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Main function in C program - is it necessary?
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ArticleHow does a C program work?
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This article describes the various stages your C code or program goesthrough before producing the desired output.
Stage 1 : Writing your code or program and saving it with ".c"
extension .
Stage 2: Now you need to compile your program. In simple terms it's
job is to check whether your code follows all the rules of the C
language (i.e) errors related to syntax, declarations are not present
and convert the code into a language which is understood by your
computer.
Let us now explore the compilation process in a bit more detail: The
aim of compiler is to produce a Relocatable Object Module, commonly
known as an object file, with extension ".o". For a C program,
relocatable object module has has three logical blocks of addresses:
A Text Segement (also known a Code Segment) , which
contains a block of machine instructions.
Data Segment which is a block of static variables.
Stack Segment which represents the stack which is used
while the program is in execution . Now the relocatable object
module contains the relative addresses of the various code
segments. For example if you have used a user defined function
"foo()" , which is also present in the same file, then it will contain
its relative entry address. However , for funtions like "printf()" or
any other function, whose definition is not present in the code
that you have written, the compiler can't get their relative
addresses at the compile time.
It annotates each such reference to an external address, so that
the linker can place the correct address at the link time.
Stage 3:
Link time: At link time the code and data segments of each relocatable
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object module are combined to form the absolute module or the load
module . Linker combines all the data segments into a single data
segment and all code segments into a single code segment.
When data segments are combined, the relative addresses of
individual static variables are changed. The linker then relocates the
addresses in the instructions so that they refer the addresses in the
aggregated data segment. All the undefined addresses references are
found by linkage editor as it combines the relocatable module: the
resulting composition includes all the program text and data, so that
every reference to the data or program entry point is resolved.The
absolute program is stored in a file(in the secondary memory) until a
process is ready to use it.
Image Courtesy: "Basic Memory Management",from the book Operating Systems, Third Edition by Gary Nutt
Stage 4:
Load time: Now when a process is allocated to use the absolute
module, the memory manager allocates a block of primary memory to
the process. Then the loader copies the absolute program and data
into the newly allocated memory. The interseting part is, till now all
the addresses in the absolute program file were relative, starting from
0, but now the program is at some particular physical address in the
primary memory, so loader translates all internal logical primary
memory addresses, with zero being replaced by the physical memory
address, and other addresses changed according to it.
At this stage the program is called executable program, the one
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expected by the hardware control unit, just before it is added to the
primary memory at the proper location. The PC (program counter) is
set to the primary memory address of the first executable instruction
(i.e.) main entry point for the program. Now the program is ready to
run, the static and dynamic binding concepts also play an important
role, but beyond the scope of this article.
Whenever we write a piece of C code we do it in an environment
known as execution environment. According to C standards the
execution environment includes the characteristics of the processor
that will execute the program image (instruction set, number of
registers, memory access characteristics, etc.), and the runtime
interface to the host environment (storage allocation, function calling
conventions, etc.).
In C there are basically two types of execution environments
Hosted environment
Freestanding environment
Hosted Environment:
Hosted environment is one which a normal developer encounters
everyday while coding. It already provides inbuilt support to most of
the standard libraries and functions. In a hosted environment the
developer does not need to worry about the basic functionality
required - eg I/O functionality provided by "stdio.h" . GCC is one such
platform which provides a hosted environment which may itself be
running on any OS like Linux. And also starting point of any hosted
environment is the "main function".
There are different implementations present to execute a program
image. These usually involve executing some internal,
implementation-specific function, before main is called. Then
association between this internal function and main is usually made at
link-time by having the internal function make a call to "main
function", which is resolved by the linker in the same way as other
function calls.
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To sum-up a hosted environment provides a lot of standard library
functions which may or may not be needed by developer but are
provided by default.
Freestanding Environment:
Freestanding environment on the other hand is intended to interact
directly with the hardware. A freestanding environment does not
require any built-in library functions. A freestanding implementation is
one in which execution may take place without the benefit of an
operating system, and has an implementation-defined set of libraries
that include certain language-support libraries.
Why no "main function" in Linux kernel source code?
In a free standing environment there is no standard place to begin the
execution of the code. In many cases there is no named program at
all. Switching on, or resetting, the freestanding host causes the
processor instruction pointer to be set to some predefined location in
memory, and execution continues with the subsequent instructions.
Traditionally there is a small bootstrap loader at this location, which
copies a larger program from a storage device into memory and jumps
to the start of that program (it might be a simple operating system).
