organ systemgfkhfg nat sci2.ppt

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Module 9

ORGAN

SYSTEMPATHWAYS



The Ten Major Organ Systems

Body covering or integument – protection fromthe environment

Skeletal system – support (and protection) ofthe body

Muscular system – movement and locomotion

Digestive system – reception and preparationof food

Circulatory system – transport of materialsRespiratory system – exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide



The Ten Major Organ Systems

Excretory system – disposal of organicwastes and excess fluid

Endocrine glands or system – regulation ofinternal processes and adjustments toexterior environment

Nervous System (and sense organs) – regulation of internal processes andadjustments to exterior environment.

Reproductive system – production of newindividuals.



Integumentary System

Include the skin and its modifications or

derivatives.

Integument

It serve mainly for protection and covering

Other functions include: sensation, body

temperature regulation, respiration, excretion,

sensation, and it also synthesize Vitamin D

The first line of defense against pathogens.



Integumentary System

It is composed of the outer, thinner layer

called the epidermis, and the inner thicker

layer called the dermis.

Beneath the two major layers is thehypodermis or subcutaneous layer , made

up chiefly of adipose tissue or fat cells.



The Epidermis

The epidermis has an outer layer of dead

cells (stratum corneum), and an inner layer

of epithelial and dividing cells (statum

germinativum). Melanocytes are cells which produce the

pigment cells called melanin.

It has no blood vessels and nerves.



The Dermis

Consist of a delicate layer of fine fibers

supporting the epidermis and reticular layer ,

which consists of a dense network of coarse

and elastic fibers. It also consist of hair follicle, sebaceous and

sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerve

endings.



Cross section of the skin



SKELETAL

SYSTEM



The Skeletal System

The main framework of the body.

Protects delicate organs such as the brain,

heart, and lungs.

Provide attachments for muscles, hence aid

in bodily movements.

Manufacture blood cells.

Store mineral salts, calcium, and phosphate.



Skeletal System

Skeleton or bones

Cartilage

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Two main divisions:

1. Axial

2. Appendicular



The Axial Skeleton

Skull or cranium Vertebral column which is divided into:

cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar(lower back), sacrum (fused bones), and

caudal (tail vertebrae or coccyx in man). Ribs: 12 pairs include 7 true ribs, 3 false ribs,

and 2 floating ribs.

Sternum or breastbone

Mandible

Thoracic basket or thoracic cage



The thoracic basket



The Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the pectoral girdle: scapulae or shoulder blades and the clavicle or collarbones.

The bones of the upper limbs/forelimbs:humerus (upper arm bone), radius and ulna (lower arm bones), carpals (wrist bones),metacarpals (palm bones), and phalanges

or bones of the digits or fingers.





The Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the pelvic girdle: ilium,

ischium, and pubis.

The bones of the hindlimbs or lower

appendages include: femur (thigh bone),tibia and fibula (shank or leg bones), tarsals

(ankle bones), metatarsals (feet or sole

bones), and phalanges (toe bones).



Skeletal System

Joints Freely movable (diarthroses) joints such as

hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.

Slightly movable (amphiarthroses) jointssuch as the pubic symphysis.

Immovable ( synarthroses) joints such as

joints in the roof of the skull.

Tendons – connect muscles with bones

Ligaments – connect bone to another bone.





MUSCULAR

SYSTEM





Muscles are responsible for all types of

body movement – they contract or shorten

and are the machine of the body



Characteristics of Muscles• Muscle cells are elongated

(muscle cell = muscle fiber)

Contraction of muscles is due to the

movement of microfilaments All muscles share some terminology

Prefix myo refers to muscle

Prefix mys refers to muscle

Prefix sarco refers to flesh



Three basic muscle types are found inthe body

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle





Connective Tissue Wrappings of

Skeletal Muscle



Endomysium – around single muscle fiber

Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) offibers



Epimysium – covers the entire skeletalmuscle

Fascia – on the outside of the epimysium







Has no striations

Spindle-shaped cells

Single nucleus

Involuntary – no conscious control

Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

Slow, sustained and tireless



Structure of a muscle fiber

Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and nuclei.

Myofibrils – individual contractile units

Fine structures of the myofibrils: light bands (I

bands), and dark bands (A bands)

Sarcomere – the functional unit of a myofibril.

Myofilaments – much smaller parallel units of the

myofibril.

Two kinds of myofilaments: actin and myosin.











DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Complex series of organs and glands that

processes food to make them simple and

absorbable by our cells.

Involves processes such as:

1. Ingestion

2. Mastication

3. Digestion

4. Absorption



DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

5. Circulation

6. Assimilation

7. Oxidation

8. Excretion

9. Egestion



Components of the Digestive System

1. Accessory parts

2. Digestive glands

3.

Digestive tube oralimentary canal

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/label/



The Accessory Parts of Digestive System

1. Lips

2. Teeth

3. Tongue



The Digestive Tube

1. Mouth – the anterior

opening of thedigestive tube for the

entrance of food.

2. Oral Cavity – the

space internal to the

mouth where

mastication or grindingof food takes place.



The Digestive Tube

3. Pharynx – the most posterior portion ofthe oral cavity where it serves a dualfunction: for passage of air into the glottis,

and for the passage of food into theesophagus.

4. Esophagus – the tube which connectsthe pharynx with the stomach. It serves forthe passage of food with a peristaltic movement.



Diagrammatic illustration of motor events

of swallowing reflex.



The Digestive Tube

4. Stomach – J-shaped hollow

muscular organ.

- Highly acidic- Partial digestion takes place.

- Parts include: fundus, cardiac end,

pyloric end, rugae, greater curvature,lesser curvature







The Digestive Tube

5. Small intestine – it is about 6 meters

long.

