107NLS_CALENDAR ............................................................................................................................... 5-109NLS_CURRENCY................................................................................................................................ 5-110NLS_DATE_FORMAT........................................................................................................................ 5-111NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE ................................................................................................................. 5-112NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY.................................................................................................................. 5-113NLS_ISO_CURRENCY ...................................................................................................................... 5-114NLS_LANG .......................................................................................................................................... 5-115

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NLS_LANGUAGE .............................................................................................................................. 5-116NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS.................................................................................................... 5-117NLS_SORT............................................................................................................................................ 5-118NLS_TERRITORY ............................................................................................................................... 5-119NOSPELL .............................................................................................................................................. 5-120OKFORLIMIT...................................................................................................................................... 5-121OKNULLSTATUS ............................................................................................................................... 5-122OUTFILEUNIT .................................................................................................................................... 5-123PAGENUM ........................................................................................................................................... 5-124PAGEPRG ............................................................................................................................................. 5-126PAGESIZE............................................................................................................................................. 5-129PAGING ................................................................................................................................................ 5-131PARENS................................................................................................................................................. 5-133PERMITERROR .................................................................................................................................. 5-135PERMITREADERROR....................................................................................................................... 5-137POUTFILEUNIT .................................................................................................................................. 5-138PRGTRACE .......................................................................................................................................... 5-140RANDOM.SEED.1 and RANDOM.SEED.2................................................................................... 5-142RECURSIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 5-145ROLE...................................................................................................................................................... 5-146ROOTOFNEGATIVE ......................................................................................................................... 5-147SECONDS............................................................................................................................................. 5-148SESSCACHE ........................................................................................................................................ 5-149SESSION_NLS_LANGUAGE .......................................................................................................... 5-151SORTCOMPOSITE............................................................................................................................. 5-153SPARSEINDEX .................................................................................................................................... 5-155SQLBLOCKMAX ................................................................................................................................ 5-156SQLCODE............................................................................................................................................. 5-157SQLERRM ............................................................................................................................................ 5-158SQLMESSAGES .................................................................................................................................. 5-159STATIC_SESSION_LANGUAGE .................................................................................................... 5-160THIS_AW .............................................................................................................................................. 5-162THOUSANDSCHAR.......................................................................................................................... 5-163TMARGIN ............................................................................................................................................ 5-164TRACEFILEUNIT................................................................................................................................ 5-165TRIGGERMAXDEPTH ...................................................................................................................... 5-166TRIGGERSTOREOK.......................................................................................................................... 5-168USERID ................................................................................................................................................. 5-170USETRIGGERS ................................................................................................................................... 5-171VARCACHE.......................................................................................................................................... 5-172WEEKDAYSNEWYEAR ..................................................................................................................... 5-173WRAPERRORS.................................................................................................................................... 5-174YESSPELL ............................................................................................................................................. 5-175YRABSTART ........................................................................................................................................ 5-176ZEROROW ........................................................................................................................................... 5-177ZSPELL .................................................................................................................................................. 5-179

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6 OLAP DML Programs

Programs Provided With the OLAP DML ........................................................................................... 6-1Creating OLAP DML Programs............................................................................................................. 6-2Specifying Program Contents ................................................................................................................ 6-3

Creating User-Defined Functions .................................................................................................... 6-3Passing Arguments ............................................................................................................................ 6-4

Using Multiple Arguments........................................................................................................ 6-4Handling Arguments Without Converting Values to a Specific Data Type ...................... 6-4Passing Arguments as Text with Ampersand Substitution.................................................. 6-4

Program Flow-of-Control ................................................................................................................. 6-5Preserving the Environment Settings.............................................................................................. 6-6

Changing the Program Environment....................................................................................... 6-6Ways to Save and Restore Environments................................................................................ 6-7Saving the Status of a Dimension or the Value of an Option ............................................... 6-7Saving Several Values at Once .................................................................................................. 6-7Using Level Markers .................................................................................................................. 6-8Using CONTEXT to Save Several Values at Once ................................................................. 6-8

Handling Errors.................................................................................................................................. 6-8Trapping an Error ....................................................................................................................... 6-8Passing an Error to a Calling Program .................................................................................... 6-9

Passing an Error: Method One........................................................................................... 6-9Passing an Error: Method Two .......................................................................................... 6-9

Suppressing Error Messages .................................................................................................. 6-10Creating Your Own Error Messages ..................................................................................... 6-10Handling Errors in Nested Programs ................................................................................... 6-10Handling Errors While Saving the Session Environment.................................................. 6-11

