Date post: | 03-Jul-2015 |
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Ordering and delivering
Dr Miriam RicciCentre for Transport & Society
Department of Geography and Environmental Management UWE Bristol
Supply chain(aka value chain, delivery chain)
“A coordinated system of organisations, people, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or
service in physical (or virtual) manner from supplier to customer”
(Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport)
Logistics“Logistics is that part of supply chain management that plans, creates and monitors the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods, semi-finished items and manufactured products as well as related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements.” (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, 2007)
Purpose of logistics:
To get the right goods/people/services
At the right time
In the right place
In the right quantity/conditions/price
The sector
• The UK logistics industry is worth over £74 bn to the UK economy
• Employs around 2.3 million people in over 196,000 companies
(Skills for Logistics, 2010)
• One in twelve working people in the UK works in logistics.
• Freight logistics companies either manage their own distribution
system (own account operators), or manage it on behalf of another
as ‘third-party logistics’ (3PL) or ‘hauliers’.
• Over 60% of UK freight is carried as 3PL.
• Industry dominated by a small group of large players and SMEs
Future trends
• Sustainability and carbon pricing
• Consumer preferences and CO2 labelling
• Multi-channel sourcing (‘brick & mortar’ and e-commerce)
• Technological change, ICTs
• Increased collaboration between competitors
• Changing growth patterns, importance of cities
• Increased demand for flexibility of the supply chain
• Partnerships between manufacturers and logistics providers
• Near shoring: bringing manufacturing closer to end users
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transport-energy-and-environment-statistics-2011
Freight transport accounts for 5% - 7% of total UK CO2 emissions
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transport-energy-and-environment-statistics-2011
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/emissions/carbon_budgets/carbon_budgets.aspx
CarsVans
HGVs
Total surface transport emissions increased by 7% since 1990
Over 65% goods moved by road
http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/road/doc/broch-road-transport_en.pdf
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-12-013/EN/KS-SF-12-013-EN.PDF
http://www.fta.co.uk/
HDV emissions not regulated , unlike LDV and cars
Voluntary programmes:
http://www.greenfreighteurope.eu
http://www.fta.co.uk/policy_and_compliance/environment/logistics_carbon_reduction_scheme/index.html
Consolidation Centres(slides from Ms Daniela Paddeu, Doctoral researcher at
Cagliari University, IT)
Freight Transport in Urban Areas : Negative externalities• Environmental impact: polluting
emissions (CO, CO2, NOx, PM10)
• Social impacts : impacts of pollutionon public health, noise, visualintrusion, reduction of pedestriansafety (increase of accident)
• Economic impacts : morecongestion
• In sum: economic, social and environmental costs of transport
Freight transport negative externalities
13,000 deaths among children aged 0-4 years in Europe can be attributed every year to exposure to particulate matter (PM10)
[European Commission]
Only in London it is estimated to result in 4,300 premature deaths per annum
[Transport for London , 2012]
Transport of London declared that half of all cyclists fatalities in
London are due to accidents involving freight vehicles
[Transport for London , 2012]
Noise pollution produces at European level external costs for
45,644 million euro, of which over the 88% is attributable to road
transport[European Commission]
Emissions standardIncludes cold
startg/kmNOx
g/kmPM10
g/kmPM2.5
g/kmCO
g/kmVOC
g/kmNH3
g/kmSO2
g/kmBenzene
g/kmNO2
g/kmCO2
g/kmFuel
Petrol cars 0,370 0,003 0,003 4,992 0,397 0,043 0,003 0,019 0,004 210,7 67,2
Diesel cars 0,488 0,037 0,035 0,102 0,032 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,006 195,0 61,6Petrol LGVs 0,522 0,003 0,002 7,943 0,526 0,042 0,003 0,014 0,007 240,5 76,7Diesel LGVs 0,802 0,069 0,065 0,508 0,077 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,006 271,6 85,8
Rigid HGVs 4,508 0,081 0,077 0,988 0,169 0,003 0,003 0,004 0,030 736,4 232,7
Artic HGVs 7,417 0,126 0,120 1,373 0,206 0,003 0,004 0,003 0,030 933,7 295,1
Buses 7,634 0,110 0,104 1,172 0,218 0,003 0,004 0,009 0,030 957,7 302,7
M/cycle 0,236 0,017 0,016 12,204 1,096 0,002 0,002 0,041 0,002 116,1 37,0
120
[Please reference all data as provided by UK National Atmospheric Emission Inventory;(Table 3: Hot exhaust and cold start emission factors, by vehicle type)]
15
Petrol cars
Diesel cars
Bristol NOx emission data
45% of NOx emissions (pollution) in Bristol is due to Goods vehicles, 36% is due to cars and 19%
to buses.
