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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 1
Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 12c Markus Michalewicz Director of Product Management Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Safe Harbor Statement
The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 4
Agenda
§ Oracle RAC 12c Overview
§ Oracle RAC 12c for: – Better Business Continuity and High Availability – Cost-effective Workload Management – Standardized Deployment and System Management
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
The New Oracle RAC 12c Oracle RAC 12c provides:
1. Better Business Continuity and High Availability (HA)
2. Agility and Scalability
3. Cost-effective Workload Management
Using
§ A standardized and improved deployment and management
§ A familiar and matured HA stack
Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)
Oracle Grid Infrastructure (GI):
Automatic Storage Management (ASM)
Oracle Clusterware (OCW)
Oracle Flex ASM
CRM
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 8
Standardize on Oracle RAC Different flavors, same management
Oracle GI DB A DB A
Oracle GI DB A DB A
DB A
Oracle RAC One Node Oracle RAC
High Availability
Scal
abili
ty
DB A
Oracle Restart
Oracle GI
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9
Standardize on Oracle RAC For better availability during maintenance operations
Oracle GI DB A DB A
DB A Oracle RAC
High Availability
Scal
abili
ty
Online (rolling) Patch and PSU Application Oracle GI DB A
DB A Oracle RAC One Node
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
Standardize on Oracle RAC For all the flexibility you need
Oracle GI DB A DB A
Oracle GI DB A DB A
DB A
Oracle RAC One Node Oracle RAC
Flexibility
Scal
abili
ty
Re-configuration
to enable cluster
Online
upgrade
DB A
Oracle Restart
Oracle GI
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
Standardize on Oracle RAC For better agility and consolidation
Oracle GI DB A DB A
Oracle RAC One Node
Oracle GI DB A DB A
DB A Oracle RAC
Consolidation
Agi
lity
DB A
Oracle Restart
Oracle GI
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
Standardize on Oracle RAC and Oracle Multitenant The new standard for Oracle Database Consolidation
Oracle GI
Oracle RAC One Node
Consolidation
Agi
lity
Oracle GI
Oracle RAC
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
Agenda
§ Oracle RAC 12c Overview
§ Oracle RAC 12c for: – Better Business Continuity and High Availability – Cost-effective Workload Management – Standardized Deployment and System Management
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Application Continuity
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Dealing with Unknown Transaction State
CRM
DB A DB A
DB A DB A
DB A
Pre-Oracle Database 12c § Database outages can cause
in-flight work to be lost, leaving users and applications in doubt
§ Often leads to – User pains – Duplicate submissions – Rebooting mid-tiers – Developer pains
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Tackling In-Flight Work for Unplanned Outages
§ Transaction Guard – A Reliable protocol and API that returns the outcome of the last transaction
§ Application Continuity – Safely attempts to replay in-flight work following outages and planned
operations.
Two New Features
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
Application Continuity
CRM
Masks Unplanned & Planned Outages
DB A DB A
DB A DB A
DB A
§ Replays in-flight (DML) work on recoverable errors
§ Masks many hardware, software, network, storage errors and outages when successful
§ Improves end-user experience and productivity without requiring custom application development ✔
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Application Continuity – Example
Application Servers
Database Servers
End User
A reliable replay of in flight work
Network Switches
User selects product from application and purchases it from the web checkout
User transaction arrives at application infrastructure. It makes it’s way through the application tiers and results in a database transaction being created
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Copyright © 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 19
Application Continuity – Example
Application Servers
Database Servers
End User
A reliable replay of in flight work
Network Switches The infrastructure hosting the database fails just before the transaction is committed to the database.
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Application Continuity – Example
Application Servers
Database Servers
End User
A reliable replay of in flight work
Network Switches
The jdbc driver detects the failure and checks with an available node in the cluster, using “Transaction Guard”, whether the transaction committed or needs to be replayed
If the transaction needs to be replayed, “Application Continuity” will submit all of the inflight work to a surviving node in the cluster and perform a commit. This all happens transparently to the application
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Application Continuity – Example
Application Servers
Database Servers
End User
A reliable replay of in flight work
Network Switches
The user receives confirmation that his order has been successfully completed.