In other cases that storage device is ROM and the program willalready be in memory at the predefined location. Translated program
instructions are executed directly from the storage device. Once
switched on, the host may have buttons that cause the processor to
be reset to a different location, causing different functions to be
invoked on startup.
For example OS kernel which itself is supposed to provide an hosting
environment for writing C code is written according to freestanding
environment in mind, this is the reason there is no "main function" inLinux kernel source code . Generally in the case of Linux the function
placed at the default boot-up address is start_kernel(). In most of
these cases the code on freestanding environment is used by
developers who cannot afford to have all the unnecessary libraries or
does not require them like the Embedded System developers .
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However there are some libraries which are needed by both hosted
and freestanding environment . They are listed below:
"float.h" "limits.h" "stdarg.h" "stddef.h" "iso646.h"
"stdint.h"
These libraries fulfil basic needs of C programming and come as a part
of standard libraries.
References:
"The New C Standard" by Derek M. Jones
"Standards and specs: The nitty-gritty on the C committee in
IBM Technical Library
What is a function in C? What is the need of using functions?
A function is a block of code that has a name and is reusable i.e. it can be
executed from as many different points in a C Program as required. We can
divide a long C program into small blocks which can perform a certain task.
Using functions, 1)we can make the code much more readable 2)remove
repeated coding. For example, consider the following code.
int convertHHMMSS_To_Seconds(int hours, int mins, int seconds) {
int totalSeconds = 0;
totalSeconds = hours*60*60 + mins*60 + seconds;
return totalSeconds;
}
We can use the above function as many times as we want without repeating the
code inside the function. Another advantage of using functions is that, if we
need to change the code after sometime, we need to make the edit at only one
place.
What is the difference between malloc and calloc?
The differences between malloc and calloc are as follows,
(i). Malloc allocate bytes of memory, whereas calloc allocates block of memory.
(ii). Malloc allocates memory as a single contiguous block, whereas calloc
allocates memory which may/may not be contiguous. (iii). If a single contiguous
block cannot be allocated then malloc would fail, whereas using calloc if memory
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is allocated in non-contiguous blocks when a single contiguous block cannot be
allocated.
(iv). The values stored in the allocated memory space by calloc is zero by
default, whereas with malloc the allocated memory could have any value.
(v). Malloc requires one argument - the number of bytes you want to allocate
dynamically. Calloc requires two arguments. The first is the number of variables
you'd like to allocate memory for. The second is the size of each variable.
How can you swap two variables without using a third variable?
Method One : (Using arithmetic operators)
int a = 10, b = 20;
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
Method Two : (Using bitwise operators)
int a = 10, b = 20;
a = a ^ b;
b = a ^ b;
a = a ^ b;
What is recursion? Give an example for recursion.
Recursion is a technique involving in which a function calls itself and has a
termination condition so that successive repetitions are processed up to the
critical step where the condition is met at which time the rest of each repetition
is processed from the last one called to the first. One simple example is the idea
of building a wall that is ten feet high; if I want to build a ten foot high wall,
then I will first build a 9 foot high wall, and then add an extra foot of bricks.
Conceptually, this is like saying the "build wall" function takes a height and if
that height is greater than one, first calls itself to build a lower wall, and then
adds one a foot of bricks.
The most common example for recursion is the find the factorial of a number
long long int factorial(int n) {
if (n
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switch case
if (a == 10) {
b = 20;
}
else if (a == 50) {
b = 25;
}
else if (a == 40) {
b = 160;
}
else {
b = 16;
}
switch(a) {
case 10:
b=20;
case 50:
b=25;
case 40:
b=60;
default:
b=16;
}
What is a linked list?
A linked list is a data structure that consists of a sequence of data records such
that in each record there is a field that contains a reference (i.e., a link) to the
next record in the sequence. The chain of records are called nodes. Each node
has at least two members, one of which points to the next item or node in the
list. These are defined as Single Linked Lists because they only point to the next
item, and not the previous. Those that do point to both are called Doubly Linked
Lists.
What is Virtual Memory?
