Sony High-quality Foamed Polystyrene Recycling System

1

Limonene, which can be extracted from the skin of oranges,dissolves foamed polystyrene.The Orange R-net System makes possible high-quality,environmentally friendly foamed polystyrene recycling.

A large volume of foamed polystyrene is used on a daily basis, but many problems

accompany its post-use disposal.

International concern has heightened over the environmental impact of disposal

methods such as landfill and incineration, as well as recycling with intense heat and

petroleum-derived solvents. When we consider our responsibility to leave a beautiful

earth for our descendants, it can probably be said that we have already made

unforgivable blunders.

Under these conditions, Sony has been researching a high-quality, environmentally

friendly way to recycle foamed polystyrene. As a result, we have successfully

developed a completely new recycling method using limonene - a natural oil extracted

from the skin of oranges - which has the ability to rapidly dissolve foamed polystyrene

at room temperatures.

Furthermore, in order to make the most of using this method to recycle foamed

polystyrene in a variety of situations, we are promoting the sharing of knowledge

among collaborating manufacturers that are technologically strong in various fields of

business. Concentration of the strengths of each company has brought to perfection the

Orange R-net System of recycling foamed polystyrene using limonene.

● Multiple benefits of Orange R-net System

・It places a relatively small burden on the environment and can greatly contribute to curbing global warming by recycling foamed polystyrene.

・Since it uses natural limonene extracted from the skin of oranges, the level of safety is high (limonene has been approved as a food additive).

・Because foamed polystyrene is dissolved at room temperatures, low-energy production of high-quality recycled polystyrene is possible.

・The volume of foamed polystyrene can be reduced to 1/50 - 1/100 of its original volume on the spot, so transportation is highly efficient.

・Since foamed polystyrene is dissolved, the removal of foreign matter, either in the form of solid or oil, is easy.

・Limonene itself can be reused.

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● Aiming at realizing the "Plan to recycle 40,000 tons of foamed

polystyrene" in Japan by 2010

Almost 400,000 tons of foamed polystyrene is produced yearly. If we can recycleapproximately 10% - or about 40,000 tons - of that volume through the Orange R-net System,it will contribute to reducing CO2 emissions by 60,000 tons a year and enhance the effectiveutilization of our limited resources.Through its technological know-how, Sony is contributing to the construction of a recycling-oriented society.

Foamed polystyrene dissolved by limonene

3

What is "limonene" that dissolves foamed polystyrene?

It's a natural oil that can be extracted fromthe skin of oranges.

● Using peels leftover from orange juice production

The d-limonene used in the Orange R-net System is a refined orange oil from the skin oforanges or tangerines after the juice is squeezed out of them. It is a colorless, transparentliquid with a fragrance good enough to be used for aromatherapy. * d-limonene: natural citrus limonene

● Proof in perfumes and cleaners

From ancient times the skin of oranges or tangerines has been used as "dried orange peel" inChinese medicine and as bath salts. Refined limonene has been used for a long time as a perfumeand a strong cleaner to remove oily dirt. It is widely used instead of chlorine cleaners in Germany,and is designated as a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) food additive by the FDA (U.S.Food and Drug Administration). Furthermore, it is thought to contain anticancer ingredients.

● A flame-resistant oil

The ignition point for limonene is 270。C. Compared with petroleum-derived solvents, it is difficult

to ignite and so is very safe. The results of a public body study done on the ignitability of limoneneliquid containing up to 20% dissolved foamed polystyrene confirmed that it won't ignite even if alit cigarette is thrown into it.

Limonene properties

density (20。C ) 0.844

viscosity (25。C , cp) 0.98

boiling point range (。C ) 175～179flash point (。C ) 48

ignition point (。C ) 270

solubility (water) insoluble

(IPA) completely soluble

d-limonene

The oil extracted from the peels is refined

Limonene

Oranges Grapefruits Tangerines

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Why does foamed polystyrene dissolve with limonene?

It is possible to use limonene over and over again.

● Because of almost identical molecular structures

Foamed polystyrene and limonene have similar molecular structures. When mixed together,they begin to dissolve each other, just as easily as sugar melts in water. It is a naturalreaction, as opposed to a chemical reaction that alters the substance.

