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OrganicOrganicChemistryChemistry
IntroductionIntroduction
Intro to Organic ChemistryIntro to Organic ChemistryAt the conclusion of our time At the conclusion of our time
together, you should be able to:together, you should be able to:
1. Define organic chemistry
2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon
3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural isomers and geometric isomers
4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to 40.
•Things my Mother taught me…
•TIME TRAVEL.
• "If you don't straighten up, I'm going to knock you into the middle of next week!"
What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of carbon-containing
compounds made up of
non-metal elements(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?Organic Compound?Yes or NoYes or No
Na2CO3 No
Yes!
Yes!
C2H6
C4H6Br2F2
Why Carbon??Why Carbon??
Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)ElementCompound
Found in all living matter Found in body tissue Found in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)
Murphy's LawsMurphy's Lawsofof
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
•You can never tell which way the train went by looking at the tracks
Forms of Carbon Forms of Carbon
Term = AllotropeSame elementDifferent bonding patternDifferent arrangement
• Diamond
• Graphite
• Fullerene
•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
DiamondDiamond
Tetrahedrally oriented
Hardest material known
Most dense form of Carbon
High melting point
Conducts heat
Does not conduct electricity
GraphiteGraphite
Layers of hexagonal plates
Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity
FullereneFullerene
Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of
carbon Hexagons and pentagons Most stable is C60
C60 = Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball No known uses
•Another Why - Maxine
•If a pig loses its voice,
•is it disgruntled?
Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry
Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Term = Catenation
Carbon bonds to elementsCarbon bonds to elements
Carbon readily bonds to :– H– O– N– S– Halogens
Cl, Br, F,I
Hydrocarbons– Simplest organic
compounds– Only contain
Carbon and Hydrogen
(CxHy)
FormulasFormulas
Indicates # of atoms Types of atoms
Molecular Formula
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
• # of atoms
• Type of atoms
• Bonding Arrangement
Structural formulas show all bonds in compound
Condensed structural formulas only show bonds between carbon atoms
CH3CHCH3
CH3
Arrangement of AtomsArrangement of Atoms
Compounds that have:
– Same molecular formula
– Different structure or arrangement
– Called ISOMERS
As # of carbon atoms goes up
# of isomers goes up– C8 18 isomers– C9 35 isomers– C10 75 isomers– C40
69,491,178,805,831
Example of IsomersExample of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
15 Helpful Hints On The Lab 15 Helpful Hints On The Lab Report from Report from
Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!
Hint #8. Do not believe in miracles –
rely on them.
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics Alcohols
Ethers Esters Aldehydes Ketones Amines
We are going to study:
Some Simple Alkanes Some Simple Alkanes
(C(CnnHH2n+22n+2))
•2-methyl-propane
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Methodbegins with begins with
Questions about the World Around Questions about the World Around You.You.
Ever Wonder Why?...Ever Wonder Why?...
phonetic isn't spelled like it sounds?
The The nn-Alkanes-Alkanes
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
C11H24 undecane
C12H26 dodecane
C13H28 tridecane
C14H30 tetradecane
C15H32 pentadecane
•home heating
•alcohol production
•gas grills
•flick your bic
•dry cleaners 5-6
•gasoline 7-9
•kerosene ~ 12
•motor oil ~ 16
•petroleum jelly 20
•tar ~ 25
•wax ~ 40
Boiling PointsBoiling Points
•Another Why - Maxine
•If 4 out of 5 people SUFFER from diarrhea...
•does that mean that one out of five enjoys it?
Intro to Organic ChemistryIntro to Organic ChemistryLet’s see if you can:Let’s see if you can:
1. Define organic chemistry
2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon
3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural isomers and geometric isomers
4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to 40.
What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of carbon-containing
compounds made up of
non-metal elements(covalent bonds)
Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry
Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Term = Catenation
Example of IsomersExample of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
The The nn-Alkanes-Alkanes
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
C11H24 undecane
C12H26 dodecane
C13H28 tridecane
C14H30 tetradecane
C15H32 pentadecane
•home heating
•alcohol production
•gas grills
•flick your bic
•dry cleaners 5-6
•gasoline 7-9
•kerosene ~ 12
•motor oil ~ 16
•petroleum jelly 20
•tar ~ 25
•wax ~ 40
Redneck Wedding: They have some Redneck Wedding: They have some different traditions…different traditions…