Virtual memory is a computer system technique which gives an application
program the impression that it has contiguous working memory (an address
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space), while in fact it may be physically fragmented and may even overflow on
to disk storage. In other words, it is an imaginary memory area supported by
some operating systems. You can think of virtual memory as an alternate set of
memory addresses. Programs use these virtual addresses rather than real
addresses to store instructions and data. When the program is actually
executed, the virtual addresses are converted into real memory addresses. The
purpose of virtual memory is to enlarge the address space, the set of addresses
a program can utilize. For example, virtual memory might contain twice as
many addresses as main memory. A program using all of virtual memory,
therefore, would not be able to fit in main memory all at once. Nevertheless, the
computer could execute such a program by copying into main memory those
portions of the program needed at any given point during execution.
Checkout http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory and
http://www.howstuffworks.com/virtual-memory.htm to know more about virtualmemory.
What is DDL and DML? What is the difference DDL and DML?
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database
structure or schema. Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used
for managing data within schema objects. Examples of DDL are CREATE (create
objects in the database), ALTER (alters the structure of the database), DROP
(delete objects from the database), RENAME (rename an object) etc. Examples
of DML are SELECT (retrieve data from the a database), INSERT (insert data intoa table), UPDATE (updates existing data within a table), DELETE (deletes
records from a table) etc. DML commands can usually be rolled back (if the
database supports rollback), but DDL commands can not be rolled back.
What is the differece between TRUNCATE and DROP query?
TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table. The DROP command removes a table
from the database. All the tables' rows, indexes and privileges will also be
removed. If a table is dropped, all the relationships with other tables will no
longer be valid, the integrity constraints will be dropped, grant or accessprivileges on the table will also be dropped, if want use the table again it has to
be recreated with the integrity constraints, access privileges and the
relationships with other tables should be established again. But, if a table is
truncated, the table structure remains the same, therefore any of the above
problems will not exist.
What is the difference between VIEW and TABLE?
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A table is where you store your data. The table actually occupies space on disk.
A view is a stored query. A view is different from a regular table in that it does
not store data, but executes a stored SELECT statement each time it is
accessed. Views are used primarily to store a common query in the database.
Without the view, you might have the same complex query stored in multiple
locations in your application code. If you need to make a change, you would
have to change the query in all locations. However, if that query were in a view,
you would only have to change it in one location. The other common reason for
a view is for security purposes.
Write a query to extract only the duplicate records from the table?
Let us assume a table called users, which has a column named email_address
SELECT `email_address` FROM `users` GROUP BY (`email_address`) HAVING
( COUNT(`email_address`) > 1 )
What is the difference between a primary key and a foreign key?
A primary key is an attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely
identifies each row in a relation. The primary key of an entity set allows us to
distinguish among the various entities of the set. A foreign key is an attribute in
a relation of database that serves as the primary key of another relation in the
same database. Primary keys enforce entity integrity by uniquely identifying
entity instances. Foreign keys enforce referential integrity by completing an
association between two entities. Primary key is a unique key but foriegn key
usually refers to primary key.
Explain function overloading and function overriding.
Function overloading is the process of defining the same function name with
different arguments,number of arguments ,or ordinal positions of arguments.
Function overriding is the process of defining the Base class function in the
derived class with different code implementation.
Example for function overloading.
int area(int side);
int area(int length, int breadth);
int area(int length, int breadth, int height);
Example for function overriding.
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class Parent {
virtual int area(int side){ return side*side;}
}
class Child : public Parent {
int area(int side){ return side*side+20; }
}
What is a complete binary tree?
A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level, except possibly the
deepest, is completely filled. At depth n, the height of the tree, all nodes must
be as far left as possible. In other words, a complete binary tree is a special
case of a binary tree, in which all the levels, except perhaps the last, are full;
while on the last level, any missing nodes are to the right of all the nodes that
are present.
What is a binary search tree? Why is searching easier in a binary
search tree?
A binary search tree is a binary tree with the following properties,
(i) The left subtree of a node contains only nodes with keys less than the node's
key.
(ii) The right subtree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the
node's key.
(iii) Both the left and right subtrees must also be binary search trees.
The most common operations performed on a binary search tree is searching for
a key stored in the tree. These operations run in O(h) time where h is the
height of the tree i.e., h is the number of links root node to the deepest node.
1. What is virtual constructors/destructors?Virtual destructors: If an object (with a non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by applying thedelete operator to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor function (matching the
pointer type) is called on the object.There is a simple solution to this problem declare a virtual base-class destructor. This makes all derived-class destructors virtual even though they dont have the same name as the base-class destructor. Now, ifthe object in the hierarchy is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to
a derived-class object, the destructor for the appropriate class is called.
Virtual constructor: Constructors cannot be virtual. Declaring a constructor as a virtual function is asyntax error. Does c++ support multilevel and multiple inheritance?