● Foamed polystyrene dissolving power unchanged, even upon reuse

The limonene used to dissolve foamed polystyrene is separated from the polystyrene at therecycling plant. The recovered limonene can be reused to dissolve foamed polystyrene. Onlyabout 1% of the limonene solvent gets used up in a single recycling process, so the limoneneitself can be recycled many times.

It is possible to transport foamed polystyrene at 1/50 - 1/100 of its original volume.

● Foamed polystyrene is 98% air

About 98% of the volume of foamed polystyrene is air. Since many of the products arebulky, such as fish boxes and packing materials, collecting them in their original form islike paying to transport air.

● Limonene can reduce foamed polystyrene volume on the spot or

en-route

The Orange R-net System allows for the dissolution of foamed polystyrene in a dissolutionmachine set up at the location where it has become waste or in a collection vehicle duringtransportation by crushing it and immersing it in limonene. It is possible to reduce thevolume of waste foamed polystyrene to 1/50 - 1/100 at the point of origin. For example,with just one Orange R-net System collection vehicle, you can collect an amount of foamedpolystyrene that would normally fill six to 10 trucks. This is effective both in terms oftransportation efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions.

● Room temperature dissolution makes high-quality recycling

Foamed polystyrene dissolves naturally simply by crushing it and immersing it in limonene liquid.Since there is no need to heat it at temperatures as high as 200

。C as in the heat contraction method, its

molecular weight reduces very little and there is minimal degradation of its physical properties. Addthat to the anti-oxidizing function of the limonene liquid, and a high-quality recycled polystyrenethat, in the end, differs very little from a new product can be obtained.

Limonene / foamed polystyrene dissolution process

One vehicle can collect the same amount as 10 trucksCH2 H

C

CH3

CH3

C

CH2

Molecular structure of limonene Molecular structure of foamed polystyrene

after about 30 seconds after about 3 minutes

Molecules of foamed polystyrene aretwisted around like a chain

Limonene unravels the foamedpolystyrene molecules

They mix together and becomeliquid

Limonene

Foamed polystyreneFoamed polystyrene

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Foamed polystyrene recyclingNew products are made from foamed polystyrene that was once discarded. The Orange R-net System can make the high-quality recycling of foamed polystyrene a reality.

Orange R-net System Recycling ProcessThe Orange R-net System is a foamed polystyrene recycling mechanism that puts very little burden on the environment throughout the entire

process, from disposal after product purchase to reuse. Because of this, we can now efficiently recycle and reuse foamed polystyrene.

DissolutionFoamed polystyrene is dissolved usinglimonene. Even in the form of a bulky box, forexample, it can be broken into pieces anddissolved in a dissolution machine, reducingthe entire volume.

Recycled limoneneSeparated limonene is put back into thedissolution machine and dissolvesfoamed polystyrene over and over again.

Recycled polystyreneSince polystyrene recycled without intense heattreatment is of a high quality, it can be used in avariety of products. We have also established asystem for purchasing recycled materials.

DisposalFrom the collection of a small amount of foamedpolystyrene such as in the form of product packing ortrays, to a large amount discarded at factories andmarkets, the Orange R-net System can be introducedto fit any situation.

Dissolution

Collection

Recycle

Manufacture

Purchase

Disposal

Separation at the recycling plantAt the recycling plant, foreign matter is filtered out of the solvent / foamed polystyrene mixture.Then, it is separated into limonene and polystyrene in a vacuum by heat from a boiler.

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Heat

Pelletizer Cooling water tank

Condenser

Limonene tank

Boiler

Heat transfermedium tank

Contaminantsremoved using a filter

Foamed polystyrene andlimonene separated in a

vacuum evaporation separator

Collected solvent / foamed polystyrenemixture put into a solution tank

CollectionThe liquid containing foamed polystyrene reduced to1/50 - 1/100 of its original volume in the dissolution machineis transported to a recycling plant.With the “limonene car” – a combined volume reducingmechanism and transport vehicle – collection can be donewhile dissolving foamed polystyrene during transportation.

Limonene

Polystyrene resin

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Orange R-net System contributes to curbing global warming

The amount of CO2 emissions is less than 1/3 of that caused by theproduction of new foamed polystyrene. The system itself is ecological.

