Organic Chemistry

William H. BrownChristopher S. Foote

Brent L. Iverson

Organic Chemistry

• The study of the compounds of carbon• Over 10 million compounds have been identified

- about 1000 new ones are identified each day!• C is a small atom

- forms single, double, and triple bonds- intermediate in electronegativity (2.5)- forms strong bonds with C, H, O, N, and metals

Schematic View of an Atom

• a small dense nucleus, diameter 10-14 - 10-15 m, which contains positively charged protons and most of the mass of the atom

• an extra-nuclear space, diameter 10-10 m, which contains negatively charged electrons

Electron Configuration of Atoms• The pairing of electron spins

Electron Configuration of Atoms• Table 1.3 The Ground-State Electron Configuration of

Elements 1-18

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

• Although all covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, they differ widely in the degree of sharing

• We divide covalent bonds into- nonpolar covalent bonds- polar covalent bonds

Exceptions to the Octet Rule• Molecules containing atoms of Group 3A elements, particularly

boron and aluminum

Aluminum chloride

6 electrons in the valence shells of boron

and aluminum

Boron trifluoride

:

C l A l

C l

C l

: :

: :

::

:

:

: :

F B

F

F: :

::

::

:

Amines• contain an amino group; an sp3-hybridized nitrogen

bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms

C H3 N H

H

C H3 N H

C H3

C H3 N C H3

C H3

Methylamine(a 1° amine)

Dimethylamine(a 2° amine)

Trimethylamine(a 3° amine)

: : :

Shapes of a Set of 2p Atomic Orbitals

• Three-dimensional shapes of 2p atomic orbitals