Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.

Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things

Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

Organic compound features… 1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length

2. can be branched or unbranched

3. can have double bonds which vary in location

4. or may be arranged in rings.

Some organic molecules

Methanol(methyl alcohol)

Wood spirits, wood alcoholToxic - causes blindness, death, paralysis

Ethanol(ethyl alcohol)

Spirits, drinking alcoholProduced by fermentation of sugars

Isopropyl alcohol Rubbing alcohol; is oxidized by the liver into acetone.

Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

alcohols

acids

bases

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO2H.

It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in ant venom. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies.

A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.

What do you need to know?

1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules.

2. Know the 4 main groups of organic compounds.

3. Identify organic compounds based on their functional group.

MACROMOLECULES important to life

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

What about the carbon molecule makes it an ideal molecule for life forms?

1. CARBOHYDRATES

-monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose

-disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose

-polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides store energy:

starch (plants)  

glycogen (animals)

Polysaccharides are also structural molecules

cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants) chitin - makes up exoskeletons

             

Pentoses - 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring

DNA!

What you need to know about carbohydrates

1. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give examples of each)2. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as energy storage molecules.3. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as structural molecules.4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses5. Discuss why carbon readily forms bonds to make long chains.

2. Lipids 

Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* 

Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids 

Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection

Watch what happens when a soap hits the hydrophobic milk.

Phospholipids - 

Important structural component of the cell membrane 

Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes- maintains both membrane structural integrity and fluidity.

Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall and thus be able to (b) change shape and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell walls).

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

What you need to know about lipids

1. Compare saturated to unsaturated fats.

2. List the functions of lipids

3. Identify a steroid from a picture (4 rings)

4. Idenfity the main component of the cell membrane.

3.  Proteins

Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides

Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue

Also used for:

Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality

There are 20 known amino acids

Proteins have four shapes

Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | Quaternary

Nucleic Acids

Informational polymers made of individual nucleotidesDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)  

Each nucleotide consists of:

1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen base            - adenine            - thymine            - guanine            - cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule, bonds broken to release energy

MATCHINGa.  carbohydrate     b.  lipidsc.  protein               d.  nucleic acids

1.  contains adenine and thymine2.  lactose3.  chains of amino acids4.  long term energy storage5.  cholesterol6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol7.  plant cell walls