Yes.
2. Why Garbage collection?Since C++ does not provide automatic garbage collection like some other languages, smart pointers can beused for that purpose. The simplest garbage collection scheme is reference counting or reference linking,but it is quite possible to implement more sophisticated garbage collection schemes with smart pointers.
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3. How to write a swap( ) function which swaps the values of the variables using bitwise operators.?Ans: Here is the swap( ) function.
swap ( int *x, int *y ){
*x ^= *y ;*y ^= *x ;
*x ^= *y ;}
The swap( ) function uses the bitwise XOR operator and does not require any temporary variable forswapping.
4. What are the advantages of inheritance? It permits code reusability.
Reusability saves time in program development. It encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus reducing problem
after a system becomes functional.
5. What is the difference between declaration and definition?The declaration tells the compiler that at some later point we plan to present the definition of this
declaration.E.g.: void stars () //function declaration
The definition contains the actual implementation.E.g.: void stars () // declarator
{for(int j=10; j>=0; j--) //function body
cout
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The free subroutine frees a block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine.Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a nullvalue, no action will occur. The realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to bythe Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and returns a new pointer tothe block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc,
or realloc subroutines and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined resultsoccur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer
10. What do you mean by binding of data and functions?Encapsulation.
11. What is abstraction?Abstraction is of the process of hiding unwanted details from the user.
12. What is encapsulation?Packaging an objects variables within its methods is called encapsulation.
13. What is the difference between an object and a class?Classes and objects are separate but related concepts. Every object belongs to a class and every
class contains one or more related objects. A Class is static. All of the attributes of a class are fixed before, during, and after the execution of a
program. The attributes of a class don't change. The class to which an object belongs is also (usually) static. If a particular object belongs to a
certain class at the time that it is created then it almost certainly will still belong to that class right upuntil the time that it is destroyed.
An Object on the other hand has a limited lifespan. Objects are created and eventually destroyed. Alsoduring that lifetime, the attributes of the object may undergo significant change.
14. What is polymorphism? Explain with an example?"Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an object (or
reference) to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms ofobject.
Example: function overloading, function overriding, virtual functions. Another example can be a plus +sign, used for adding two integers or for using it to concatenate two strings.
15. What do you mean by inheritance?Inheritance is the process of creating new classes, called derived classes, from existing classes orbase classes. The derived class inherits all the capabilities of the base class, but can add
embellishments and refinements of its own.16. What is a scope resolution operator?
A scope resolution operator (::), can be used to define the member functions of a class outside the class.17. What are virtual functions?
A virtual function allows derived classes to replace the implementation provided by the base class. Thecompiler makes sure the replacement is always called whenever
the object in question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is accessed by a base pointer ratherthan a derived pointer. This allows algorithms in the base class to be replaced in the derived class, even if
users don't know about the derived class.
18. What is friend function?
As the name suggests, the function acts as a friend to a class. As a friend of a class, it can access itsprivate and protected members. A friend function is not a member ofthe class. But it must be listed in the class definition.
19. What is the difference between class and structure?Structure: Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types together to
perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure to contain functions also. Themajor difference is that all declarations inside a structure are by default public.
Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside the class are private.
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20. What is public, protected, private? Public, protected and private are three access specifiers in C++.
Public data members and member functions are accessible outside the class. Protected data members and member functions are only available to derived classes.
Private data members and member functions cant be accessed outside the class.However there is an exception can be using friend classes.
21. What is an object?Object is a software bundle of variables and related methods. Objects have state and behavior.
22. What is a class?Class is a user-defined data type in C++. It can be created to solve a particular kind of problem.
After creation the user need not know the specifics of the working of a class.
Q. When linking C or Assembly language modules with C++ modules I get undefined symbol errorsat link time. It appears that none of the C or Assembly public symbols can be found.
A. C++ is a strongly typed language. In order to support the language to its fullest, Turbo C++ mustattach information to the symbols generated for function names and variables. When this is done, the
symbol will no longer match the standard C style function name. In order to link correctly, the compilermust be notified that the symbol is declared in an external module without type information tacked on tothe symbol. This is done by prototyping the function as type extern "C". Here is a quick example: extern
"C" int normal_c_func( float, int, char ); // name not altered void cplusplus_function( int ); // namealtered See related comments under Linker Errors and in the Paradox Engine question in this section.