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Oracle Automatic Storage Management (ASM) 12c
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The History of ASM
§ Pre-Oracle Database 10g storage management was provided by 3rd parties
§ Customer challenges – Large databases required considerable storage management – Best performance required raw storage – NFS solutions, while simple, did not perform as well as raw – For RAC, cluster file systems were not available
§ With Oracle 10g, ASM provided – Simplicity of management, even better than NFS solutions – Performance equal to raw disks
Why Oracle Developed ASM
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The History of ASM
§ Integrated volume manager and file system § Stripe and mirror files across disks in a ASM Disk Group § Automatic “Rebalance” § Built on the Oracle instance architecture § Manage storage as a global cluster “shared Disk Groups”
The Simple Idea
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 25
ASM Overview Simplify the Stack
Server
Oracle Database
Operating System
Logical Volume Manager
File System
Server
Oracle Database
Operating System
ASM File System and Volume Management
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ASM Overview Oracle Database 11.2 or earlier
ASM Cluster Pool of Storage
Node2
Disk Group B Disk Group A
Node3 Node5 Node4
Shared Disk Groups Wide File Striping
One to One Mapping of ASM Instances to Servers
Node1
ASM Instance
Database Instance
ASM Disk
RAC Cluster
DBA DBA DBB DBB DBC DBB
ASM ASM ASM ASM ASM
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 28
Oracle ASM 12c – Overview Oracle ASM 12c Standard Deployment
ASM Cluster Pool of Storage
Disk Group B Disk Group A Shared Disk Groups Wide File Striping
One to One Mapping of ASM Instances to Servers
ASM Instance
Database Instance
ASM Disk
RAC Cluster
Node4 Node3 Node2 Node1 Node5 ASM ASM ASM ASM ASM
ASM Instance
Database Instance
DBA DBA DBC DBB DBB DBB
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 29
Introducing Oracle Flex ASM Removal of One to One Mapping and HA
ASM Cluster Pool of Storage
Disk Group B Disk Group A Shared Disk Groups Wide File Striping
Databases share ASM instances
ASM Instance
Database Instance
ASM Disk
RAC Cluster
Node5 Node4 Node3 Node2 Node1
Node5 runs as ASM Client to Node4
Node1 runs as ASM Client to Node2
Node1 runs as ASM Client to Node4
Node2 runs as ASM Client to Node3
ASM ASM ASM
ASM Instance
DBA DBA DBC DBB DBB DBB
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Flex ASM
§ In previous versions, ASM clients use OS-authentication to connect to ASM – This works because ASM clients and servers are always on the same server
§ With Oracle Database 12c, ASM clients and ASM servers can be on different servers
– A default configuration is created when the ASM cluster is configured
§ Benefits of providing a shared password file in ASM Disk Group
Remote Access
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Supporting Pre-Oracle 12c Databases Pre-Oracle 12c Databases require a local ASM instance
ASM Cluster Pool of Storage
Disk Group B Disk Group A Shared Disk Groups Wide File Striping
Databases share ASM instances
ASM Instance
Database Instance
ASM Disk
RAC Cluster
Node5 Node4 Node3 Node2 Node1 ASM ASM ASM
DBA DBA DBC
ASM ASM
11gDB
11gDB DBB DBB DBB
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 33
Flex ASM
§ Increase maximum number of Disk Groups to 511 – Previous limit was 63
§ Command for renaming ASM Disk § ASM instance Patch-level verification
– Patch level verification is disabled during rolling patches
§ Replicated Physical Metadata – Improves reliability – Virtual Metadata has always been replicated with ASM mirroring
Other Flex ASM Features
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Small ASM Features – Big Difference Disk and disk group operations
Failure Group repair time
§ Similar to existing disk repair time
§ Default is 24 hours
§ Disk group attribute: failgroup_repair_time
Disk Resync § Accepts power limit
§ Range 1 (least resources) to 1024 (most resources)
§ Checkpoints: failed operations restart at the last checkpoint
Fast Disk Replacement § Efficient, atomic operation
§ No disk group reorganization required
Data Scrubbing § Check for logical consistency
(and repair from mirror)
§ during rebalance.
§ areas on demand
§ Protects seldom-accessed data
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Better availability and performance
Priority rebalancing § Optimized re-organization
§ Control files, log files rebalanced first
§ Lowers impact of secondary failure
Even Read § Distributes read requests evenly across all disks
§ Data read sent to least loaded disk
§ Enabled by default. Transparent to apps.
