ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Covalently bonded compounds

containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxidesNa2CO3, CO, CO2 are inorganic

Label the following compounds as organic or inorganic…

H2OC6H12O6

CO2

CaCO3

C5H10

HYDROCARBONS Compounds composed of only carbon

and hydrogenSimplest type of organic compounds

PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS Carbon always forms 4 covalent bonds

Electrons are shared Hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules

Symmetrically shaped Insoluble in water

Like dissolves like Non-electrolytes Low melting points and boiling points

Due to weak Van der Waal’s forces Slow reaction rates

AS THE SIZE OF THE HYDROCARBON INCREASES… Strength of Van der Waal’s forces

increases Melting and Boiling Points increases

Which has the highest melting point?

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF HYDROCARBONS1. Alkanes

-Saturated hydrocarbons (contain only single bonds)

-General formula CnH2n+2

-Names all end in –ane

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF HYDROCARBONS2. Alkenes

-unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain 1 double bond-general formula CnH2n

- names all end in –ene

-diene contains 2 double bonds

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF HYDROCARBONS3. Alkynes

-unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain 1 triple bond-general formula CnH2n-2

-names all end in -yne

Look at Table Q

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF HYDROCARBONS4. Benzene

-cyclic (aromatic) family of hydrocarbons- general formula CnH2n-6

ALIPHATIC VS. AROMATIC Aliphatic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons

which do not contain a benzene ring Aromatic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons

which do contain a benzene ring

Label the following as aliphatic or aromatic…

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF HYDROCARBONS

1. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and determine its name (Table P)

2. Add ending according to type of bonds (Table Q)3. Number the carbon atoms in the chain

beginning at the end closest to a branch4. Name the hydrocarbon groups attached to the

longest chain by adding –yl to the stem name. Indicate the point of attachment by the number of the carbon atoms to which the group is attached

1 2 3 4 5

PentaneParent Chain

Akyl Groups

NAME THE FOLLOWING HYDROCARBONS

Number carbons on parent chain so that the alkyl group has the lowest number

Arrange alkyl groups in ABC order

If 2 or more of the same alkyl groups are present, use prefixes di, tri, tetra,…

For double and triple bonds, give location of such bond

SKETCH THE FOLLOWING HYDROCARBONS Octane

Pentyne

Ethane

Butene

1, 3- butadiene

CYCLOALKANES Alkanes in which the carbon atoms are

arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure

NAME THE FOLLOWING CYCLOALKANES

CH3

FORMULAS Molecular formulas show the number of

atoms in a single molecule Structural formulas show how the atoms

are grouped in the molecule Displayed formulas show all the atoms

and all the bonds

ISOMERS Compounds with the same molecular

formulas but a different structural formula

DRAW 3 ISOMERS OF HEXANE

TYPES OF ISOMERS Structural Isomers have different

molecular skeletons because the carbon chain is different

Geometric Isomers are composed of the same atoms bonded in the same order but with a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond

TYPES OF ISOMERS Positional Isomers form when another

elements, such as oxygen or nitrogen, may occupy 2 or more positions in the molecule

Functional Isomers form when another element, such as oxygen or nitrogen, may bond in two or more different ways

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Is an atom or group of atoms that is

responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound (Table R)

For most of these functional groups…..Name organic compound regularlyDrop –e and add appropriate ending

ALCOHOLS Organic compound containing one or

more hydroxyl group (-OH) Present in lipstick, lotion, and

sometimes in alternative fuel sources Not basic Slightly polar Name ends in -ol

MONOHYDROXY ALCOHOLS 1 –OH group

Primary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to 1 other carbon

Secondary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to 2 other carbons

Tertiary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to 3 other carbons

DIHYDROXY & TRIHYDROXY ALCHOLS Dihydroxy alcohols

2 –OH groupsEnd in -diol

Trihydroxy alcohols3 –OH groupsEnd in -triol

HALIDES Organic compounds in which one or

more halogen atoms- chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine

Use prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

ALDEHYDE Organic compounds in which the

carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a chain

Name ends in -al

KETONE Organic compounds in which the

carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain

Ends in -one

CARBOXYLIC ACID Organic compounds that contain the

carboxyl functional group Weak acids End in –oic acid

ETHER Organic compounds in which 2

hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen

Name as alkyl groups in ABC order followed by ether

CH3-O-CH2-CH3 CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3

If groups on both sides are the same, use prefix di-

ESTER Organic compounds that have

carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group

Name alkyl group closest to oxygen then name other alkyl group with –oate ending

CH3C-O-C7H14CH3

O

AMINE Organic compounds that can be considered

a derivation of ammonia (NH3) Weak bases Name ends in –amine

Primary amines: nitrogen atom bonded to one alkyl group and two hydrogen atoms

Secondary amines: nitrogen atom bonded to two alkyl groups and one hydrogen atom

Tertiary amines: nitrogen atom bonded to three alkyl groups and no hydrogen atoms

AMIDE Organic compound in which a carbonyl

group is linked to a nitrogen atom Weak bases Names end in -amide

ORGANIC REACTIONS Substitution Addition Esterification Fermentation Combustion Polymerization Saponification

SUBSTITUTION

Replacing hydrogen on a saturated hydrocarbon with a halogen

HCl

ADDITION Adding hydrogens or halogens to

unsaturated hydrocarbons by breaking the double or triple bonds

ESTERIFICATION

FERMENTATION Making ethanol

Yeast

COMBUSTION Burning hydrocarbons

POLYMERIZATION Connecting together many repeating

units

SAPONIFICATION Hydrolysis of fat by a base