Compiling Programs............................................................................................................................. 6-11Finding Out If a Program Has Been Compiled .......................................................................... 6-11Programming Methods That Prevent Compilation ................................................................... 6-12

Testing and Debugging Programs...................................................................................................... 6-12Generating Diagnostic Messages .................................................................................................. 6-12Identifying Bad Lines of Code....................................................................................................... 6-12Sending Output to a Debugging File ........................................................................................... 6-12

Executing Programs............................................................................................................................... 6-13Common Types of OLAP DML Programs ....................................................................................... 6-13

Startup Programs ............................................................................................................................ 6-14Permission Programs............................................................................................................... 6-14OnAttach Programs................................................................................................................. 6-15Autogo Programs..................................................................................................................... 6-16

Data Import and Export Programs............................................................................................... 6-16Importing Data to and Exporting Data from Relational Tables........................................ 6-16

Importing Data From Relational Tables to Workspace Objects................................. 6-17Exporting Data from OLAP DML Objects to Relational Tables ................................ 6-17

Importing Data to and Exporting Data from Flat Files ...................................................... 6-17Importing Data to and Exporting Data from Spreadsheets............................................... 6-17

Trigger Programs ............................................................................................................................ 6-17Creating an Object Trigger Program..................................................................................... 6-18

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Characteristics of Object Trigger Programs ......................................................................... 6-19Aggregation, Allocation, and Modeling Programs.................................................................... 6-21Forecasting Programs ..................................................................................................................... 6-21Programs to Export and Import Workspace Objects ................................................................. 6-22

User-Written Programs Looked For by Oracle OLAP .................................................................... 6-23AUTOGO.......................................................................................................................................... 6-24ONATTACH.................................................................................................................................... 6-25ONDETACH.................................................................................................................................... 6-27PERMIT_READ ............................................................................................................................... 6-28PERMIT_WRITE.............................................................................................................................. 6-29TRIGGER_AFTER_UPDATE ........................................................................................................ 6-30TRIGGER_AW................................................................................................................................. 6-31TRIGGER_BEFORE_UPDATE...................................................................................................... 6-33TRIGGER_DEFINE ......................................................................................................................... 6-35

7 OLAP DML Functions: A - K

About OLAP DML Functions ................................................................................................................ 7-1Functions: Alphabetical Listing ............................................................................................................ 7-1Functions by Category............................................................................................................................. 7-7ABS........................................................................................................................................................... 7-15ADD_MONTHS .................................................................................................................................... 7-16AGGCOUNT.......................................................................................................................................... 7-17AGGMAPINFO ..................................................................................................................................... 7-21AGGREGATE function ........................................................................................................................ 7-25AGGREGATION ................................................................................................................................... 7-33AGGROPS .............................................................................................................................................. 7-35ALLOCOPS ............................................................................................................................................ 7-36ANTILOG ............................................................................................................................................... 7-37ANTILOG10 ........................................................................................................................................... 7-38ANY.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-39ARCCOS ................................................................................................................................................. 7-41ARCSIN................................................................................................................................................... 7-42ARCTAN ................................................................................................................................................. 7-43ARCTAN2 ............................................................................................................................................... 7-44ARG.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-45ARGCOUNT .......................................................................................................................................... 7-47ARGFR .................................................................................................................................................... 7-48ARGS ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-50ASCII ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-52ASCIISTR ............................................................................................................................................... 7-53AVERAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 7-54AW function............................................................................................................................................ 7-56BACK ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-59BASEDIM ............................................................................................................................................... 7-60BASEVAL ................................................................................................................................................ 7-62BEGINDATE .......................................................................................................................................... 7-64BIN_TO_NUM ....................................................................................................................................... 7-65