● Verification of Orange R-net System by Life-Cycle Assessment

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an assessment technique that adds up the environmental impact of a single product through its

entire life from raw material procurement to manufacture, use and disposal.

How much less - compared with other methods - of a burden foamed polystyrene recycling using the Orange R-net System puts

on the environment was verified by an LCA analysis of the process from limonene manufacture to polystyrene pellet

production.

* LCA is used as a standard in the ISO4000 environmental management system series.

● Orange R-net System environmental contribution verified by LCA analysis

The Orange R-net System has the following environmental benefits.

・Of the three methods, it poses the least burden on the environment.(CO2 emissions, SOx+ NOx emissions and energy consumption are all the smallest)

・The amount of CO2 emissions is less than 1/3 of that caused by new polystyrenecomposition.・CO2 emissions at the time of collection are low because foamed polystyrene is transported

in a liquefied form.(In the heat contraction method, a large amount of CO2 is emitted during transportation because foamed polystyrene isdelivered in its original form to the recycling plant.)

・Compared with the heat contraction method, it places a smaller burden on the environment.CO2 emissions (primary cause of warming): minus 30%SOx, NOx emissions (primary cause of acid rain): minus 58%Energy consumption: minus 20%

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0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5Amount of CO2 emissions (kg/kgPS)

Recycling byOrange R-net

Recycling byheat contraction

New polystyrenecomposition

Foamed polystyrenecollectionFoamed polystyrenecollection

Recycling plant

Limoneneproduction　

Limonene refining

Foamed polystyrene collection Contraction

Monomer synthesis Polymerization

● Methods compared

1) Recycling by Orange R-net System

2) Recycling by heat contraction (recycling method in which foamed polystyrene is exposed to intense heat)

3) New polystyrene composition

Comparison of CO2 emissions by cycle process

Recycling by Orange R-net

Recycling by heat contraction

New polystyrene composition

CO2 emissions (kg)

0.79

1.12

2.23

SOx+ NOx emissions (kg)

0.005

0.0139

0.0066

Energy consumption

12.8（MJ）

16.1

76.5

Foamed polystyrene quality

high

low

　　high (new)

Environmental burden and recycled polystyrene quality for each method

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Aiming for 100% foamed polystyrene recycling

Foamed polystyrene dissolved with limonene

New foamed polystyrene material M

ater

ial s

tren

gth

(mo

lecu

lar

wei

ght

)

（×105）

Heating time (minutes)0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

Comparison of material strength between foamed polystyrenedissolved with limonene and new foamed polystyrene material.

Molecular weight greatly affects physical properties

of resin; how it affects them at 200。C in nitrogen

was studied.

White earth

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tra

nsm

ittan

ce (%

)

Light wavelength (nm)

Withoutwhite earth

Containingwhite earth

Recycled polystyrene (pellets) from Orange R-net System

Removal of fat and dirt made possible through liquefaction Production of foamed polystyrene using 100% recycledmaterial is possible.● Efficient production is possible without adding new polystyrene

In the Orange R-net System, since the foamed polystyrene is not treated with intense heat,its molecular weight hardly reduces, making it possible to obtain recycled polystyrenealmost identical to new polystyrene. When producing foamed polystyrene from recycledpolystyrene obtained by other methods like heat contraction, it is necessary to include newpolystyrene at a ratio of about 70%. However, the recycled material obtained by the OrangeR-net System does not require the inclusion of new polystyrene, so production of foamedpolystyrene using only 100% recycled material is possible.

● Foamed polystyrene liquefaction makes foreign matter filtration easy

In the recycling of foamed polystyrene, increasing purity by removing foreign matter is the key tomaintaining high quality. Since the Orange R-net System liquefies foamed polystyrene, foreignmatter such as the remains of originally-adhered tape and dust can be easily removed in a recyclingfilter.