Q. Classes with static data members are getting linker errors ("undefined").A. This code is built into Turbo C++ 1.0 but not in version 3.0. In the 1.0 compiler, static members
without definitions were given a default value of 0. This default definition will no longer be made in thecompiler. The programmer must now give an explicit definition for each static member. Here is a quick
example:class A
{static int i;
};A linker error saying that A::i is not defined will result unless the source also contains a line such as:
int A::i = 1;
Q. What potential problems can arise from typecasting a base class pointer into a derived classpointer so that the derived class's member functions can be called?
A. Syntactically this is allowable. There is always the possibility of a base pointer actually pointing to abase class. If this is typecast to a derived type, the method being called may not exist in the base class.
Therefore, you would be grabbing the address of a function that does not exist.
Q: What's the difference between the keywords STRUCT and CLASS?A: The members of a STRUCT are PUBLIC by default, while in CLASS, they default to PRIVATE. They
are otherwise functionally equivalent.
Q: I have declared a derived class from a base class, but I can't access any of the base classmembers with the derived class function.
A: Derived classes DO NOT get access to private members of a base class. In order to access members of abase class, the base class members must be declared as either public or protected. If they are public, thenany portion of the program can access them. If they are protected, they are accessible by the class
members, friends, and any derived classes.
Q: How can I use the Paradox Engine 1.0 with C++?,A: Because the Paradox Engine functions are all compiled as C functions, you will have to assure that thenames of the functions do not get "mangled" by the C++ compiler. To do this you need to prototype the
Engine functions as extern "C". In the pxengine.h header file insert the following code at the linesindicated.
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/* inserted at line # 268 */#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {#endif
/* inserted at line # 732, just before the final #endif */
#ifdef __cplusplus}
#endif
Paradox Engine version 2.0 is "aware" of C++ and thus does not require any modifications to its headerfile.
Q: I have a class that is derived from three base classes. Can I insure that one base class constructor willbe called before all other constructors?
A: If you declare the base class as a virtual base class, its constructor will be called before any non-virtualbase class constructors. Otherwise the constructors are called in left-to-right order on the declaration line
for the class.
Q: Are the standard library I/O functions still available for use with the C++ iostreams library?A: Yes, using
#include
functions such as printf() and scanf() will continue to be available. However, using them in conjunctionwith stream oriented functions can lead to unpredictable behaviour.
Q. In C++, given two variables of the same name, one local and one global, how do I access the globalinstance within the local scope?A. Use the scope (::) operator.
int x = 10;for(int x=0; x < ::x; x++)
{cout
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A. An inline function is a function which gets textually inserted by the compiler, much like macros. Theadvantage is that execution time is shortened because linker overhead is minimized. They are declared by
using the inline keyword when the function is declared:
inline void func(void) { cout
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{cout
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c. OPEN_TRIGGERSd. OPEN_DB_TRIGGERS
2. Which type of package construct must be declared both within the package specifications andpackage body?
a. All package variables.
b. Boolean variables.c. Private procedures and functions.d. Public procedures and functions. ****
3. Why do stored procedures and functions improve performance? (choose two)
a. They reduce network round trips. ****b. They postpone PL/SQL parsing until run time. ****c. They allow the application to perform high speed processing locally.d. They reduce the number of calls to the database and decrease network traffic by bundlingcommands.e. They reduce the number of calls to the database and decrease network traffic by using the localPL/SQL engine.
4. When creating stored procedures and functions, which construct allows you to transfer values toand from the calling environment?
a. Local variables.b. Formal arguments. ****c. Boolean variables.d. Substitution variables.
5. You need to remove the database trigger, BUSINESS_RULE. Which command do you use toremove the trigger in the SQL*Plus environment?
a. DROP TRIGGER business_rule; ****b. DELETE TRIGGER business_rule;
c. REMOVE TRIGGER business_rule;d. ALTER TRIGGER business_rule;e. DELETE FROM USER_TRIGGER
WHERE TRIGGER_NAME= BUSINESS_RULE;
6. Which two tables are fused track object dependencies?
a. USER_DEPENDENSIES. ****b. USER_IDEPTREE.c. IDEPTREE. ****d. USER_DEPTREE.e. USER_DEPENDS.