Source : http://www.bristol.airqualitydata.com
Goods vehicles recorded inbound to the centre = 13,888 (11,682 LGVs and 2,206 HGVs) working out as 13.3% of the total number of inbound vehicles (104,802)
Possible interventions (1)
Access Regulation to urban
areas for goods vehicles
Retractable bollards
Possible interventions (2)
Last Mile Solutions DHL Packstation
Possible interventions (3)
Goods arrive by HGVs, are unloaded, handled, sorted, stored, consolidated,packed and sent to the last leg of the chain by low emissions vehicles in full loads
Urban Freight Consolidation Centres
Urban Freight Consolidation Centre
Types of Freight ConsolidationCentres:
• Freight Consolidation Centres serving all or part of an urban area (Bristol and Bath)
• Freight Consolidation Centres serving large sites with a single landlord(Heathrow airport)
• Construction project UCC (London Construction Consolidation Centre)
Who benefits from UFCC
Suppliers
• Time savings
• Number of vehicles reduced
Money savings
Retailers
• Security of the delivery
• Less storage and more selling space
• Set delivery time
• Additional services
• Just-in-time service
Citizens
• Reduction in pollution and noise
• Increase in pedestrian/cyclist safety
Increase in quality of life
Policy context
UFCC distribution in UK
1
24
3
5
6
8
7
1. Manchester Airport is served by a consolidation centre in Bury
2. Heathrow Airport in London is served by a consolidation centre in Stockley Park
3. East Midlands Airport is served by a consolidation centre at a local warehousing facility
4. Bristol (serving Broadmead / Cabot Circus shopping centre and, in the more recent project Renaissance, Bath city centre)
5. Sheffield (serving Meadowhallshopping centre)
6. Snetterton in Norfolk (serving Norwich city centre).
7. Brimsdown in Enfield (serving Regent Street)
8. Greenhithe (serving Bluewatershopping centre in Kent)
• UK alone accounts for one-third of the 114 FCC schemes started in Europe from 1970.
• Most FCC schemes in UK have been trials
(Allen, J. et al., 2012)
Bristol freight consolidation centre
Projects overview
• 2002-2006 CIVITAS VIVALDI : the CC was located in EmeraldPark and was operated by EXEL LOGISTICS (53 outlets)
• 2006-2008 START : the CC was moved to Avonmouth and DHLmanaged it (70 outlets)
• 2009-today CIVITAS RENAISSANCE : the CC is still located inAvonmouth and managed by DHL. From 2011 the BCC makesdeliveries also to Bath, being the first one in UK serving morethan one city (106 outlets)
The locations
12
Bristol freight consolidation centre
Stakeholders
• Bristol City Council
• Bath & North East Somerset Council
DHL
Retailers :
o 81 in Bristol
o 25 in Bath
Bristol freight consolidation centre
The vehicle • Two Smith Newton 9ton electric vans
• Load factor of the electric vehicles is 5ton ( equivalent to 8 pallet spaces or 15 cage spaces)
• They are able to travel for 120 km (74.5 miles) per charge with a maximum speed of 50 mph, but normally operate between 20 and 40 mph
• Quiet vehicle: reduces noise, but potential danger for pedestrians
Bristol freight consolidation centre
Services offered
Deliveries
Storage
Recycling
Pre-retailing
Crisis stock management
Just-in-time service
Bristol freight consolidation centre
Vehicle platooning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45IRE8W_3L8
Thank you!