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BITAND................................................................................................................................................... 7-66BLANKSTRIP ........................................................................................................................................ 7-67CALLTYPE .............................................................................................................................................. 7-68CATEGORIZE ........................................................................................................................................ 7-69CEIL.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-71CHANGEBYTES.................................................................................................................................... 7-72CHANGECHARS.................................................................................................................................. 7-73CHANGEDRELATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 7-74CHANGEDVALUES ............................................................................................................................. 7-75CHARLIST.............................................................................................................................................. 7-76CHARTOROWID.................................................................................................................................. 7-77CHGDIMS .............................................................................................................................................. 7-78CHR.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-80COALESCE ............................................................................................................................................. 7-81COLVAL .................................................................................................................................................. 7-82CONTEXT function .............................................................................................................................. 7-83CONVERT .............................................................................................................................................. 7-84CORRELATION .................................................................................................................................... 7-92COS .......................................................................................................................................................... 7-95COSH ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-96COUNT.................................................................................................................................................... 7-97CUMSUM ............................................................................................................................................... 7-99CURRENT_DATE ............................................................................................................................... 7-102CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.................................................................................................................. 7-103DAYOF................................................................................................................................................... 7-104DBTIMEZONE .................................................................................................................................... 7-105DDOF..................................................................................................................................................... 7-106DECODE ............................................................................................................................................... 7-107DEPRDECL........................................................................................................................................... 7-110DEPRDECLSW .................................................................................................................................... 7-114DEPRSL ................................................................................................................................................. 7-119DEPRSOYD .......................................................................................................................................... 7-122ENDDATE............................................................................................................................................. 7-126ENDOF .................................................................................................................................................. 7-127EVERY.................................................................................................................................................... 7-128EXISTS................................................................................................................................................... 7-130EXP ......................................................................................................................................................... 7-131EVERSION ........................................................................................................................................... 7-132EXTBYTES ............................................................................................................................................ 7-133EXTCHARS .......................................................................................................................................... 7-134EXTCOLS .............................................................................................................................................. 7-135EXTLINES ............................................................................................................................................. 7-137EXTRACT.............................................................................................................................................. 7-138FCOPEN ................................................................................................................................................ 7-140FCQUERY.............................................................................................................................................. 7-141FILEERROR.......................................................................................................................................... 7-146FILEGET................................................................................................................................................ 7-149

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FILENEXT ............................................................................................................................................. 7-151FILEOPEN............................................................................................................................................. 7-153FILEQUERY .......................................................................................................................................... 7-155FILTERLINES....................................................................................................................................... 7-158FINDBYTES.......................................................................................................................................... 7-160FINDCHARS........................................................................................................................................ 7-162FINDLINES .......................................................................................................................................... 7-164FINTSCHED......................................................................................................................................... 7-165FLOOR................................................................................................................................................... 7-168FPMTSCHED ....................................................................................................................................... 7-169FROM_TZ ............................................................................................................................................. 7-172GET ........................................................................................................................................................ 7-173GREATEST ........................................................................................................................................... 7-177GROUPINGID function .................................................................................................................... 7-178GROWRATE......................................................................................................................................... 7-179HEXTORAW ......................................................................................................................................... 7-181HIERCHECK ........................................................................................................................................ 7-182HIERHEIGHT function ..................................................................................................................... 7-185HIERSHAPE ......................................................................................................................................... 7-189INFO ...................................................................................................................................................... 7-191

INFO (FORECAST) ....................................................................................................................... 7-192INFO (MODEL) ............................................................................................................................. 7-195INFO (PARSE) ............................................................................................................................... 7-202INFO (REGRESS) .......................................................................................................................... 7-204

INITCAP ............................................................................................................................................... 7-206INLIST ................................................................................................................................................... 7-207INSBYTES............................................................................................................................................. 7-208INSCHARS ........................................................................................................................................... 7-209INSCOLS .............................................................................................................................................. 7-210INSLINES ............................................................................................................................................. 7-212INSTAT .................................................................................................................................................. 7-213INSTR functions.................................................................................................................................. 7-216INTPART............................................................................................................................................... 7-218IRR.......................................................................................................................................................... 7-219ISDATE.................................................................................................................................................. 7-221ISEMPTY ............................................................................................................................................... 7-222ISINFINITE .......................................................................................................................................... 7-223ISNAN ................................................................................................................................................... 7-224ISSESSION ........................................................................................................................................... 7-225ISVALUE ............................................................................................................................................... 7-226JOINBYTES .......................................................................................................................................... 7-227JOINCHARS ........................................................................................................................................ 7-228JOINCOLS ............................................................................................................................................ 7-230JOINLINES ........................................................................................................................................... 7-232KEY......................................................................................................................................................... 7-233

