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Organic Farming
Getting backl to nature!
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FiBL, Research Institute of
Organic Agriculture, Switzerland
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Worldwide
Certified
organicfarmland
22mh
in over
100
countries
2004
Worldwide Certified organic farmland
22mh
in over
100 countries
2004
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x
Farmer
Market
Consumer
Develop right strategies for supporting
the driving forces
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Formal Definition of Organic Farming
Organic farming is an ecological productionmanagement system that promotes and
enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and
soil biological activity. It is based on minimal
use of off-farm inputs and on managementpractices that restore, maintain and enhance
ecological harmony. (National
OrganicStandards Board, 1998)
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Organic farming is based on less inputs, better market demand due to
having environmental and social concerns.It also based on local resources and technologies that provide farmer
better independence
and more control over their means of production.
Environmental impacts of organic farming are:
IMprovement of soil biological activity.
Improvement of physical characteristics of soil.
Reducing nitrate leaching.
Increasing and improving wild life habitant.
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Insect-controlling Plants.
Plants of pest control should posses the following characteristics:
Be effective at the rate of max 3-5% plant material based on dry weight.
Be easy to grow, require little space and time for cultivation and procurement.
Be perennial.
Recover quickly after the material is harvested.
Not to became weed or a host to plant pathogen or insect pest.
Possess complementary economic uses.
Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wild life, humans or environment.
Be easy to harvest.
Preparation should be simple, to too time consuming or requiring too high atechnical input.
Application should not be phytotoxic or decrease the quality of crop, e.g., taste or
texture.
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Species Plant parts with
insect controlling
properties
Mode of action Target pest
Soursop
Custard apple
(Annona reticulata)
Seeds, leaves, unripe
fruit.
Contact and stomach
problem, ovicidal,
insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent and
antinematode.
Aphid, caterpillars, Green bug,
Mediterranean fruit fly.
Basil.
Sweet Basil (Ocimum
basilium), Holy Basil
(Ocimum Sanctum).
Leaves and stem. Repellent, insecticidal,
fungitoxic and mollu
scicidol.
Fruit fly, leaf miners, red spider and
mites.
Chillies. Fruit Stomach position
insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent, fumigant-
viroid.
Ants, aphid, caterpillars and slugs.
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G li B lb I ti id l ll t A hid h fli it hit fl
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Garlic.
Allium Sativum (Fam.
Lilaceqe).
Bulbs. Insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent, fungicidal,
nematocidal and
effective against ticks.
Aphids, house flies, mites, white fly,
bacteria, cucumber and scab.
Ginger.
Zingber officiale (Fam.
Zingiberacae).
Rhizome. Repellent, insecticidal,
nematocidal and
fungicidal.
American bowl worms, aphid, thrips,
white fly, and mango anthracnose.
Neem. Seeds and leaves. Insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedant acaricidal,
growth inhibiting
nematocidal, fungicidal,
anti-viral. Neem
compounds act mainly
as stomach poison andsystemic.
American boll-worms, ants, deserts,
locust, leaf hoppers, leaf miners, mites,
scales, termites, thrips, white fly.
Papaya.
Carcia papaya.
Leaves, seed, unripe
and fruit.
Flower thrips and fruit
fly.
Mosaic virus and powdery mildew.
Tobacco.
Nicotana tabacum,Nicotana Rustica,
Nicotana glutnosa, and
Fam. Solanaceae.
Leaves and stalk. Insecticida, repellent,
fungicidal, acaricidalcontact, and stomach.
Aphids, caterpillars, leaf miners, mites
and thrips.
Tumeric.
Curcum domstica (Fam.
Zigiberaceoe).
Rhizome. Repellent, insecticidal
and antifungal.
Aphids, caterpillars, mites and rice leaf
hoppers.
