Organic Chemistry

Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

Why so many Carbon compounds?!

Group #_14__________________metal, nonmetal, metalloidbond type__covalent____Valance electrons__4__ Lewis Dot formulaBonding Capacity__4____

C

C C CC C C

Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond

Bonding Capacity of H, O, N

O NH

1 2 3

Hmmm, I seem to remember something about that.......

Electronegativity:

METALS NONMETALS

Why covalent bonds?

·The ability to pull electrons away from another element

·elements in the NE part of the periodic table have stronger pull

Properties of Covalent Compounds

·Covalent compounds generally have much lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.

·Covalent compounds don't conduct electricity in water.

·Covalent compounds aren't usually very soluble in water.

·Covalent compounds tend to be more flammable than ionic compounds.

Chemical Formulas (Molecular formulas)

CH4 methane

C2H6 ethane

Structural Formulas

Lewis Dot

C

H

H

H

H C CH

H

H H

H

H

C

H

H

H

H C CH

H

H H

H

Heach pair of electrons = one single bond

one pair of electrons

Condensed Structural Formula

C3H8

C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

CH3CH2CH3

Propane

Structural Formula

Chemical (molecular) Formula

Condensed Structural Formula

same as structural just take away the lines!

TRY IT

C4H10

ANOTHER WAY

C6H14

count how many CH2's there are

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

·a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula·possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and ·shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass

ALKANES

·straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbons in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds.

·"saturated"

·general formula is CnH2n+2 where "n" is the # of carbons

·end with the suffix " ane "

Naming Straight Chain Alkanes (CnH2n+2)

Prefix is determined by the number of carbon atoms in the chain: Suffix is "ane"

meth C1 CH4

eth C2 C2H6

prop C3but C4pent C5hex C6hept C7oct C8non C9dec C10

Functional Group

Functional groups are specific atoms, ions, or groups of atoms having consistent properties. A functional group makes up part of a larger molecule.

In branched alkanes the functional group in an "ALKYL" group

methylethyl

Naming Branched Alkanes

CH3

C2H5

one less Hydrogen!

yl ending

3,4-dimethyl heptane

· Name and number the longest carbon chain as for a straight chain alkane.· Identify each of the branches (side-chains).· Use the lowest number combinations for the branches (side-chains).

· Name each branch or side-chain (alkyl group) : methyl CH3 ethyl C2H5 propyl C3H7

· For more than 1 of the same alkyl group use: di = 2 tri = 3 tetra = 4

· Use commas between numbers, eg, 1,2 or 2,3· Use hyphens between numbers and words, eg, 2-methyl or 2,3-dimethyl· If there is more than 1 type of branch or side-chain, arrange their names alphabetically, ie, ethyl groups are named before methyl groups which are named before propyl groups

Naming Branched Chain Alkaneshttp://www.ausetute.com.au/nambanes.html