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8 OLAP DML Functions: L - Z

LAG ............................................................................................................................................................. 8-2LAGABSPCT............................................................................................................................................. 8-5LAGDIF ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-8LAGPCT .................................................................................................................................................. 8-10LARGEST................................................................................................................................................ 8-12LAST_DAY.............................................................................................................................................. 8-14LEAD........................................................................................................................................................ 8-15LEAST...................................................................................................................................................... 8-18LENGTH functions ............................................................................................................................... 8-19LIMIT function ...................................................................................................................................... 8-20LIMITMAPINFO................................................................................................................................... 8-24LNNVL .................................................................................................................................................... 8-25LOCALTIMESTAMP ............................................................................................................................ 8-26LOG function ......................................................................................................................................... 8-27LOG10...................................................................................................................................................... 8-28LOWCASE .............................................................................................................................................. 8-29LOWER.................................................................................................................................................... 8-30LPAD ........................................................................................................................................................ 8-31LTRIM...................................................................................................................................................... 8-32MAKEDATE ........................................................................................................................................... 8-33MAX ......................................................................................................................................................... 8-35MAXBYTES ............................................................................................................................................ 8-36MAXCHARS .......................................................................................................................................... 8-37MEDIAN ................................................................................................................................................. 8-38MIN .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-40MMOF ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-41MODE...................................................................................................................................................... 8-42MODULO ............................................................................................................................................... 8-44MONTHS_BETWEEN.......................................................................................................................... 8-45MOVINGAVERAGE ............................................................................................................................ 8-46MOVINGMAX ...................................................................................................................................... 8-49MOVINGMIN ....................................................................................................................................... 8-51MOVINGTOTAL .................................................................................................................................. 8-53NA2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-55NAFILL.................................................................................................................................................... 8-56NAFLAG ................................................................................................................................................. 8-57NEW_TIME ............................................................................................................................................ 8-58NEXT_DAY ............................................................................................................................................. 8-60NLS_CHARSET_ID .............................................................................................................................. 8-61NLS_CHARSET_NAME ...................................................................................................................... 8-62NLSSORT................................................................................................................................................ 8-63NONE ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-64NORMAL................................................................................................................................................ 8-66NPV .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-67NULLIF.................................................................................................................................................... 8-69NUMBYTES............................................................................................................................................ 8-70

xv

NUMCHARS.......................................................................................................................................... 8-71NUMLINES ............................................................................................................................................ 8-72NUMTODSINTERVAL ........................................................................................................................ 8-73NUMTOYMINTERVAL ....................................................................................................................... 8-74NVL .......................................................................................................................................................... 8-75NVL2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 8-76OBJ ........................................................................................................................................................... 8-77OBJLIST .................................................................................................................................................. 8-91OBJORG.................................................................................................................................................. 8-93OBSCURE ............................................................................................................................................... 8-99ORA_HASH ......................................................................................................................................... 8-101PARTITION .......................................................................................................................................... 8-102PARTITIONCHECK ........................................................................................................................... 8-104PERCENTAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 8-105QUAL ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-107RANDOM ............................................................................................................................................. 8-110RANK .................................................................................................................................................... 8-111RAWTOHEX ......................................................................................................................................... 8-116RECNO .................................................................................................................................................. 8-117REGEXP_COUNT ............................................................................................................................... 8-118REGEXP_INSTR.................................................................................................................................. 8-120REGEXP_REPLACE ............................................................................................................................ 8-122REGEXP_SUBSTR .............................................................................................................................. 8-124REM........................................................................................................................................................ 8-126REMAINDER ....................................................................................................................................... 8-127REMBYTES........................................................................................................................................... 8-128REMCHARS ......................................................................................................................................... 8-129REMCOLS ............................................................................................................................................ 8-130REMLINES ........................................................................................................................................... 8-132REPLACE .............................................................................................................................................. 8-133REPLBYTES.......................................................................................................................................... 8-134REPLCHARS ........................................................................................................................................ 8-136REPLCOLS............................................................................................................................................ 8-138REPLLINES .......................................................................................................................................... 8-140RESERVED ........................................................................................................................................... 8-141ROUND ................................................................................................................................................. 8-143

ROUND (datetime) ....................................................................................................................... 8-144ROUND (number)......................................................................................................................... 8-147

ROW function ...................................................................................................................................... 8-150ROWIDTOCHAR................................................................................................................................ 8-152ROWIDTONCHAR ............................................................................................................................ 8-153RPAD ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-154RTRIM ................................................................................................................................................... 8-155RUNTOTAL.......................................................................................................................................... 8-156SESSIONTIMEZONE ........................................................................................................................ 8-158SIGN ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-159SIN.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-160

xvi

SINH ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-161SMALLEST ........................................................................................................................................... 8-162SMOOTH.............................................................................................................................................. 8-164SORT function ..................................................................................................................................... 8-167SORTLINES.......................................................................................................................................... 8-168SOUNDEX ............................................................................................................................................ 8-169SQLFETCH ........................................................................................................................................... 8-170SQRT...................................................................................................................................................... 8-171STARTOF ...........................................