7. The QUERY_PRODUCT procedure directly references the product table. There is a
NEW_PRODUCT_VIEW view created based on the NOT NULL columns of the table. TheADD_PRODUCT procedure updates the table indirectly by the way of NEW_PRODUCT_VIEWview. Under which circumstances does the procedureADD_PRODUCT get invalidated butautomatically get complied when invoked?
a. When the NEW_PRODUCT_VIEW is dropped.b. When rows of the product table are updated through SQL Plus.c. When the internal logic of the QUERY_PRODUCT procedure is modified.d. When a new column that can contain null values is added to the product table. ****e. When a new procedure is created that updates rows in the product table directly.
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8. You need to recompile several program units you have recently modified through a PL/SQLprogram. Which statement is true?
a. You cannot recompile program units using a PL/SQL program.b. You can use the DBMS_DDL. REOMPILE package procedure to recompile the program units.c. You can use the DBMS_ALTER. COMPILE packaged procedure to recompile the program units.
d. You can use the DBMS_DDL.ALTER_COMPILE packaged procedure to recompile theprogram units. ****e. You can use the DBMS_SQL.ALTER_COMPILE packaged procedure to recompile the programunits.
9. Which type of argument passes a value from a calling environment?
a. VARCHER2b. BOOLEANc. OUT ****d. IN
10. You need to create a trigger on the EMP table that monitors every row that is changed and placesthis information into the AUDIT_TABLE. Which type of trigger do you create?
a. Statement-level trigger on the EMP table.b. For each row trigger on the EMP table. ****c. Statement-level trigger on the AUDIT_TABLE table.d. For each row statement level trigger on the EMP table.eFor each row trigger on the AUDIT_TABLE table.
11. In order for you to create a run package, MAINTAIN_DATA, which privilege do you need?
a. EXECUTE privilege on the MAINTAIN_DATA package. ****b. INVOKE privilege on the MAINTAIN_DATA package.c. EXECUTE privilege on the program units in the MAINTAIN_DATA package.d. Object privilege on all of the objects that the MAINTAIN_DATA package is accessing.
e. Execute privilege on the program units inside the MAINTAIN_DATA package and executeprivilege on the MAINTAIN_DATA package.
12. You have created a script file EMP_PROC.SQL that holds text to create a procedure,PROCESS_EMP. You have compiled the procedure for the SQL Plus environment by running thescript file EMP_PROC.SQL. What happens if there are syntax errors in the procedurePROCESS_EMP?
a. The errors are stored in the EMP_PROC.ERR file.b. The errors are displayed to the screen when the script file is run.c. The errors are stored in the PROCEDURE_ERRORS data dictionary view.d. You need to issue the SHOWERRORS command in the SQL Plus environment to see theerrors. ****e. You need to issue the DISPLAY ERRORS command in the SQL Plus environment to see the
errors.
13. Which statement about local dependent objects is true?
a. They are on different nodes.b. They are in a different database.c. They are on the same node in the same database. ****d. They are on the same node in a different database.
14. You need to create a stored procedure that deletes rows from a table. The name of the table from
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which the rows are to be deleted is unknown until run time. Which method do you implement whilecreating such a procedure?
a. Use SQL command DELETE in the procedure to delete the rows.b. Use DBMS_SQL packaged routines in the procedure to delete the rows. ****c. Use DBMS_DML packaged routines in the procedure to delete the rows.d. Use DBMSDELETE packaged routines in the procedure to delete the rows.
e. YOU cannot have a delete statement without providing a table name before compile time.
15. Under which situation do you create a server-side procedure?
a. When the procedure contains no SQL statements.b. When the procedure contains no PL/SQL commands.c. When the procedure needs to be used by many client applications accessing several remotedatabases.d. When the procedure needs to be used by many users accessing the same schema objects on alocal database. ****
16. Examine this procedure:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_LAST_NAME VARCHER2)IS
BEGININSERT INTO PLAYER(ID,LAST_NAME).VALUES(V_ID,V_LAST_NAME);COMMIT;
END;
This procedure must invoke the UPD-STAT procedure and pass a parameter. Which statement willsuccessfully invoke this procedure?
a. EXECUTE UPD_BAT_STAT(V_ID);b. UPD_BAT_STAT(V_ID); ****
c. RUN UPD_BAT_STAT(V_ID);d. START UPD_BAT_STAT(V_ID);
17. Match the purity levels to their correct definitions:
TermsRNTSRNPSWNDSWNPS
DefinitionsThe function cannot modify the database tables.The function cannot change the values of the package variables.
The function cannot query database tables.The function cannot reference the value of public packaged variables.