§ Preferred Read (for stretch clusters) can still be enabled
Disk group content type § Data, recovery, or system type
§ Improved placement algorithm for primary/secondary extents
§ Lowers impact of multiple disk failures
I/O offloading to Exadata storage cells § Rebalance uses fewer I/O resources
§ Faster rebalance
Small ASM Features – Big Difference
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Agenda
§ Oracle RAC 12c Overview
§ Oracle RAC 12c for: – Better Business Continuity and High Availability – Cost-effective Workload Management – Standardized Deployment and System Management
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 37
Policy-Managed Databases Highly available workload management
Policy Min Max Importance Online Retail 2 4 High Self Service 1 2 Low Free Pool Lowest
Allocate resources
§ As demand requires it
§ As the business requires it: § Over the period of one day
§ As the system requires it: § For automated management tasks
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Policy-Managed Databases Better High Availability for any cluster
Improve HA § By choosing servers from the
least important server pool
§ Accommodating for double or multiple subsequent failures
§ For planned maintenance: § Allocate backup servers in the cluster
1 2
Policy Min Max Importance Online Retail 2 4 High Self Service 1 2 Low Free Pool Lowest
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 39
Policy-Managed Databases Customer quote: “Policy managed; It’s all about the workload”
Policy Logic defines:
§ Availability
§ Service Levels
§ Maint. windows
§ Performance
§ PCI requirements
§ Regional/business
§ Version
Policy Min Max Importance Americas 1 3 High EMEA 1 3 High
“Server pools are dynamically adjusted”
“Uniform services….don’t care where instances are or their name. All about capacity and workload”
“Instances are controlled by min/max combined with services. No more add/drop instance.”
“QoS is critical to our management”
Americas EMEA
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Policy-based Cluster Management Server Pools that understand and make a difference
• Oracle RAC 12.1 • Scales out easier than ever (addNode)
• Actively utilizes differently sized servers
• Server Pool management has been improved to understand server differences in the cluster: • Server attributes are stored per server
• Server Pools are set up using Server Categories
• Servers are allocated to pools based on categories
• Combine only test servers in one pool
• Remove servers from test-pool preferably
• Ensure a minimum size of servers per pool
Server Categories • NAME • ACL • EXPRESSION • …
Server Attributes • NAME • MEMORY_SIZE • CPU_COUNT • CPU_CLOCK_RATE • CPU_HYPERTHREADING • CPU_EQUIVALENCY • …
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What-If Command Evaluation Complex cluster management made predictable
• Oracle RAC 12.1 What-If Command Evaluation
• Helps to set up and validate policies
• Helps to plan for downtime scenarios • Analyze the impact beforehand
• Ensure smooth cluster operations
• What-If Command Evolution supports: • Set Active Policy
• Server Pool, server or resource modification
• E.g. addition, relocation or removal
• Special commands for failure evaluation
PROD
Action: Move server
between pools
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What-If Command Evaluation How it works
[grid@LnxRAC12Srv1 bin]$ ./srvctl config srvpool ... Server pool name: mail Importance: 0, Min: 1, Max: 3 ... Candidate server names: Server pool name: prod Importance: 0, Min: 1, Max: 2 ...
The DBA view: >> srvctl relocate server -servers lnxrac12srv1 -serverpool mail -eval Database rac will be stopped on node lnxrac12srv1 Server lnxrac12srv1 will be moved from pool ora.prod to pool ora.mail
The cluster administrator view: >> crsctl eval relocate server lnxrac12srv1 -to ora.mail -f Stage Group 1: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Stage Number Required Action ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Y Server 'lnxrac12srv1' will be moved from pools [ora.prod] to pools [ora.mail] 2 Y Resource 'ora.rac.db' (1/1) will be in state [OFFLINE] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Action: Move server
between pools
PROD
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 43
Small Oracle RAC 12c Feature – Big Difference Optimized Flexibility and Agility
Support for IPv6 Based IP Addresses for Oracle RAC Client Connectivity
§ Cluster nodes can be configured to use either IPv4 or IPv6 based IP addresses or both
§ for the Virtual IPs (VIP) on the public network
§ more than one public network can be defined
Restricted Service Registration § Restrict clients from accessing a database
registered with a Oracle Grid Infrastructure managed listener using various conditions
§ For example: on a per-subnet basis
Per-subnet (multiple) SCAN support § Multiple SCANs can be configured per cluster
§ On a per-subnet basis
§ Subnets need to be distinguishable
Named User Support for Oracle RAC Services on Windows § Oracle RAC supports running various
Oracle RAC services as different users.
