Date post: | 28-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | muhammad-anas |
View: | 171 times |
Download: | 1 times |
ORGANIC FERTILZERS&
THEIR IMPACTSON
CROP PRODUCTION
PRESENTED BY
07, 08, 28, 54, 62
ASSIGNED BY
Dr. Ahmad Sher&
Dr. Tauqeer Ahmed Yasir
LET’S DISCUSS ABOUT
HISTORY
• FARMERS HAD GREAT SKILL IN THE USE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN THEIR CROPS.
• IT IS SAID THAT SOLDIERS IN THE ARMY DISCOVERED THAT WHEAT IN ABANDONED
YARDS GREW MUCH BETTER THAN WHEAT IN OTHER PARTS OF THE FARM,
INDICATING THE USEFULNESS OF HORSE MANURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
CROPS.
• INDIANS USED TO BURY SPOILED FISH BENEATH THEIR CORN PLANTS, TO GET
BETTER YIELDS.
• IT WAS COMMON FOR PEOPLE TO BURN BUSHES AND GRASSES, AND THEN SOW
THEIR CROPS BENEATH THE ASHES TO GET BETTER HARVESTS.
• IT WAS A COMMON PRACTICE ON FARMS IN MANY ASIAN COUNTRIES ABOUT 30-40
YEARS AGO TO USE LIVESTOCK MANURE FOR MAKING COMPOST, TO FERTILIZE
WHAT ARE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS…?
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
ARE FERTILIZERS THAT ARE
EXTRACTED FROM ORGANIC SOURCES (ANIMAL’S
WASTE, PLANT’S WASTE, POULTRY MANURE,
COMPOST, MUNICIPAL WASTES etc.)
Composition of Different Manures
Material % (Oven Dried Weight)N P K
1- Animal and human excretaBuffalo Dung 1.23 0.55 0.69
Buffalo Urine 2.05 0.01 3.78Cattle Dung 1.91 0.56 1.4Cattle Urine 9.74 0.05 7.78Sheep Dung 1.87 0.79 0.92Sheep Urine 9.9 0.1 12.31Human Feces 7.24 1.72 2.41Human Urine 17.24 1.57 4.862- Farm Yard Manure 0.3 0.21 0.683- Compost 1.1 0.29 1.374- Crop ResiduesWheat straw 0.49 0.11 1.06Rce straw 0.58 0.1 1.38Cotton stalks and leaves 0.88 0.15 1.45Sugarcane trassh 0.35 0.04 0.5
Material %Nitrogen %Phosphate %Potash Availability*
Alfalfa 2-3 0.5-1 1-2 slow/mod.
Bone meal 1-6 11-30 0 moderate
Blood meal 12 1-2 0-1 rapid
Cottonseed meal 6 3 1 slow
Fish meal 6-12 3-7 2-5 rapid
Grass clippings 1-2 0-0.5 1-2 moderate
Kelp seaweed 1-1.5 0.5-1 5-10 moderate
Manures: Cattle 2-3 0.5-1 1-2 moderate
Horse 1-2 0.5-1 1-2 slow
Swine 2-3 0.5-1 1-2 rapid
Poultry 3-4 1-2 1-2 rapid
Sheep 3-4 0.5-1 2-3 moderate
Sawdust 0-1 0-0.5 0-1 very slow
Sewage sludge 2-6 1-4 0-1 moderate
Straw/corn stalks 0-0.5 0-0.5 1 very slow
Wood ashes 0 1-2 3-7 rapid
ORGANIC VS CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Organic fertilizers Chemical fertilizers
ADVANTAGES Adds natural nutrients to soil,increases soil organic matter,improves soil structure and tilth,improves water holding capacity,reduces soil crusting problems,reduces erosion from wind and water,Slow and consistent release ofnutrients.
Chemical fertilizers arerich equally in threeessential nutrients thatare needed for crops andalways ready forimmediate supply ofnutrients to plants ifsituation demands.
DISADVANTAGES
Have slow release capability;distribution of nutrients in organicfertilizers is not equal.
Several chemicalfertilizers have high acidcontent. They have theability to burn the plants.
NUTRIENTS Have unequal distribution of essential nutrients.
Have equal distribution ofthree essential nutrients:phosphorous, nitrogen,
TYPES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERSON THE BASIS OF THEIR ORIGIN
• COTTONSEED MEAL
• MOLASSES
• GREEN MANURES (LEGUMES, ALFALFA, )
• FISH EMULSIONS
• ANIMAL MANURES
• BONE MEALS
• COMPOST
• FARM YARD MANURE
• BLOOD MEAL
• POULTRY MANURE
• PRESS MUD
COTTONSEED MEAL
• A BY-PRODUCT OF COTTON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, COTTONSEED MEAL AS A FERTILIZER FOR THE GARDEN IS SLOW RELEASE.