18. Examine this function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION CALC_PLAYER_AVG(V_ID in PLAYER_BAT_STAT. PLAYER_ID%TYPE)RETURN NUMBERISV_AVG NUMBER;
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SELECTS HITS/AT_BATSINTO V_AVGFROM PLAYER_BAT_STATWHERE PLAYER_ID_V_ID;RETURN(V_AVG);END;
This function must be moved to a package. Which additional statement must be added to thefunction to allow you to continue using the function in the GROUP BY clause of a SELECTstatement?
a. PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (CALC_PLAYER_AVG, WNDS, WNPS); ****b. PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (CALC_PLAYER_AVG, WNPS);c. PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (CALC_PLAYER_AVG, RNPS, WNPS);d. PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (CALC_PLAYER_AVG, ALLOW_GROUP_BY);
19. A programmer develops a procedure, ACCOUNT_TRANSACTION, and has left your company.You are assigned a task to modify this procedure. You want to find all the program units invokingthe ACCOUNT_TRANSACTION procedure. How can you find this information?
a. Query the USER_SOURCE data dictionary view.b. Query the USER_PROCEDURES data dictionary view.c. Query the USER_DEPENDENCIES data dictionary views. ****d. Set the SQL Plus environment variable trade code=true and run theACCOUNT_TRANSACTION procedure.e. Set the SQL Plus environment variable DEPENDENCIES=TRUE and run theAccount_Transaction procedure.
20. Examine this package.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BB_PACKISV_MAX_TEAM_SALARY NUMBER(12,2);PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID NUMBER,V_LAST_NAME
VARCHER2,V_SALARY NUMBER);END BB_PACK;/CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY BB_PACKISPROCEDURE UPD_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID IN NUMBER,V_AB_IN NUMBER DEFAULT4,V_HITS IN NUMBER)ISBEGINUPDATE PLAYER_BAT_STATSET AT_BATS+V_AB,HITS=HITS+V_HITSWHERE PLAYER_ID=V_ID;COMMIT;
END UPD_PLAYER_STAT;PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER,V_LAST_NAME VARCHER2,V_SALARY NUMBER)ISBEGININSERT INTO PLAYER(ID,LAST_NAME,SALARY);UPD_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID,0,0);END ADD PLAYER;END BB_PACK;
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Which statement successfully assigns $75000000 to the V_MAX_TEAM_SALARY variable fromwithin a stand alone procedure?
a. V_MAX_TEAM_SALARY := 75000000;b. BB_PACK.ADD_PLAYER. V_MAX_TEAM_SALARY := 75000000;c. BB_PACK.V_MAX_TEAM_SALARY := 75000000; ****d. This variable cannot be assigned a value from outside the package.
21. Which two statements about the overloading feature of packages are true?
a. Only local or packaged sub programs can be overloaded. ****b. Overloading allows different functions with the same name that differ only in their return types.c. Overloading allows different subprograms with the same number, type and order of theparameter.d. Overloading allows different subprograms with the same name and same number or type of theparameters.e. Overloading allows different subprograms with the same name but different in eithernumber or type or order of parameters. ****
22. Examine this package:
CREATE OR REPLACE manag empsISTax_rate CONSTANT NUMBER(5,2):= . 28:,V_id NUMBER;PROCEDURE insert_emp(p-deptno NUMBER,p-sal NUMBER);PROCEDURE delete_emp;PROCEDURE update_emp:FUNCTION calc_tax(o_sal NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER;
END manag_emps;/CREATE REPLACE PACKAGE BODY manage_emps
ISBEGINUpdate emp.SET sal=|sal+p-raise_amt)+salWHERE empno= v_id;END;PROCEDURE insert_emp
(p_deptno NUMBER, p-sal NUMBER)ISBEGININSERT INTO emp(empno, deptno,sal)VALUES(v_id, p_deptno, p_sal);END insert emp;PROCEDURE delete_emp
ISBEGINDELETE FROM empWHERE empno=v_idEND delete_emp;PROCEDURE. Update_emp.ISV_sal NUMBER (10,2);V_raise NUMBER(10,2);BEGIN
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SELECT SalINTO v_salFROM empWHERE empno=v_id;IF v_sal
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25. Which oracle supply package allows you to run jobs that use defined times?
a. DBMS_JOB ****b. DBMS_RUNc. DBMS_PIPEd. DBMS_SQL
26. You need to drop a table from within a stored procedure. How do you implement this?
a. You cannot drop a table from a stored procedure.b. Use the DROP command in the procedure to drop the table.c. Use the DBMS_DDL packaged routines in the procedure to drop the table.d. Use the DBMS_SQL packaged routines in the procedure to drop the table. ****e. Use the DBMS_DROP packaged routines in the procedure to drop the table.