● Diatomite and white earth absorb fish blood and fat

Fish boxes and trays used to carry perishables have contaminants, such as fish blood and fat, whichcannot be removed through filtration. Their removal takes time and has, until now, been anobstacle to recycling.The Orange R-net System has succeeded in the removal of these contaminants by having themabsorbed by diatomite or white earth. White earth is mixed into the limonene solvent containingdissolved foamed polystyrene. It absorbs the blood and fat when the mixture is heated to between30。C and 40

。C. If the mixture is agitated for 30 minutes, it becomes so transparent that a light of

any wavelength can pass through it, as shown in the graph below. The white earth can be removedin a centrifuge, making it possible to obtain high quality recycled material without washing the fishboxes or trays.

Transmittance of limonene liquid to lights ofvarying wavelengths after white earth wasput in and the mixture agitated.

● Its high quality allows it to be developed into main products

Recycled polystyrene obtained by the Orange R-net System can be used not only as foamedpolystyrene for packing, but also to make high value-added products such as cabinets andstationary goods.Low-quality recycled polystyrene can only be used in such things as plant pots and hangers,and mixing with new polystyrene is necessary to increase its strength. Furthermore, stablesales prices cannot be expected.The Orange R-net System not only places a smaller burden on the environment, but it canalso expand the range of application of recycled material.

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Left: Products made from Orange R-net recycled materials. They arerecognized as "eco-mark" products.* "Log Mate" rubber stamps (made by ASAHI PHOTO RESIN CO., LTD.)* Eco-mark identification number: 00118088 (in Japan)

Number of recycles using Orange R-net method New product 1st recycle 3rd recycle 5th recycle

Tensile strength (MPa) 48.2 47.9 47.3 45.1

Tensile break elongation (%) 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.5

Izod impact strength (J/m) 11 7 8 11

Vicat softening point 104.5 103.4 103.5 102.5

Melt flow 4.4 5.8 7.4 10.1

*1 Izod impact strength: Indication of the durability of plastic with respect to impact. It is measured by making a v-shape cutin the test piece and hitting it with a weighted pendulum.

*2 Vicat softening point: Indication of the practical softening temperature of plastic. It is the temperature at which a needlewith a fixed weight attached penetrates to a depth of 1 millimeter.

*3 Melt flow: Index of the fluidity of plastic. It is the volume of plastic that flows out of an extruding machine over a 10-minute period at a fixed temperature and with a fixed load. The larger the figure, the better the fluidity.

Recycled material can be used in high value-addedproducts.

● Proof of high-quality recycled polystyrene

We conducted five consecutive recycling tests using polystyrene of the same molecularweight. A comparison of the results of the first and fifth tests showed that the dynamicproperties and heat resistance were almost unchanged. This is because even after recyclingfive times, the drop in weight average molecular weight was kept at 12%. On the otherhand, a 35% molecular weight drop occurs after one recycling process in the conventionalheat contraction method.

Ten

sile

bre

ak e

long

atio

n (%

)Iz

od

imp

act

(J/m

)M

elt

flow

1040

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2 3 4 5

No. of times recycled

Vicat softening point

Izod impact

Melt flow

Tensile break elongation

Tensile strength

Ten

sile

str

eng

th (M

Pa)

Vic

at s

oft

enin

g p

oin

t

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"Orange R-net Polystyrene Reuse Organization" establishedto gain widespread use of high-quality recycled materials.

● High quality allows purchase system to guarantee minimum price

No matter how high the quality of recycled material is, it has no value if it doesn't get used.Therefore, the Orange R-net System established the "Orange R-net Polystyrene ReuseOrganization" (Orange PRO) as a means to gain widespread use of high-quality recycledpolystyrene in a variety of fields. In order to more effectively use high-quality recycledmaterials, it guarantees full purchase and a minimum price. The organization is not only ofbenefit to those people involved in the recycling business, but contributes to reducing theburden on the environment.

Orange R-net Polystyrene Reuse Organization

In order to build a recycling-oriented society.

Handling companies:ISONO CORPORATIONOTUKA SANGYO CO., LTD.

Reuse cooperative companies: SEKISUI PLASTICS CO., LTD.Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL FOAMPLASTIC CORP.PENTEL CO., LTD.WAKO CO., LTD.LINTEC CorporationASAHI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.TOYO CHEMICAL CO., LTD.KANAYAMA KASEI CO., LTD.