- villi, lined with columnar epithelium

- final digestion and absorption of fats,

proteins, and carbohydrates takes place

- substances secreted into and by the small

intestines include bile, pancreatic juice,

intestinal juice which contain enzymes.



The Digestive Tube

6. Large intestine –

portion whichextends from the ileum to the anus.

- also called colon.

- it is divided into ascending colon,transverse, and descending colon,sigmoid colon, and rectum.

- receives approximately 10 liters of water perday. 1.5 liters is from food and 8.5 liters isfrom secretions into the gut. 95% of thiswater is reabsorbed.





The Digestive Tube

7. Anus – the posterior opening of the

digestive tube.

- it serves for the exit of waste products of

digestion.





The Digestive Glands

2. Liver

- the largest gland in the human body.

- It produces bile, a substance which

emulsifies fats.

- plays a major role in metabolism and has a

number of functions in the body, including

glycogen storage, decomposition of red bloodcells, plasma protein synthesis, and

detoxification.





The Digestive Glands3. Pancreas

- It is both exocrine (secretingpancreatic juice containingdigestive enzymes) andendocrine (producing severalimportant hormones, includinginsulin, glucagon, andsomatostatin).

- It also produces digestiveenzymes that pass into the

small intestine. These enzymeshelp in the further breakdown ofthe carbohydrates, protein, andfat in the chyme.



The Digestive Glands

4. Gastric glands

- Branched tubular glands lying in the

mucosa of the fundus and body of the

stomach; such glands contain parietalcells that secrete hydrochloric acid,

zymogen cells that produce pepsin, and

mucous cells.



The Digestive glands

5. Intestinal glands

-secrete various

enzymes, including

sucrase and maltase,along with

endopeptidases and

exopeptidases

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Gray1062.png



DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

i l d i Di i



Enzymes involved in Digestion

polysaccharides → maltose

→ glucose

proteins → peptides → amino acids

fats → fatty acids and glycerol



Respiratory

System

R i



Respiratory system

The primary function of the respiratory

system is to supply the blood with oxygen in

order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all

parts of the body This is done through breathing.

Breathing involves the mechanical act of

inhalation and exhalation.

P f h R i S



Parts of the Respiratory System:

A. Upper respiratory tract1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Pharynxa. nasopharynx

b. oropharynx

4. Larynx or voice box, which contains thevocal cords



P f h R i S



Parts of the Respiratory System

B. Lower Respiratory tract

1. Trachea or windpipe - filters the air we

breathe and branches into the bronchi.

2. Bronchi - two air tubes that branch off of

the trachea and carry air directly into the

lungs.

3. Bronchioles

P f h R i S




C. Lungs

- are the main organs of the respiratory

system.

- Alveoli are the millions of tiny compartmentsof the lungs where exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide takes place.

- Pleural cavity- Pleura



P f h R i S




Diaphragm

- a dome-shaped

muscle at the

bottom of the lungs

- main muscle used

in breathing

P th f Ai f E i t t th



Pathway of Air from Environment to the

Lungs:

Air enters the nostrils

passes through the nasopharynx, to

the oral pharynx

through the glottis, then the larynx,

into the trachea

into the right and left bronchi, which branches andrebranches into

bronchioles, each of which terminates in a clusterof

alveoli

F l A k d Q i



Frequently Asked Questions

Why Do I Yawn?

When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs

do not take enough oxygen from the air. This

causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies.The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and

sends a message that causes you to take a

deep long breath---a YAWN.

F tl A k d Q ti




Why Do I Sneeze?

Sneezing is like a cough in the upper

breathing passages. It is the body's way of

removing an irritant from the sensitivemucous membranes of the nose. Many things

can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust,

pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are

just some of the many things that may causeyou to sneeze.

F tl A k d Q ti




What Causes Hiccups?

Hiccups are the sudden movements of the

diaphragm. It is involuntary --- you have no

control over hiccups, as you well know. Thereare many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm

may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast,

or maybe some substance in the blood could

even have brought on the hiccups.



CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM

F ti f th Cir l t r S t



Functions of the Circulatory System

moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and

from cells,

helps fight diseases and

helps stabilize body temperature and pH

to maintain homeostasis

Components of the Circulatory



Components of the Circulatory

System

A. The Blood

B. The Blood

VesselsC. The Heart

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Blutkreislauf.png





The Structure of the Heart



The Structure of the Heart

The Blood



The Blood

a specialized bodily fluid that deliversnecessary substances to the body's

cells—such as nutrients and oxygen—and

transports waste products away fromthose same cells.

composed of blood cells suspended in a

liquid called blood plasma.





The Blood



The Blood

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Blood_smear.jpg



Systemic circulation is the portion of the



Systemic circulation is the portion of the

cardiovascular system which carries

oxygenated blood away from the heart, tothe body, and returns deoxygenated blood

back to the heart.

The coronary circulatory systemprovides a blood supply to the heart. As it

provides oxygenated blood to the heart, it

is by definition a part of the systemic

circulatory system.

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the



Pulmonary circulation is the portion of thecardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to thelungs, and returns oxygenated blood back tothe heart.

De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of

the heart and flows into the right ventriclewhere it is pumped through the pulmonaryarteries to the lungs. Pulmonary veins returnthe now oxygen-rich blood to the heart, whereit enters the left atrium before flowing into theleft ventricle. From the left ventricle theoxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta,

and on to the rest of the body.

Amazing Fact



Amazing Fact

If you took all of the blood vessels out of anaverage child, and laid them out in one line,

the line would be over 60,000 miles long! An

adult's vessels would be closer to 100,000miles long!

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