27. Which data dictionary view gives you the names and the source code of all the procedures youhave created?
a. USER_SOURCE ****b. USER_OBJECTSc. USER_PROCEDURESd. USER_SUBPROGRAMS
28. Examine this package:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BB_PACKISV_MAX_TEAM_SALARY NUMBER(12,2);PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_LAST_NAME)VARCHAR2(V_SALARY NUMBER);END BB_PACK;/CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY BB_PACKIS
V_PLAYER_AVG NUMBER(4,3);PROCEDURE UPD_PLAYER_STATV_ID IN NUMBER, V_AB IN NUMBER DEFAULT4, V_HITS IN NUMBER)ISBEGINUPDATE PLAYER_BAT_STATSET ADD_BAT=ADD_BATS+V_AB,HITS=HITS+V_HITSWHERE PLAYER_ID=V_ID;COMMIT;VALIDATE_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID);END UPD_PLAYER_STAT;PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_LAST_NAME, VARCHAR2, V_SALARY IN NUMBER);
ISBEGININSERT INTO PLAYER (ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY)VALUES(V_ID, V_LAST_NAME, V_SALARY);UPD_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID,0,0);END ADD_PLAYER;END BB_PACK;
Which kind of packaged variable is V_MAX_TEAM_SALARY?
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a. PRIVATEb. PUBLIC ****c. INd. OUT
29. Examine this trigger:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UPD_TEAM_SALARYAFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON PLAYERFOR EACH ROWBEGINUPDATE TEAMSET TOT_SALARY=TOT_SALARY+:NEW SALARY.WHERE ID=:NEW:TEAM_ID;
You will be adding additional code later but for now you want the current block to fire whenupdating the salary column. Which solution should you use to verify that the user is performing anupdate on the salary column?
a. ROW_UPDATE(SALARY)b. UPDATING(SALARY) ****c. CHANGING(SALARY)d. COLUMN_UPDATE(SALARY)
30. Examine this package:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE discounts ISG_ID NUMBER:=7839;DISCOUNT_RATE NUMBER O. 00;PROCEDURE DISPLAY_PRICE (V_PRICE NUMBER);END DISCOUNTS;/CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY discountsIS
PROCEDURE DISPLAY_PRICE (V_PRICE_NUMBER)ISBEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(DISCOUNTED||2_4 (V_PRICE*NVL(DISCOUNT_RATE,
1)))END DISPLAY_PRICE;BEGIN DISCOUNT_RATE;=0. 10;END DISCOUNTS;/
Which statement is true?
a. The value of DISCOUNT_RATE always remain 0.00 in a session.b. The value of DISCOUNT_RATE is set to 0.10 each time the package is invoked in a session.c. The value of DISCOUNT_RATE is set to 1 each time the procedure DISPLAY_PRICE is
invoked.d. The value of DISCOUNT_RATE is set to 0.10 when the package is invoked for the first timein a session. ****
31. Examine this package:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BB_PACKV_MAX_TEAM_SALARY NUMBER(12,2);PROCEDURE ADD_PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_LAST_NAMEVARCHAR2, V_SALARY NUMBER);
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DB_PACK;/ CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY BB_PACKISV_WHERE_AVG NUMBER(4,3);PROCEDURE UPD_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_AVG IN NUMBER DEFAULT 4,V_HITS IN NUMBER)ISBEGIN
UPDATE PLAYER_BAT_STATSET AT_BATS=AT_BATS+V_AB,HITS=HITS+V_HITSWHERE PLAYER_ID=V_ID;COMMIT;VALIDATE_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID);END UPD_PLAYER_STAT;PROCEDURE ADD-PLAYER(V_ID IN NUMBER, V_LAST_NAME VARCHAR2, V_SALARY NUMBER)ISBEGININSERT INTO PLAYER(ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY)VALUES(V_ID, V_LAST_NAME, V_SALARY);UPD_PLAYER_STAT(V_ID,0,0);END ADD_PLAYER;END BB_PACK;
An outside procedure VALIDATE_PLAYER_STAT is executed from this package. What will happenwhen this procedure changes?
a. The package specification is dropped.b. The package specification is invalidated.c. The package is invalid to begin with.
d. The package body is invalidated ****