§ This is a Windows-specific feature
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Agenda
§ Oracle RAC 12c Overview
§ Oracle RAC 12c for: – Better Business Continuity and High Availability – Cost-effective Workload Management – Standardized Deployment and System Management
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Insert Information Protection Policy Classification from Slide 12 45
Standardize on Oracle RAC and Oracle Multitenant The new standard for Oracle Database Consolidation
Oracle GI
Oracle RAC One Node
Consolidation
Agi
lity
Oracle GI
Oracle RAC
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Oracle RAC Support for Oracle Multitenant
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Oracle RAC support for Oracle Multitenant Start off with a Single Instance, non-CDB
Server
Database Instance
Services
Server
Database Instance
CRM North
CRM South Services CRM
Reporting
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Oracle RAC support for Oracle Multitenant Convert to a RAC Database, non-CDB
Node 1
RAC Instance 1
Services
Node 1
RAC Instance 1
CRM North
CRM South Services
Node 2
RAC Instance 2
CRM Reporting
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 49
Oracle RAC support for Oracle Multitenant Convert to a CDB RAC Database
Node2
CDB Instance 2
Node1
CDB Instance 1
CDB
Services
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Expand Cluster to Support Flexible Consolidation Model Services
Single SGA per CDB Instance
Improved Agility With Changing Workloads
Node1
CDB Instance 1
Node2
CDB Instance 2
Multitenant Container Database (CDB)
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Services
Single SGA per CDB Instance
Expand Cluster to Support Flexible Consolidation Model
Node1
CDB Instance 1
Node2
CDB Instance 2
Node3
CDB Instance 3
Improved Agility With Changing Workloads
Multitenant Container Database (CDB)
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Oracle RAC and Virtualization
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Copyright © 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Confidential – Oracle Restricted 54
Private Database Cloud Architectures Oracle Database 12c
Dedicated Databases
share servers and OS
Virtual Machines
share servers
Pluggable Databases
share servers, OS and database
Increasing Consolidation
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Virtualization – a Black Box Approach A simple solution without insight
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor Guest
Dom-0 Guest
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor
Dom-0 Guest Guest
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 56
Live Migration = Moving a Black Box Live Migration moves a black box from one server to another
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor Guest
Dom-0 Guest
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor
Dom-0 Guest Guest
Live Migration
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Virtual Machine HA = Restarting a Black Box Virtual Machine HA restarts / fails over a virtual machine on failure
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor Guest
Dom-0 Guest
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor
Dom-0 Guest Guest
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 58
Virtual Machine HA = Restarting a Black Box But what if the application needs attention?
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor Guest
Dom-0 Guest
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor
Dom-0 Guest
DBA ?
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High Availability Requires Insight The Oracle RAC Stack provides the insight
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor Guest
Dom-0 Guest
Bare-Metal Server
DOM-0 Hypervisor
Dom-0 Guest Guest
DBC1 DBA1
+1
DBC2 DBA2
+1
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 61
Oracle Flex Cluster
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Oracle Flex Cluster Flexibility and High Availability as demand requires it
§ Oracle Flex Cluster – A new Oracle Clusterware based
High Availability clustering topology
§ Utilizing two types of cluster nodes: – Hub nodes
§ Traditional nodes, tightly coupled via network and storage, used for running IO intensive workload
– Leaf nodes
§ A new type of node that runs a lighter weight stack
§ Maintain their own failure and heartbeat settings
§ Do not require direct shared storage connectivity
§ Used for processing oriented (application) workload
– Leaf nodes can be virtualized.
Hub Nodes
Leaf Nodes
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 63
Oracle Flex Cluster The new standard for resource management in the cluster
DB A DB A
DB A DB B
DB B
Hub Nodes
Leaf Nodes
§ Oracle Flex Cluster: – The new standard for flexible
resource management in the cluster § Use it as demand requires it
§ Inherits all Flex ASM HA capabilities
§ Enables policy-managed clusters.
– Efficient High Availability and resource management across tiers
§ Lightweight cluster stack on leaf nodes
– Benefit from virtualization and physical deployments in one cluster
Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 64
Oracle Flex Cluster Better HA clustering for all applications
DB A DB A
DB A DB B
DB B
§ Standardized management across applications – Global resource allocation and dependencies
– Oracle Bundled Agents (XAG) for application HA
§ www.oracle.com/goto/clusterware
Sta
rt
Stop
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Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 66