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Textural Classes
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Nutrients Forms Absorbed by PlantsNutrients Cations Anions Fertilizer Carriers
N (Most Mobile) NH4+ NO3
- NH4NO3CO(NH2)2
P (Mobile) H 2PO4-, H PO4
2+ NH4HPO4, CaH2PO4
K (Mobile) K+ KCL, KNO3, K2SO4
Ca (Relatively immobile) Ca2+ CaCO3, Mg CO3
Mg (Mobile) Mg2+ MgO, MgSO4, 7H2
S (Relatively immobile) SO 2+ Ca SO4.2H2O
Fe (Relatively immobile) Fe2+ FeSO4.9H2O
Cu (Relatively immobile) Cu2+ CuSO4.5H2O
Zn (Low Mobility) Zn2+ Zn SO4.H2O
Mn (Moderately mobile) Mn2+ MnO, MnSO4. 2H
2O
Mo (relatively mobile) MoO4 Na2MoO4.2H2O
B (Relatively immobile) BO33+ B2O3
Cl (Mobile) Cl
Na (Mobile) Na
Silicon (Not reported) S (OH)
Fertilizers analysis
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Fertilizers analysis
Common name Grade or Analysis (%)
N P2O5 K2O Sulphur
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Urea 46 0 0 0
Ammonium sulphate 21 0 0 24
Calcium ammoniumNitrate (CAN)
26 0 0 0
Phosphatic fertilizers
Single Superphosphate (SSP) 0 18 0 12
Triple superphosphate (TSP) 0 46 0 1.5
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 18 46 0 0
MonoammoniumPhosphate (MAP)
11 52 0 2
Potassic fertilizers
Sulphate of potash (SOP) 0 0 50 18Muriate of potash (MOP) 0 0 60 0
Complex fertilizers
Nitrophosphate(Nitrophos)
23 23 0 0
Complete NPKs 15 15 15 5
10 20 20 6.8
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Managanes defeciency Interveinal
chlorosis
young and
spur
leaves
Magnesium -- Apples
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Magnesium Apples
Deficiency
Interveinal
chlorosis to
necrosis
Oldest leaves
affected first
Drop of oldest
leaves
Enhanced
fruit ripening
and drop
Input to soilComponent Loss from soil
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The Sulfur Cycle
Animal
manuresand biosolids
Mineral
fertilizers
Crop
harvest
Runoff and
erosion
Leaching
Absorbed or
mineral sulfur
Plant
residues
Plant
uptake
Sulfate
Sulfur
(SO4)
Atmospheric
sulfur
Elemental
sulfur
Organicsulfur
Reduced sulfur
Volatilization
Atmosphericdeposition
-
Input to soilComponent Loss from soil
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The Potassium Cycle
Animal
manures
and biosolids
Mineral
fertilizers
Crop
harvest
Runoff and
erosion
Leaching
Soil solution
potassium (K+)
Plantresidues
Plant
uptake
Mineral
potassium
Fixed
potassium
Exchangeable
potassium
Input to soilComponent Loss from soil
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The Phosphorus Cycle
Animal
manuresand biosolids Mineral
fertilizers
Crop
harvest
Runoff and
erosion
Leaching
(usually minor)
Organic phosphorus
Microbial
Plant residue
Humus
Primary
minerals
(apatite)
Plant
residues
Plant
uptake
Soil solution
phosphorus
HPO4-2
H2PO4-1
Secondary
compounds(CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP)
Mineral
surfaces
(clays, Fe and
Al oxides,carbonates)
Atmospheric
deposition
The Nitrogen Cycle
Input to soilComponent Loss from soil
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Atmospheric
nitrogen
Atmosphericfixation
and deposition
Animal
manures
and biosolids
Industrial fixation(commercial fertilizers)
Cropharvest
Volatilization
Denitrification
Runoff and
erosion
Leaching
Organic
nitrogen
Ammonium
(NH4)
Nitrate
(NO3)
Plant
residues
Biological
fixation by
legume plants Plant
uptake
-+
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Our purpose to produce compost is to develop ecologically sound solution to
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utilise wastes, by cheapest methods and provide environmental friendly way to
produce valuable fertiliser for crop production.
Panhwar fruit farm is located 25-37'N and 68-36'E of Hyderabad, where we start
using our own compost on 100 acres (42 hectares) fruit orchards. We made
compost by putting following things together. There are:
1 cubic meter = 35.2 cubic feet - sawdust.
Urea= 1 kg.
Triple phosphate = 1 kg.
Potassium sulphate = 1 kg.
CuSO4 = 200 grams.
ZnSO4 = 250 grams.
FeSO4 = 250 grams.
MnSO4 = 150 grams.
Boron = 150 grams.
Beneficial Insects can play an
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important role
Lacewing larvae on sunflower
head
Ladybird beetle
adult
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