• COTTONSEED MEAL VARIES IN FORMULATION SLIGHTLY, BUT IS GENERALLY MADE UP OF 7% NITROGEN, 3% P2O5, AND 2% K2O.
• DUE TO ITS SLOW RELEASE TIME, COTTONSEED MEAL FEED IS SAFE TO USE WITHOUT DANGER OF POSSIBLE FOLIAGE BURN.
• PROMOTES HEALTHY FOLIAGE, INCREASES CROP PRODUCTION
MOLASSES
• MOLASSES IS THE BY-PRODUCT OF SUGARCANE,
GRAPES OR SUGAR BEETS AFTER EXTRACTING
SUGAR.
• MOLASSES IS HIGH IN CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM,
IRON AND POTASSIUM. IT ALSO CONTAINS SULFUR
AND A HOST OF MICRONUTRIENTS.
• USING MOLASSES AS FERTILIZER PROVIDES PLANTS
WITH A QUICK SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND
ENCOURAGES THE GROWTH OF BENEFICIAL
MICROORGANISMS.
GREEN MANURES
• GREEN MANURES INCLUDE BEANS, PEAS, ALFALFA, RED CLOVER, OR COWPEAS.
• THEY STORE NITROGEN IN NODULES ON THE ROOTS.
• THE PLANT FIX NITROGEN GAS FROM THE AIR AND COMBINES IT WITH HYDROGEN.THE PROCESS CREATES AMMONIA, WHICH IS CONVERTED BY BACTERIA INTONITRATES, A USABLE FORM OF NITROGEN.
• ONCE THE PLANTS ARE TILLED INTO THE SOIL, THEY RELEASE THE NITROGEN INTOTHE EARTH.
• THIS IMPROVES THE SOIL AND PROVIDES SUPPLEMENTAL NITROGEN THAT WASREMOVED BY OTHER PLANT’S GROWTH.
• THEY ALSO HELP PREVENT SOIL EROSION AS THEY ARE USED AS COVER CROPS.
1. Incorporating green manures
2. Alfalfa3. Red clover
1.
2.
3.
FARM YARD MANURES
• MANURE FOR THE GARDEN COMES FROM
COW, SHEEP, POULTRY AND HORSES.
• MANURE IS KNOWN AS A “COMPLETE
FERTILIZER”; IT HAS A LOT OF ORGANIC
MATTER.
• MANURES ARE MOST VALUABLE
AS ORGANIC SOIL AMENDMENTS AND
MULCHES.
NOTE: BEWARE OF USING FRESH MANURE
AS A FERTILIZER BECAUSE IT CAN BURN
PLANTS.
POULTRY MANURE
• CHICKEN MANURE IS THE FECES OF CHICKENS USED AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER, ESPECIALLY FOR SOIL LOW IN NITROGEN.
• OF ALL ANIMAL MANURES, IT HAS THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM.
• ONE CHICKEN PRODUCES APPROXIMATELY 8-11 POUNDS OF MANURE MONTHLY.
A chicken manure sample being collected for a nutrient analysis
PRESS MUD
• PRESSMUD IS AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE AVAILABLE FROM THE SUGAR MILLS.
• FOR EVERY 100 TONNES OF SUGARCANE CRUSHED ABOUT 3 TONES
OF PRESSMUD IS LEFT BEHIND AS BY-PRODUCT.
BLOOD MEAL
• BLOOD MEAL IS DRIED, POWDERED BLOOD
COLLECTED FROM CATTLE
SLAUGHTERHOUSES.
• IT’S SUCH A RICH SOURCE OF NITROGEN
THAT GARDENERS HAVE TO BE CAREFUL
NOT TO OVER-APPLY AND BURN THE
ROOTS OF THEIR PLANTS.
• APPLY BLOOD MEAL JUST BEFORE PLANTING
TO STIMULATE GREEN LEAFY GROWTH.
BONE MEAL
• BONE MEAL IS FINELY GROUND
BONE, A BY-PRODUCT FROM
ANIMAL SLAUGHTERHOUSES.
• IT IS A GREAT SOURCE OF CALCIUM
AND CONTAINS UP TO 15%
PHOSPHATE.
• BONE MEAL PROMOTES STRONG
ROOT SYSTEMS AND FLOWERING.
