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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The Study of Carbon Compounds
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
Carbon!• Most chemicals that make up living things
are Carbon-based.– Why?
• Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse.
• Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.
Why is Carbon important to life?• Carbon is light weight and small• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons.
– Can bond with other elements and itself to form unlimited (in length) chains that can even fold to form rings
Macromolecules
The Molecules of Life!
Macromolecules are…• Large polymers
(poly=many)
• Built by monomers (mono = one)
• 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules)
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Fuel and Building Material for Life!
Carbohydrates are…
• Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things
• Sugars (example) = quick energy• Monosaccharides- simple sugars
» Glucose
• Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides
» Sucrose+Fructose
Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
C6H12O6
Carbos cont…
• Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things• Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle
tissue for quick energy• Cellulose- provides rigid structure
»Cell wall of plant cells
CELL WALL
LIPIDS
• Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids– Saturated
• Solidifies- bad• Ex: animal fat and butter
– Unsaturated• No solidification- good• Ex: vegetable oils
– Fats are used for energy storage• Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells
Monomer: - Glycerol and fatty
acids
Lipids cont…
• Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth–Whales, seals
• Fat provides cushioning for organs
I’m Fat!
Fat Cells (adipose)
Lipids cont…
• Phospholipids– Make up cell membranes
The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
The Ultimate Polymer!
Proteins…• Monomer:
– Amino acids20 different amino acids
Amino group: -NH2Carboxyl group: -COOH
Amino Acid Codon Chart
Protein Structure
• 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond–Hence the other name for a
protein: polypeptide chain
Structure=Function
• Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)
Four levels of organizations
Types of Proteins
• *Structural Defensive– Support -Antibodies
• Storage *Enzymes– Embryo food -catalysts
• *Transport Hormones– In and out of cell -messages
• Receptors *Contractile– Drugs -muscles
Examples of proteins
• Protein channels in cell membrane• Keratin: in fingernails and hair• Muscle fibers• Lactase
Nucleic Acids
Informational Polymers
Nucleic Acids
• 2 types– DNA-double-stranded
• Genetic material– Inherited from parents
– RNA-single-stranded• Controls protein synthesis
• Nucleic acids work together to – Build proteins
Monomer: Nucleotidespentose sugarphospate nitrogen base