TOHO INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.ASAHI PHOTO RESIN CO., LTD.NAGASE & CO., LTD.DELTA 21 CORP.Negotiating with several other companiesGoal: 1000 companies* In random order

Secretariat: Sony Corporation(as of September 2001)

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Orange R-net System has a policy of easy-to-use equipment design.You can operate recycling equipment even without technical expertise.

● Ease-of-use and safety are top priority for the dissolution machine

The dissolution machine uses very safe limonene, so even someone who is not an expert in handlingdangerous materials can throw used foamed polystyrene into it. The machine is designed to automaticallystop agitation when foamed polystyrene is deposited, making its operation safe. Because of that, it is alsopossible, for example, for customers themselves to put used trays into a dissolution machine set up at asupermarket or retail store.Our goal was to create a dissolution machine using safe and fragrant limonene that can be used by anyone.

● The "Limonene Car" can be operated with an ordinary driver's license

The volume of limonene solvent carried by the "Limonene Car" is less than the 1,000 liters designated bythe fire laws, so no special handling permit is required.The vehicle is smaller than a 2-ton truck, so it can be driven with an ordinary driver's license.

● Recycling plant can be operated even without an expert

The recycling plant was designed such that checks and maintenance can be easily conducted even if youare not a technical expert. Since its design does not require a number of experts, safety improvements andefficiency with minimum operating costs can be expected.

Orange R-net System SuppliersSystem sales:

MITSUI ZOSEN PLANT ENGINEERING, INC. / Mitsui Bussan Plant & Project Corporation

Recycling plant manufacture:MITSUI ZOSEN PLANT ENGINEERING, INC.Mitsui Bussan Plant & Project Corporation (SUMITOMO PRECISION PRODUCTS CO., LTD.)

Orange oil manufacture:Yasuhara Chemical Co., Ltd.

Dissolution collection vehicle manufacture:TOKYO MITUBISHI FUSO TRUCK & BUS SALES CO., LTD.(TECHNOCRAFT CO., LTD.)

Fixed dissolution machine manufacture: Sankei Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd.(TES Co., Ltd.)

Foreign matter removal filter:TANABE WILLTEC INC./ MERCURY SUPPLY SYSTEMS CORPORATION

Organization of Orange R-net System cooperating enterprises

Sony

Technology provision

Yasuhara Chemical Co.,Ltd.TOKYO MITUBISHI FUSO TRUCK & BUS SALES CO.,LTD.Sankei Giken Kogyo Co.,Ltd.

・MITSUI ZOSEN　PLANT ENGINEERING, INC.・Mitsui Bussan Plant &　Project Corporation

System sales

Recyclingoperators

Consumers

・OTUKA SANGYO CO.,LTD.・ISONO CORPORATION

・SEKISUI PLASTICS CO.,LTD.・Hitachi Chemical Co.,Ltd.・MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL　FOAMPLASTIC CORP.

General consumerproduct makers

Recycled material handling

Recycled material sales

Sale of products made fromrecycled materials

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● Verification of Orange R-net System within the Sony Group

In order to conduct Orange R-net System foamed polystyrene recycling, Sony set up arecycling plant in Ichinomiya City, Aichi Prefecture. The plant collects foamed polystyrenepacking used for actual products, recycles it and again makes it into product packingfoamed polystyrene. This kind of foamed polystyrene recycling is already occurring withinthe group.

● Achievements of Ichinomiya Recycling Research Center

Using a dissolution collection vehicle, workers go around to home appliance stores andcollect waste foamed polystyrene. They convert it into recycled foamed polystyrene and useit to pack televisions and video cameras.As of March 2001, a total of approximately 267 tons of recycled polystyrene was produced.Production is expected to increase greatly from now on.

Recycled foamed polystyrene sales

Parts packingmaterials

Sony offices

Sonyproducts

Dissolution machine/Limonene Car collection■ Sony Ichinomiya: B150 model■ Sony Inazawa: B150 model■ Sony Components Chiba: B50 model■ Sony Minokamo: Limonene Car collection■ Sony Mizunami : Limonene Car collection■ Hikari Electronics Sachihara : Limonene Car collection■ Sony (Atsugi Tec) : B50 model(as of May 2001)

vehicle

Consumer

Home electrical appliance stores

Sony IchinomiyaRecycling

Research Center

polystyrene

High-q

ualityrecycled

Dissolution collection

Recycled foamed polystyreneFoamed polystyrene

makers

0

5

10

15

20

0

20

40

60

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100

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280

Mo

nthl

y o

utp

ut o

f re

cycl

ed p

oly

styr

ene

(t)