• IT IS OFTEN USED WHEN GROWING
FLOWERS, BULBS AND FRUIT TREES.
FISH EMULSION
• FISH EMULSION IS AN ORGANIC GARDEN
FERTILIZER THAT IS MADE FROM WHOLE
FISH OR PARTS OF FISH.
• IT PROVIDES AN NPK RATIO OF 4-1-1
AND IS MOST OFTEN USED AS FOLIAR
FEED TO PROVIDE A QUICK NITROGEN
BOOST.
IMPACT ON CROP PRODUCTION
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ARE IMPORTANT FOR FOLLOWING PROCESSES:
• INCREASE FERTILITY OF SOIL
• INCREASE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF SOIL
• INCREASE WATER HOLDING CAPACITY
• INCREASE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
THESE FOUR PROCESSES THEN HELPS CROPS TO GIVE A BETTER
PRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
• NON-TOXIC FOOD: USE OF THESE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ENSURES THAT THE
FOOD ITEMS PRODUCED ARE FREE OF HARMFUL CHEMICALS. AS A RESULT, THE
END CONSUMERS WHO EAT THESE ORGANIC PRODUCTS ARE LESS PRONE TO
DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, STROKES, AND SKIN DISORDERS, AS COMPARED TO
THOSE WHO CONSUME FOOD ITEMS PRODUCED USING CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.
• ON-FARM PRODUCTION: THE MAJORITY OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS CAN BE
PREPARED LOCALLY OR ON THE FARM ITSELF. HENCE, THE COST OF THESE
FERTILIZERS IS MUCH LOWER THAN THE COST OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS.
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
• LOW CAPITAL INVESTMENT: ORGANIC FERTILIZERS HELP IN MAINTAINING THE
SOIL STRUCTURE AND INCREASING ITS NUTRIENT-HOLDING CAPACITY.
THEREFORE, A FARMER WHO HAS PRACTICED ORGANIC FARMING FOR MANY
YEARS WILL REQUIRE FAR LESS FERTILIZER, BECAUSE HIS SOIL IS ALREADY RICH
IN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS.
• SAFE ENVIRONMENT: ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ARE EASILY DEGRADABLE AND DO
NOT CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
• FERTILITY OF SOIL: ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ENSURE THAT THE FARMS REMAIN
FERTILE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS. LAND LOCATED AT THE SITE OF ANCIENT
CIVILIZATIONS, SUCH AS INDIA AND CHINA, ARE STILL FERTILE, EVEN THOUGH
AGRICULTURE HAS BEEN PRACTICED THERE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
• THE FERTILITY IS MAINTAINED BECAUSE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS WERE ALWAYS
USED IN THE PAST. HOWEVER, WITH THE INCREASED USE OF CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS TODAY, LAND IS RAPIDLY BECOMING INFERTILE, FORCING MANY
FARMERS TO FURTHER INCREASE THEIR USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS OR EVEN
LEAVE THE FARMING INDUSTRY ENTIRELY.
REFERENCES
• HTTP://WWW.GARDENINGKNOWHOW.COM/GARDEN-HOW-TO/SOIL-FERTILIZERS/COTTONSEED-MEAL-FERTILIZER.HTM
• HTTP://WWW.GARDENINGKNOWHOW.COM/GARDEN-HOW-TO/SOIL-FERTILIZERS/FEEDING-PLANTS-WITH-MOLASSES.HTM
• HTTPS://WWW.PLANETNATURAL.COM/BIG-STINK/
• HTTP://WWW.GARDENINGKNOWHOW.COM/EDIBLE/VEGETABLES/VGEN/WHAT-ARE-LEGUMES.HTM
• HTTP://WWW.GARDENINGKNOWHOW.COM/GARDEN-HOW-TO/SOIL-FERTILIZERS/USING-KELP-FERTILIZER.HTM
• HTTP://WWW.GARDENINGKNOWHOW.COM/GARDEN-HOW-TO/SOIL-FERTILIZERS/FISH-EMULSION-FERTILIZER.HTM
• HTTPS://WWW.ORGANICFACTS.NET/ORGANIC-PRODUCTS/ORGANIC-CULTIVATION/BENEFITS-OF-ORGANIC-FERTILIZERS.HTML
• HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ORGANIC_FERTILIZER
• HTTP://WWW.DIFFEN.COM/DIFFERENCE/CHEMICAL_FERTILIZER_VS_ORGANIC_FERTILIZER
SPEAK ONLY,WHEN YOU FEEL THAT
YOUR WORDS ARE BETTER THAN YOUR
SILENCE…!