To

tal o

utp

ut (t

)

Total output

267t

Monthly output

Making an effortto achieve

yearly recycling of 200 tons

99/1 �3 �5 �7 �9 �11 �00/1 �3 �5 �7 �9 11 �01/1 �3 �

Ichinomiya Recycling Research Center Example of foamed polystyrene made 100% fromrecycled materialSony video-equipped television KV-21SVF1

Recycled polystyrene output at Ichinomiya Recycling Research Center (as of March 2001)

Example of the cycle within the Sony Groupcompanies

B150 model (large-size)For large-scale disposal at factories or markets.

Main features simple touch-panel operationvoice-supported operationtemporary reverse function upon overloadhigh-performance foreign matter removal filterheating device for cold regions (optional)

Processing capacity 150kgPS/1 batchExternal dimensions width 2710 x height 1600 x depth 1036 (mm)Throw-in mouth width 1405 x height 390 (mm)Objects to be disposed fish boxes, trays, home appliance packingSafety features density detection sensor

liquid temperature sensoragitator shut-down upon door openingemergency stop button

B50 model (mid-size)Suitable size for retail store use.

Main features simple touch-panel operationdensity warning buzzertemporary reverse function upon overloadhigh-performance foreign matter removal filterheating device for cold regions (optional)

Processing capacity 50kgPS/1 batchExternal dimensions width 1700 x height 1600 x depth 910 (mm)Throw-in mouth width 790 x height 390 (mm)Objects to be disposed fish boxes, trays, home appliance packingSafety features density detection sensor

liquid temperature sensoragitator shut-down upon door openingemergency stop button

B30 model (small-size)Suitable size for retail store use.

Main features replaceable tanks; no need to put solution in or outsimple button operationhigh-performance crusher part, small & light dissolving part with double agitator blades, small &highly efficient

Processing capacity 30kgPS/1 batchExternal dimensions crusher part:

width 850 x height 1100 x depth 650 (mm)dissolving part:diameter 490 x height 930 (mm)

Throw-in mouth width 500 x height 400 (mm)Objects to be disposed fish boxes, trays, home appliance packingSafety features shuts down upon door opening

emergency stop buttondensity sensor

Dissolution Collection Vehicle (Limonene Car)For collection of small quantities from many locations.Dissolves discarded foamed polystyrene during collectionprocess.

Processing capacity 255kgPS/1 batchSolution tank 2-tank modelVehicle type external appearance 2-ton truckSafety features power interlocking for door opening and closing

fire extinguisher equippedExternal dimensions width 5140 x height 2560 x depth 1930 (mm)

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SystemMaterial to be processedProcessing capacityPower consumptionExternal dimensions

Orange R-net System Dissolution Machine Series

Orange R-net System Recycling Plant Series

vacuum evaporation separationlimonene/polystyrene solution50kgPS/h20～30KWwidth 4000 x height 5000 x depth 2500 (mm)

H50 model

vacuum evaporation separationlimonene/polystyrene solution100kgPS/h30～40KWwidth 5000 x height 5000 x depth 3000 (mm)

H100 model

vacuum evaporation separationlimonene/polystyrene solution200kgPS/h30～40KWwidth 5000 x height 5000 x depth 3000 (mm)

H200 model

vacuum evaporation separationlimonene/polystyrene solution300kgPS/h40～50KWwidth 8000 x height 6000 x depth 4000 (mm)

H300 model

*For development or production reasons, specifications of machines and equipment shown here may change without prior notice. Check with the system sales companies for details.

Inquiries:

Limonene Recycling Promotion DivisionEnvironmental AffairsHome Network Company

Sony Corporation Osaki West Tec. 2-10-14 Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan 141-0032

Tel: +81-3-3495-3139 Fax: +81-3-3495-3098

as of April 2003

This catalogue is made from 100% recycled paper.Printed using VOC(Volatile Organic Compound)-free vegetableoil based ink.

Orange R-net is a trademark of Sony Corporation.